ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE and how it imactas

What is
Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
Prof. Shikha Agrawal

• 1. What movies have you seen about artificial intelligence?
• Movies like Robert Downey Jr.'s Iron Man, Arnold
Schwarzenegger's Terminator, Will Smith's Eye of the
Smith, Robot, Tom Cruise's Cruise Oblivion, and Age of
Tomorrow.
• 2. How intelligent will artificial intelligence become by 2030,
any guess?
• 3. At present, in what activities are computers better at than
humans?
• 4. At present, in what activities are human better at than
computers?
• Artificial Intelligence VD

Machines are better than
human in-
• When we compare Humans to Machines, it is important
to note that a Machine can be a car, a Smart Phone, a
Digital Television, etc.

Humans are better than
machines in-

What is Intelligence?
• Humans have been developing machines which can
make their lives easier.
• Machines are made with an intent of accomplishing
tasks which are either too tedious for humans or are
time consuming.
• Hence, machines help us by working for us, thereby
sharing our load and making it easier for us to fulfill such
goals.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE and how it imactas

• Life without machines today is unimaginable, and
because of this, humans have been putting efforts
into making them even more sophisticated and
smart.
• As a result, we are surrounded by smart devices and
gadgets like smartphones, smart watches, smart TV, etc.
But what makes them smart?
• For example, how is a smartphone today different from
the telephones we had in the last century?

• Today’s phones can do much more than just call-up people. They can help us
in navigating, recommend which songs we should listen to or which
movies we should watch according to our own likes and dislikes. Our phones
can help us connect with like-minded people, make our selfies fun with
face filters, help us maintain a record of our health and fitness and a lot
more. These drastic technological advancements lead us to recognize one
key concept: the concept of Artificial Intelligence.

Ways that People Think
and Learn About Things
• If you have a problem, think of a past situation where
you solved a similar problem.
• If you take an action, anticipate what might happen next.
• If you fail at something, imagine how you might have
done things differently.
• If you observe an event, try to infer what prior event
might have caused it.
• If you see an object, wonder if anyone owns it.
• If someone does something, ask yourself what the
person's purpose was in doing that.

What is Artificial
Intelligence?
• When a machine possesses the ability to mimic
human traits, i.e., make decisions, predict the future,
learn and improve on its own, it is said to have
artificial intelligence.
• In other words, you can say that a machine is artificially
intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself - collect
data, understand it, analyze it, learn from it, and improve
it. But, what makes a machine intelligent?

How do machines become
Artificially Intelligent?
• Humans become more and more intelligent with time as
they gain experiences during their lives.
• For example, in elementary school, we learn about
alphabets and eventually we move ahead to making
words with them. As we grow, we become more and
more fluent in the language as we keep learning new
words and use them in our conversations.
• Another example is how we learn walking. Initially a baby
struggles to walk. He takes help from others while
learning how to walk and once he knows it, he keeps on
upgrading it by learning how to run, jump, etc.

• Similarly, machines also become intelligent once they
are trained with some information which helps them
achieve their tasks. AI machines also keep updating their
knowledge to optimise their output.

Activity
• Let’s get imaginative and create an intelligent motorbike.
It is the year 2030, add features to create a machine that
races against time.

So, how do we define Artificial
Intelligence [AI?]
• AI is a technique that facilitates a machine to perform all
cognitive functions such as perceiving, learning and
reasoning that are otherwise performed by humans.
• “The Science and Engineering of making intelligent
machines, especially intelligent Computer programs is
Artificial intelligence” –JOHN MC CARTHY [Father of AI]

• The yardstick to achieve true AI still seems decades
away. Computers execute certain tasks way better than
humans e.g.: Sorting, computing, memorizing,
indexing, finding patterns etc.
• While identifying of emotions, recognizing faces,
communication and conversation are unbeatable human
skills. This is where AI will play a crucial role to enable
machines achieving equaling human capabilities.

World Famous AI
Machines
• IBM Watson (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_wgf75GwCM )
• Google’s Driverless car (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdgQpa1pUUE)
• Sophia, the humanoid Robot
(https://www.youtubeom/watch?v=cdgQpa1pUUE)
• The assistant / Chabot - Alexa, Siri, Google’s Home
• Honda Asimo (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1urL_X_vp7w)
• Boston Dynamics AI Robot (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NR32ULxbjYc)

• In 1950’s
The modern-day AI got impetus since 50s of the previous centuries, once Alan Turning
introduced “Turing Test” for assessment of intelligence.
• In 1955
John McCarthy known as the founder of Artificial Intelligence introduced the term
‘Artificial Intelligence’. McCarthy along with Alan Turing, Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon,
and Marvin Minsky too has the greatest contribution to present day machine intelligence.
Alan suggested that if humans use accessible information, as well as reason, to solve
problems to make decisions – then why can’t it be done with the help of machines?
• In 1970’s
70 s saw an upsurge of computer era. These machines were much quicker,
affordable and stowed more information. They had an amazing character to think
abstract, could self-recognize and accomplished natural language processing.
• In 1980’s
These were the years that saw flow of funds for research and algorithmic tools. The
learning skills were enhanced and computers improved with deeper user experience.
• In 2000’s
Many unsuccessful attempts, Alas! The technology was successfully established by
years 2000.The milestones were realised, that needed to be accomplished. AI could
somehow manage to thrive despite lack of government funds and public appreciation.

