Artificial Intelligence for beginners who are not aware

emphasize that something happened but is
not true anymore. When they end
determines which of them you use (past or
present perfect).
The Perfect Continuous Tense - Used to
denote an ongoing action either starting and
ending in the past or starting in the past and
continuing into the present.

So altogether we have the following 12 tenses
1.Simple Present
2.Present Continuous
3.Present Perfect
4.Present Perfect Continuous
5.Simple Past
6.Past Continuous
7.Past Perfect
8.Past Perfect Continuous
9.Simple Future
10.Future Continuous
11.Future Perfect
12.Future Perfect Continuous

1) The Simple Present Tense
The simple present tense is used to discuss permanent situations
and the frequency of events.
i) Repeated Actions
X X X X X X X
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is
repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily
event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can
also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:
 I play cricket.
 Does he like tennis?
 The bus leaves every morning at 10 AM.
 The train does not leave at 9 AM.
 He always forgets his keys.
 He never forgets his wallet.
 Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.

ii) Facts or Generalizations
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a
fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It
is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also
used to make generalizations about people or things.
Examples:
 Dogs like bones.
 Birds do not like bones.
 Do humans like milk?
 Sydney is in Australia.
 Doors are made of glass.
 Windows are not made of wood.

iii) Scheduled Events in the Near Future
Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about
scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly
done when talking about public transportation, but it can be
used with other scheduled events as well.
Examples:
 The bus arrives tonight at 8 PM.
 The bus does not arrive at 8 AM, it arrives at 8 PM.
 When do we board the bus?
 The movie starts at 9 o'clock.
 When does class begin tomorrow?
X
PAST PRESENT FUTURE

iv) Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the
idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This
can only be done with Non- Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed
Verbs.
Examples:
 I am here now.
 She is not here now.

iv) Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the
idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This
can only be done with Non- Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed
Verbs.
Examples:
 I am here now.
 She is not here now.
 He needs help right now.
 He has his license in his hand.
 Do you have your license with you?

2) The Present Continuous Tense
Form - [am/is/are + present participle]
Examples:
 You are watching TV.
 Are you watching TV?
 You are not watching TV.
) The Present Continuous Tense

i) Ongoing Action
2) The Present Continuous Tense
Form - [am/is/are + present participle]
Examples:
 You are watching TV.
 Are you watching TV?
 You are not watching TV.

i) Ongoing Action
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the
idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It
can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
Examples:
 You are learning tenses now.
 You are not playing now.
 Are you sleeping?
 I am sitting.
 They are reading their books.
 They are not watching the movie.
 What are you doing?
 Why aren't you doing your work?

ii) Longer Actions in Progress Now
PAST FUTURE
PRESENT
In English, "now" can mean right now, today, this month, this year, this century,
and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the
process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be
doing it at this exact second.
Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while watching movie with your
friend)
 I am studying to become an engineer.
 I am not studying to become a doctor.
 I am reading the book ‘Emma’.
 I am not reading any reports right now.
 Are you working on any special projects?
 Aren't you teaching at the college now?

iii)Near Future
X
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that
something will or will not happen in the near future.
Examples:
 I am meeting some relatives after work.
 I am not going to the movie this weekend.
 Is he visiting his parents tonight?
 Isn't he coming with us tonight?

iv) Repetition with "Always"
X X X X X X X X X
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or
"constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or
shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple
Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words
"always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
 She is always coming to work late.
 He is constantly talking.
 I don't like them because they are always complaining.

3) The Present Perfect Tense
FORM - [has/have + past participle]
Examples:
 You have seen that movie many times.
 Have you seen that movie many times?
 You have not seen that movie many times.

i)Unspecified Time Before Now
X
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an
unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important.
You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time
expressions such as yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I
was a child, one day, etc.
We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such
as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far,
already, yet, etc.

Examples:
 I have seen that play twenty times.
 I think I have met him once before.
 There have been many earthquakes in Japan.
 People have traveled to the North pole.
 People have not traveled to Mars.
 Have you read the book yet?
 Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

ii) Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is
like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense
to say that you have
never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to
describe a specific event.
Examples:
 I have been to Alaska.
 I have never been to Japan.
 I think I have seen that movie before.
 He has never traveled by an aeroplane.

iii)Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has
happened over a period of time.
Examples:
 You have grown since the last time I saw you.
 The government has become more interested in poverty
removal.
 Mandarin has become one of the most popular language
courses at the university since the Asian studies program
was established.
 My English has really improved since I moved to America.

iii)Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of
individuals and humanity. Remember, though, that you cannot
mention a specific time.
Examples:
 Man has walked on the Moon.
 John has learned how to read.
 Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
 Scientists have split the atom.

iv)An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which
we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect
suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
 Tina has not finished her assignment yet.
 Jerry hasn't mastered French, but he can communicate.
 The package has still not arrived.
 The rain hasn't stopped.

v)Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different
actions which have occurred in the past at different times.
Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more
actions are possible.
Examples:
 The army has attacked that city five times.
 I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
 We have faced many problems while working on this
project.
 She has talked to several specialists about her problem,
but nobody knows why she is sick.

vi)Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has
happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the
exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an
experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last
week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now,
etc.
Examples:
 Have you been to New York in the last two years?
 I have seen that movie three times in the last fortnight.

vi)Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has
happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the
exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an
experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last
week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now,
etc.
Examples:
 Have you been to New York in the last two years?
 I have seen that movie three times in the last fortnight.
 They have had three tests in the last week.
 My car has broken down three times this week.

IMPORTANT
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning.
"Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a
specific time which requires Simple past tense.
“In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not
considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect Tense.
Examples:
 I went to New York last year.
 I have been to New York in the last year.

vii) Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
With non-continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed
verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something
started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five
minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations
which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
 I have had a flu for two weeks.
 She has been in Sydney for six months.
 Sheena has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

(AI) =
Artificial
intelligence

Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of
technologies that enable computers to perform
a variety of advanced functions, including the
ability to see, understand and translate spoken
and written language, analyze data, make
recommendations, and so on
In other words, machines that are programmed
to perform certain tasks automatically without
the need for humans to supervise their work

Types of artificial
intelligence
02
(AI)

Types of artificial intelligence
According to different experts, there are several types of artificial intelligence. One of the main
classifications is the