What Contributes to AI?
• Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based
on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology,
Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering.
A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer
functions associated with human intelligence, such as
reasoning, learning, and problem solving.
• Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can
contribute to build an intelligent system.

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Stages of Artificial
Intelligence
• Artificial Narrow Intelligence
• Artificial General Intelligence
• Artificial Super Intelligence

Artificial Narrow
Intelligence (ANI)
• Also known as Weak AI, ANI is the stage of Artificial
Intelligence involving machines that can perform only a
narrowly defined set of specific tasks.
• Machines doe not possess any thinking ability, they just
perform predefined functions.
• Examples-SIRI, ALEXA, Self driving cars.

Artificial General
Intelligence (AGI)
• Also known as Strong AI, AGI is the stage in the
evolution of Artificial Intelligence wherein machines will
possess the ability to think and make decisions just like
us humans.
• There are currently no examples of strong AI but it is
believed that soon we will have machines which will
possess the ability to think and behave like humans.
• Strong AI is considered a threat to human existence.

Artificial Super
Intelligence (ASI)
• Artificial Super Intelligence is the stage of Artificial
Intelligence when the capability of computers will
surpass human beings.
• It is currently seen as a hypothetical situation as
depicted in movies and science fiction books.
• However such systems don’t currently exist.
• In short, Machines thinking better than a human being or
reasoning better than us, which doesn’t exist.

TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
• Reactive Machines AI
• It includes machines that operate solely based on the
present data, taking into account only the current
situation. Reactive AI machines cannot form inferences
from the data to evaluate the future actions.
• They can perform a narrowed range of predefined tasks.
• An example of reactive AI is a famous IBM chess
program that beat the world champion Garry
kasparov. This is one of the most impressive AI
machines built so far.

LIMITED MEMORY AI
• It can make informed and improved decisions by
studying the past data from its memory. Such an AI has a
short lived or a temporary memory that can be used to
store past experiences hence to evaluate future actions.
• Self driving cars uses the data collected in recent past
to make immediate decisions.
• Uses sensors to identify civilians that are crossing the
road, also the traffic signals to avoid accidents.

Theory of mind AI
• The theory of AI will focus mainly on emotional
intelligence so that human beliefs and thoughts can be
better comprehended.
• It is speculated to play a major role in human
psychology.
• Mainly focus on emotional intelligence so that human
thoughts can be better comprehended.
• Has not been fully developed yet, research is going on.

Self Aware AI
• It incudes machine that have their own
consciousness and become self aware.
• This type of AI does not exist yet.
• AI is a fundamental risk to the existence of human
civilization- Elon Musk.

Branches/Domain of AI
• Artificial Intelligence can be used to solve real-world
problems by implementing the following processes/
techniques:
• Machine learning
• Deep Learning
• Robotics
• Expert systems
• Fuzzy logic
• Natural language processing.

Applications of AI in
various Industries
• Marketers are allocating more and more of their budgets
for artificial intelligence implementation as machine
learning has dozens of uses when it comes to
successfully managing marketing and ad campaigns.
• Another reason for the budget increase? AI-powered
tools like chatbots and automated ad buying and
placement have now become widely available to
small and mid-sized businesses.
• Here are some examples of AI-powered marketing and
advertising tools.

GumGum
• Location: Santa Monica, California
• GumGum uses artificial intelligence to optimize and
automate advertising. The company’s contextual
intelligence platform Verity is able to analyze video,
audio, image and written content to ensure it’s relevant
to customers and determines ideal ad placements to
maximize reach based on context rather than relying on
data from third-party cookies. GumGum has worked with
major brands including Starbucks, Microsoft, Popeyes,
Target and American Express.

Drift
• Drift uses chatbots, machine learning and natural
language processing to help businesses book more
meetings, assist customers with product questions and
make the sales cycle more efficient.
• The technology can automate traditionally time-
consuming marketing tasks, including email replies,
routing leads and updating contact information. For
example, once a customer is on a website using Drift, a
chatbot will pop-up, ask questions and automatically slot
them into a campaign if they are a lead. Drift has
been used by more than 100,000 businesses.

AI in Retail
• Ever scrolled through a website only to find an image of
the exact shirt you were just looking at on another site
pop up again? You can thank artificial intelligence for
that.
• Implementing machine learning into e-commerce and
retail processes enables companies to build personal
relationships with customers. AI-driven algorithms personalize
the user experience, increase sales and build loyal and lasting
relationships.
• Companies use artificial intelligence to deploy chatbots,
predict purchases and gather data to create a more customer-
centric shopping experience. Here’s how some major retail
and e-commerce leaders are implementing AI to boost sales
and loyalty.

Amazon
• Location: Seattle, Washington
• Amazon is the king of e-commerce AI. Whether it's
the company’s recommendations on which products
to buy, the warehouse robots that grab, sort and ship
products or the web services that power the website
itself, Amazon employs AI in almost every step of its
process. Simply put, if you've done anything at all on
Amazon in the last five years, an algorithm has helped
you do it.
• In 2014 the company introduced its AI-powered voice
assistant, Alexa. Inspired by the computers on Star
Trek, Alexa ushered in a wave of powerful, conversation-
driven virtual assistants.

AI in Social Media
• With more than 2.77 billion active profiles across platforms like
Twitter, Facebook and Snapchat, social media is in a constant battle
to personalize and cultivate worthwhile experiences for users.
• Artificial intelligence might make or break the future of the industry.
• With its ability to organize massive amounts of data, recognize
images, introduce chatbots and predict shifts in culture, AI is
highly valuable to an industry with billions of users and
about $45 billion in annual revenue.
• Additionally, advanced machine learning is likely to prove critical in
an industry that's under pressure to police fake news, hate speech
and other bad actors in real time.
• Here are a few examples of how some of the biggest names in the
game are using artificial intelligence.

Meta
• Location: Menlo Park, California
• Whether it's Messenger chatbots, algorithmic newsfeeds,
photo tagging suggestions or ad targeting, AI is deeply
embedded in Meta’s Facebook platform.
• The company's AI team trained an image recognition model to
85 percent accuracy using billions of public Instagram photos
tagged with hashtags. The method is a major breakthrough in
computer vision modeling.
• Facebook is already using a combination of AI and
human moderation to combat spam and abuse. With
breakthroughs in image recognition and a doubling-down
on AI research, Meta is counting on artificial intelligence
to help it police the world's largest media platform.

AI in Travel and
Transportation
• Artificial intelligence is becoming a mega-trend in the travel and
transportation industries. From making travel arrangements to
suggesting the most efficient route home after work, AI is
making it easier to get around.
• Travel companies are especially capitalizing on ubiquitous
smartphone usage. More than 70 percent of users claim they book
trips on their phones, review travel tips and research local
landmarks and restaurants. One out of three people say they've
used a virtual travel assistant to plan their upcoming trips.
• AI-powered chatbots are rapidly changing the travel industry by
facilitating human-like interaction with customers for faster response
times, better booking prices and even travel recommendations.
• Here are some examples of how artificial intelligence is being used
in the travel and transportation industries.

Google
• Location: Mountain View, California
• Google uses AI in a number of areas, but the
technology’s specific application in Google Maps makes
our commutes a little easier.
• With AI-enabled mapping, the search giant’s technology
scans road information and uses algorithms to determine
the optimal route to take, be it on foot or in a car, bike,
bus or train.
• Google further advanced artificial intelligence in the
Maps app by integrating its voice assistant and creating
augmented reality maps to help guide users in real time.

Hopper
• Location: Fully Remote
• Hopper uses AI to predict when you should be able to
book the lowest prices for flights, hotels, car and
vacation home rentals. The company’s AI scans
hundreds of bookings and presents the most up-to-date
prices. But, there’s so much more to this AI.
• Using historical flight and hotel data, Hopper will also
make recommendations to the user on if the booking has
reached its lowest price point or if the user should hold
out a bit longer for the price to drop. Hopper’s AI-based
algorithm has saved users more than $4 billion.

AI in Finance
• AI and the finance industry are a match made in
heaven. The financial sector relies on accuracy, real-
time reporting and processing high volumes of
quantitative data to make decisions, all areas intelligent
machines excel in.
• As the industry takes note of AI's efficiency and
accuracy, it is rapidly implementing automation,
chatbots, adaptive intelligence,
algorithmic trading and machine learning into financial
processes.
• Here are a few examples of how artificial intelligence is
changing the financial industry.

Betterment
• Location: New York, New York
• Betterment is an automated financial investing platform and a
pioneer of robo-advisor technology that uses AI to learn
about an investor and build a personalized profile based
on their financial plans.
• Betterment's robo-advisors use algorithms to automate tax
loss harvesting, trading, transactions and portfolio
management, all tasks that used to require a lot of human
elbow grease and know-how.
• Betterment has $33 billion worth of assets under management
and has served more than 730,000 customers.
•

Self-Driving Cars
• Self-driving cars are the ultimate sign the future is upon us. Once
considered science fiction, self-driving technology is slowly inching
its way toward a driverless reality. In fact, it’s expected that more
than 33 million autonomous vehicles will be hitting the road by 2040.
We can thank AI for the breakthroughs we’re seeing in a truly
futuristic technology.
• Artificial intelligence is literally driving the future of the self-driving
car industry. These cars are loaded with sensors that are constantly
taking note of everything going on around the car and using AI to
make the correct adjustments. These sensors capture thousands of
data points every millisecond (like car speed, road conditions,
pedestrian whereabouts, other traffic, etc.), and use AI to help
interpret the data and act accordingly — all in a blink-of-an-eye.
• We may still have a long way to go until we’re fully capable of driving
autonomously, but the companies below are paving the way toward
an autonomous driving future.

Cruise
• Location: San Francisco, California
• Cruise’s self-driving vehicles are some of the first in the
world to hit the road, using AI to lead the way. The self-
driving cars collect a petabyte’s worth of information
every single day. AI uses this massive data set to
constantly learn about the best safety measures, driving
techniques and most efficient routes to give the rider
assurance they are safe.

AI in Healthcare
• Artificial intelligence is proving to be a game-changer in healthcare,
improving virtually every aspect of the industry from robot-assisted
surgeries to safeguarding private records against cyber criminals.
• Healthcare has long suffered from skyrocketing medical costs and
inefficient processes. Artificial intelligence is giving the maligned
industry a much-needed makeover.
• AI-enabled virtual assistants are reducing unnecessary hospital
visits and giving nurses 20 percent of their time back in the process;
workflow assistants are helping doctors free up 17 percent of their
schedules; pharmaceutical companies are researching lifesaving
medicines in a fraction of the time and cost it traditionally takes; and
AI is even being used to help bring healthcare to underdeveloped
nations.
• Here are a few examples of how artificial intelligence is streamlining
processes and opening up innovative new avenues for the
healthcare industry.

Path AI
• Location: Boston, Massachusetts
• PathAI creates AI-powered technology for pathologists.
The company’s machine learning algorithms help
pathologists analyze tissue samples and make more
accurate diagnoses. The aim is to not only improve
diagnostic accuracy, but also treatment. PathAI's
technology can also identify optimal clinical trial
participants.
• PathAI has worked with the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation and Philips to develop high-volume
prognostic test support tools and plans for sustainable
access to their advanced diagnostic services.

AI and Smart Assistants
• If you’ve ever asked Siri to help find your AirPods or told
Amazon Alexa to turn off the lights, then you’ve
interacted with perhaps one of the most common forms
of artificial intelligence permeating everyday life.
• AI is the backbone of smart assistants, which can be
accessed through most phones on the market these days and
are also being integrated into cars and smart home devices.
As of 2022, more than 120 million U.S. adults use a smart
assistant at least once a month.
• Here are some of the companies bringing consumers smart
assistants equipped with artificial intelligence.

Apple
• Location: Cupertino, California
• Siri, Apple’s digital assistant, has been around since
2011 when it was integrated into the tech giant’s
operating system as part of the iPhone 4S launch. Apple
describes it as the “most private digital assistant.” Siri
puts AI to work to help users with things like setting
timers and reminders, making phone calls and
completing online searches.

AI Robotics
• Industry leaders still can’t agree on what the term “robot”
embodies. Roboticists understand robots to be
programmable machines that carry out tasks, but nobody
can pinpoint exactly where that definition ends.
• Today’s AI-powered robots, or at least those machines
deemed as such, possess no natural general
intelligence, but they are capable of solving
problems and “thinking” in a limited capacity.
• From working on assembly lines at Tesla to teaching
Japanese students English, examples of AI in the
field of robotics are plentiful.

iRobot
• Location: Bedford, Massachusetts
• iRobot is probably best known for developing Roomba,
the popular smart, robotic vacuum, which uses AI to
scan room size, identify obstacles and remember the
most efficient routes for cleaning. The self-deploying
Roomba can also determine how much vacuuming there
is to do based on a room’s size, and it needs no human
assistance to clean floors.

General Applications of
AI
AI has b
• Gaming
AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-
toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible
positions based on heuristic knowledge.
• Natural Language Processing
It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural
language spoken by humans.
Examples: Google Now feature, speech recognition, Automatic voice
output
• Expert Systems
There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and
special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide
explanation and advice to the users.
Examples: Flight-tracking systems, Clinical systems

Vision Systems
• These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend
visual input on the computer.
• For example,
• A spying aero plane takes photographs which are used
to figure out spatial information or map of the areas.
• Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the
patient.
• Police use computer software that can recognize the
face of criminal with the stored portrait made by forensic
artist.

• Speech Recognition
Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and
their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle
different accents, slang words, noise in the background,
change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
• Handwriting Recognition
The handwriting recognition software reads the text written
on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can
recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into
editable text.

• Intelligent Robots
Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human.
They have sensors to detect physical data from the real
world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound,
bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors,
multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence.
In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes
and they can adapt to the new environment.
Examples: Industrial robots for moving, spraying, painting,
precision checking, drilling, cleaning, coating, carving etc.

Employment and AI
• Activity
• Does this picture tell you something? Can you describe
this picture in your own words?

• Although Artificial Intelligence has dramatically
improved our world in many ways, there are notable
concerns regarding the forthcoming impact of AI on
employment and the workforce.
• Roles and Jobs at Risk:
Jobs that are monotonous and repetitive, can be easily
automated; this can gradually lead to certain jobs becoming
obsolete.

• Activities related to customer care operation, document
classification, content moderation, production line in factories etc.,
are at risk of being taken away by smart robots and software.
• Self-driving cars and trucks will soon be a reality; transportation will
see a transportation.
• More traditional professions, such as legal professions and
accounting will be significantly impacted. In these sectors we will
start to see different kinds of roles emerging, which require higher
order skills.
• Financial Services, Insurance and any other sector requiring
significant amounts of data processing and content handling will
also be impacted to a certain extent. AI can have a significant role
in eliminating bureaucracy, improving the service to citizens.
• The healthcare sector and imaging services will also have some
degree of impact.

• It is a fact that AI will create millions of more jobs than the ones that it will affect.
These new jobs will require higher order thinking skills.
• Advent of Internet and computers made a few jobs and roles obsolete, but, we
know the number of opportunities and new jobs it has created.
• ATMs definitely reduced the number of cashier positions in the banks, but it has
had a positive impact on the banking business. ATMs have lowered the cost
associated with running brick and motor branches, and as a response banks
have responded by opening more ATMs – leading to hiring more bank
personnel’s for the ATMs.
• AI is becoming adept at language translation i.e. Natural Language Processing
(NLP). If the cost of basic translation drops to nearly zero, the cost of doing
business with those who speak other languages falls. Thus, it motivates
companies to do more business overseas, creating more work for human
translators. AI may do the simple translations, but humans are needed for the
complicated ones.

• Having discussed the above, just as with the internet, the real gains
in jobs will come from places where our imagination cannot yet take
us.
• I would cite here another example from the automobile sector. There
used to be two dominant auto makers in India during 70s and 80s –
• Ambassador (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Ambassador)
• Fiat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Padmini)
• What happened to these models? Do we see them on the roads
now? Nobody pushed them out of business, however, their inertia
and resistance to change with the changing times and technology,
made them run out of business.
• Advent of electricity and mechanical engine changed the world.
Each of them bettered our lives, created jobs, and raised wages. AI
will be bigger than electricity, bigger than mechanization, bigger than
anything that has come before it.

• We don’t need to fear AI but prepare to reap the
benefits of AI!
• Let us conclude this unit by engaging in this activity
• Activity
• Form groups of 5 students each, and ask the students to
prepare a list of
• 5 jobs or professions that AI will disrupt
• 5 job segment that will be immune to AI
• iv) 10 new jobs or businesses that will be created by AI

Jobs which will grow
with the help of AI
• 1) Creative Jobs
• Professionals like artists, doctors, scientists are only a
few which can be labelled creative. Such category of
jobs is only going to get refined and advance by use of
AI.
• The number of such professionals required will not
increase. But AI will make certain parts of these jobs less
complex for humans, so it will become easier in the
future to learn the skill in lesser time and flourish.

• 2) Management Jobs
• Management jobs cannot be replaced by artificial
managers. Human managers have to manage artificial
managers. Managing is a very complex task which
involves deep understanding of people and
communication. There are already few smart tools which
help managers become more effective at their job. So, if
you’re interested in this kind of job, you can learn to use
them and gain some advantage in the field.

• 3) Tech Jobs
• Programmers, data scientists, people who work on the creation and
maintenance of AI systems are the jobs of the future and they will be
very important for humanity to make the next large step of its evolution.
They too should undergo certain changes. Few of the tech jobs which
are in demand today may become less common, while others may
become more vital.
• Few of the jobs title, which can be expected to appear by 2030:
1. Chief Bias Office
2. Data detective
3. Man – Machine teaming manager
4. AI business development manager
5. AI assisted medical professional (this I am sure, will appear before 2030)
6. AI tutor

AI, ML & DL
• As you have been progressing towards building AI
readiness, you must have come across a very common
dilemma between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine
Learning (ML). Many times, these terms are used
interchangeably but are they the same? Is there no
difference in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence?
Is Deep Learning (DL) Also Artificial Intelligence? What
exactly is Deep Learning? Let us see.

• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Refers to any technique that enables computers to
mimic human behavior/intelligence. It gives the ability
to machines to recognize a human’s face; to move and
manipulate objects; to understand the voice commands
by humans, and also do other tasks. The AI-enabled
machines think algorithmically and execute what they
have been asked for intelligently.

• Machine Learning (ML)
• It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables
machines to improve at tasks with experience (data).
The intention of Machine Learning is to enable machines
to learn by themselves using the provided data and
make accurate Predictions/ Decisions.

• Deep Learning (DL)
• It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts
of data. In Deep Learning, the machine is trained with huge
amounts of data which helps it in training itself around the data.
Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for
themselves. Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial
Intelligence out of these three. Then comes Machine Learning which
is intermediately intelligent and Artificial Intelligence covers all the
concepts and algorithms which, in some way or the other mimic
human intelligence. Inspired by structure and function of human
brain
• There are a lot of applications of AI out of which few are those which
come under ML out of which very few can be labelled as DL.
Therefore, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) are part
of Artificial Intelligence (AI), but not everything that is Machine
learning will be Deep learning.

AI v/s HI
Artificial intelligence Human intelligence
Created by human intelligence Created by divine intelligence
Process information faster Process information slower
Highly objective May be subjective
More accurate Maybe less accurate
It Uses 2 watts It Uses 25 watts
Cannot adapt to changes well Can easily adapt to changes well
Cannot multitask that well Can easily multitask
Optimization Innovation
Below average social skill Excellent social skills
Still working toward self-
awareness
Good self-awareness

• Today, many AI-powered applications have faster
execution speeds, higher operational efficiencies, better
work efficiency and better decision-making accuracy
than humans.
• We know that human intelligence stems from adaptive
learning and personal experience; It does not depend on
pre-fed data. But AI requires pre-fed data!
• It is true that for the hardware and software of a
machine, or a robot, our human memory, brain
computing power, and body composition as a whole
seem insignificant.

• The only reason we see these advanced machines,
systems and robots as aliens and instinctively fear them
is the same as we are afraid of lions in the jungle. This
alien thought in our mind destroys our God-given human
intelligence and allows the machines to dominate us!
• What we have been getting from Hollywood movies like
Terminator is that in human intelligence versus artificial
intelligence, AI is more likely to dominate us.
• But, as an industry expert, we would say that our brains
are more complex, sophisticated and deeper layers that
machines can't beat anytime soon, at least not for the
next 35 years!

Issues and Concerns
around AI
• Activity 1
• Let us begin with a YouTube video: Humans Need Not
Apply
• Watch the video in groups of five. After watching this,
each student of the group should write a short note on
their understanding of the video and present your write
up to the teacher.
• As Artificial Intelligence evolves, so do the issues and
concerns around it. Let us review some of the issues and
concerns around AI here:

• Personal Privacy: Human behaviour and activities can be
tracked in in ways that were unimaginable earlier. AI systems
need huge amounts of data in order to be trained. In many
cases data involves individual faces, medical records,
financial data, location information etc.
• Job Loss: One of the primary concerns around AI is the
future loss of jobs. According to a research by McKinsey, 800
million people will lose their jobs
(https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/30/16719092/automation-
robots-jobs-global-800-million-forecast). At the same time
another point to keep in mind is that AI may also create more
jobs, after all, people will be tasked with creating these robots
to begin with and then manage them in the future.

• What if AI makes a mistake: Microsoft’s AI Chatbot – ‘Tay’
was released on Twitter in 2016. In less than one day, due to
the information it was receiving and learning from other
Twitter users, the robot learned to spew racist slurs and Nazi
propaganda. Another similar example, again from Microsoft
Surface device. The device allows the user to login using your
face. However, the device has difficulty recognising faces of
people from certain demographics. Microsoft identified this
issue and fixed it later.
• Yes, AI makes mistakes. If Humans make a mistake there are
laws that can be enforced, what do we do in the case of AI?
Do we have such laws for AI?

• How should we treat AI Robot? Should robots be granted
Human rights or citizenship? If robots evolve to the point
that they are capable of “feeling” does that entitle them
to rights similar to humans or animals? If robots are
granted rights, then how do we rank their social status?

• Activity 2
• Look at the four pictures below. Can you write a short
story based on these four pictures?

AI and Ethical Concerns
• Ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with moral
obligations and duties of humans. It is a set of moral
principles which govern the behaviour and actions of
individuals or groups.
• “The ethics of AI is the part of the ethics technology specific to
robots and other artificially intelligent beings. It can be divided
into roboethics, a concern with the moral behaviour of
humans as they design, construct, use and treat artificially
intelligent beings, and machine ethics, which is concerned
with the moral behaviour of artificial moral agents (AMAs).
With regard to artificial general intelligence (AGIs), preliminary
work has been conducted on approaches to integrating AGIs
which are full ethical agents with existing legal and social
frameworks “ .

• The bigger concerns are:
• If AI generates human-like output, can it also make human-like decision?
• If AI makes human-like decisions, are the decision human-like also?
• If AI takes decision as to whether a bank loan should be disbursed or not, is
AI algorithm fair?
• If AI decides whether college admission can be provided to particular
candidate or not, is there guarantee that algorithm is not biased?
• If AI makes human-like decision, is it human-like trustworthy also?
• AI is basically data + mathematical model + training based on data +
predictions. What if the data provided for the training is unintentionally
wrong/biased?
• Such questions and concerns are endless and therefore ‘Ethics of AI’ is
important. As a citizen of the AI society, we must know how AI works and the
framework of AI ethics.

• Question Time!
• Let me describe a few scenarios and then pose some
associated questions. Do keep in mind that that there are no
‘Right/Wrong’ answers for ethical questions. Read the
scenario carefully and try to answer to the best of your
understanding.
• Q.1: You are a doctor at a well-renowned hospital. You have
six ill patients, five of whom are in urgent need of organ
transplant. However, you can't help them as there are no
available organs that can be used to save their lives. The
sixth patient, however, will die without a particular medicine. If
s/he dies, you will be able to save the other five patients by
using the organs of patient#6, who is an organ donor. What
will you do in this scenario?

• Q.2: An AI music software has composed a song which
has become a worldwide hit. Who will own the rights to
this song? The team who developed the AI software or
the music company?
• Q.3: A farmer is headed somewhere sitting on his horse
cart. A pedestrian makes some noise which upsets the
horse who injures the pedestrian in reaction. The
pedestrian makes a police complaint. Who do you think
is at fault? Who should be penalized?

• Q.4: A medical equipment manufacturing company has
developed an AI robot to perform complex surgeries. The
trained robot has saved many lives by operating on very
critical cases. Due to some algorithm issue, the robot
makes an error which costs a patients’ life. Who is the
culprit here? The hospital or the robot or the company
who developed this robot?
• Q.5: Should AI robot be given citizenship to a country?

AI and Society
• AI is sure changing the world but at the same time there
is also a lot of hype and misconceptions about it. In order
for citizens, businesses and the government to take full
advantages of AI, it is imperative that we have realistic
view about the same.
• AI will impact almost every walk of society, from health,
security, culture, education, jobs and businesses. And as
with any change/development, AI also has positive and
negative influence on society and this depends on how
we leverage the same.

• Some of the key social benefits of AI are outlined
below:
• 1. Healthcare
• IBM Watson (An AI Tool by IBM) can predict
development of a particular form of cancer up to 12
months before its onset with almost a 90% accuracy.
• (https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/artificial-
intelligence/ibm-ai-predicts-breast-cancer-up-to-a-year-
in-advance-using-health-records-mammograms.html)

• There are many such developments happening in the
field of medical science. To control the outbreak of
CORONA virus in China, the country leaned on Artificial
Intelligence (AI), Data Science, to track cases and fight
the pandemic. Our healthcare sectors are moving
towards a future where Robots and AI tools will work
alongside doctors.
• Though scientists and researchers are working hard to
find out the opportunities to apply AI technology in
almost all sectors like transportation, education,
agriculture etc. But healthcare has been the focal points
for AI.

• 2. Transportation
• Transportation is a field where artificial intelligence along
with machine learning has given us major innovations.
• Autonomous vehicles like cars, trucks etc. use advanced
AI capabilities that offer features like lane-changing
systems, automated vehicle guidance, automated
braking, use of sensors and cameras for collision
avoidance, and analysing information in real time, thus
saving human lives by reducing road accidents.

• 3. Disaster Prediction
• AI is considered as one of the best tools for prediction of
natural occurrences. There is an AI model that can
almost perfectly predict the weather for the next couple
of days, which was unimaginable before the advent of AI.

• 4. Agriculture
• Farming is a sector faced is full of multiple challenges
such like unpredictable as unpredictable weather,
availability of natural resources, growing populations etc.
With the help of AI, farmers can now analyze a variety of
factors things in real time such as weather conditions,
temperature, water usage or soil conditions collected
from their farm. Real-time data analytics helps farmers to
maximize their crop yields and thus, in turn, their profits
too.

Machines that work on
AI.
• Whether we notice it or not, we are surrounded by
machines that work on AI. They are becoming a crucial
part of our everyday life and provide us with an ease of
having even some of the most complicated and time-
consuming tasks being done at the touch of a button or
by the simple use of a sensor.

• Every now and then, we surf the internet for things on
Google without realizing how efficiently Google always
responds to us with accurate answers. Not only does it
come up with results to our search in a matter of
seconds, it also suggests and auto-corrects our typed
sentences.

• We nowadays have pocket assistants that can do a lot of
tasks at just one command. Alexa, Google Assistant,
Cortana, Siri are some very common examples of the
voice assistants which are a major part of our digital
devices.

• To help us navigate to places, apps like UBER and
Google Maps come in haman. Thus, one no longer
needs to stop repeatedly to ask for directions.

• AI has completely enhanced the gaming experience for
its users. A lot of games nowadays are backed up with AI
which helps in enhancing the graphics, come up with
new difficulty levels, encourage gamers, etc.

• AI has not only made our lives easier but has also been
taking care of our habits, likes, and dislikes. This is why
platforms like Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, YouTube etc.
show us recommendations on the basis of what we like.

• Well, the recommendations are not just limited to our
preferences, they even cater to our needs of connecting
with friends on social media platforms with apps like
Facebook and Instagram. They also send us customized
notifications about our online shopping details, auto-
create playlists according to our requests and so on.
Taking selfies was never this fun as Snapchat filters
make them look so cool.

• This isn’t all. AI is also being used to monitor our health.
A lot of chatbots and other health apps are available,
which continuously monitor the physical and mental
health of its users.

• These applications are not limited to smart devices but
also vary to humanoids like Sophia, the very first
humanoid robot sophisticated enough to get citizenship,
biometric security systems like the face locks we have in
our phones, real-time language translators, weather
forecasts, and whatnot! This list is huge, and this module
will go on forever if we keep tabulating them. So, take
some time, discuss with a friend and identify more and
more AI applications around you!

What is not AI?
• Since we have a lot of different technologies which exist
around us in today’s time, it is very common for us to
misunderstand any other technology as AI. That is why,
we need to have a clear distinction between what is AI
and what is not.
• As we discussed earlier, any machine that has been
trained with data and can make decisions/predictions on
its own can be termed as AI. Here, the term ‘training’ is
important.

• A fully automatic washing machine can work on its own,
but it requires human intervention to select the
parameters of washing and to do the necessary
preparation for it to function correctly before each wash,
which makes it an example of automation, not AI.

• An air conditioner can be turned on and off remotely with
the help of internet but still needs a human touch. This is
an example of Internet of Things (IoT). Also, every now
and then we get to know about robots which might follow
a path or maybe can avoid obstacles but need to be
primed accordingly each time.

• We also get to see a lot of projects which can automate
our surroundings with the help of sensors. Here too,
since the bot or the automation machine is not trained
with any data, it does not count as AI.

• Also, it would be valid to say that not all the devices which are
termed as "smart" are AI-enabled. For example, a TV does
not become AI-enabled if it is a smart one, it gets the power of
AI when it is able to think and process on its own.
• Just as humans learn how to walk and then improve this skill
with the help of their experiences, an AI machine too gets
trained first on the training data and then optimises itself
according to its own experiences which makes AI different
from any other technological device/machine.
• But well, surely these other technologies too can be
integrated with AI to provide the users with a much better and
immersive experience!

Robotics and AI can definitely open the doors to
humanoids and self-driving cars, AI when merged with
Internet of things can give rise to cloud computing of data
and remote access of AI tools, automation along with AI
can help in achieving voice automated homes and so on.
Such integrations can help us get the best of both worlds!

Machine Learning
• Machine Learning is the science of getting machines to
interpret, process and analyze data in order to solve
real-world problems.
• Under Machine Learning there are three categories:
• Supervised Learning
• Unsupervised Learning
• Reinforcement Learning

Deep Learning
• Deep Learning is the process of implementing Neural
Networks on high dimensional data to gain insights and
form solutions. Deep Learning is an advanced field of
Machine Learning that can be used to solve more
advanced problems.
• Deep Learning is the logic behind the face verification
algorithm on Facebook, self-driving cars, virtual
assistants like Siri, Alexa and so on.

Natural Language
Processing
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to the
science of drawing insights from natural human
language in order to communicate with machines and
grow businesses.
• Twitter uses NLP to filter out terroristic language in their
tweets, Amazon uses NLP to understand customer
reviews and improve user experience.

Robotics
• Robotics is a branch of Artificial Intelligence which
focuses on different branches and application of robots.
AI Robots are artificial agents acting in a real-world
environment to produce results by taking accountable
actions.
• Sophia the humanoid is a good example of AI in robotics.

Fuzzy Logic
• Fuzzy logic is a computing approach based on the
principles of “degrees of truth” instead of the usual
modern computer logic i.e. boolean in nature.
• Fuzzy logic is used in the medical fields to solve complex
problems that involve decision making. They are also
used in automatic gearboxes, vehicle environment
control and so on.
•

Expert Systems
• An expert system is an AI-based computer system that
learns and reciprocates the decision-making ability of a
human expert.
• Expert systems use if-then logical notations to solve
complex problems. It does not rely on conventional
procedural programming. Expert systems are mainly
used in information management, medical facilities, loan
analysis, virus detection and so on.
•

Will Machines Replace
Humans?
• Let's go back to the Artificial Intelligence vs Human
Intelligence debate. Recent AI achievements closely
mimic human intelligence but cannot go beyond the
human brain.
• Our mind acquires knowledge by sense of
understanding, reasoning, learning, reasoning and
experience. The way we feel everything, most
importantly, emotions, separates us from digital
machines, robotics, AI technologies and much more.

• Your mind and heart make the importance of human
intelligence above AI.
• However, with the development of AI, the risks of artificial
intelligence are increasing as we cannot use our brains and
hearts to their full potential.
• Although machines mimic human behavior, the ability to make
rational decisions is still lacking. Machines need the next level
of development where they have to process 'common sense'.
• This development will take years because common sense
varies per human! This means that AI systems do not
understand "cause" and "effect". While we humans do
everything on the basis of cause and effect, our decisions
benefit certain sections of human society.

• Yes, AI has made our work easier, but there have been many
failures, such as;
• Uber Self Driving Car Kills A Pedestrian
• IBM'sIBM's Watson supercomputer is described as unsafe and
wrong in treating cancer.
• The AI-enabled facial recognition system is biased towards colored
skin tones by identifying innocent people as criminals.
• All these disasters ask us to improve the capability of AI by
improving AI technology with proper algorithms and data. Otherwise,
AI will no longer co-exist with our morals, ethics and competence.
• "We have many types of human intelligence, such as morality,
ethics, abilities, intuition, instinct, reflex, accuracy, precision, timing,
quality judgment, sense of understanding, reasoning, learning,
reasoning, and experience, emotions, and much more. "

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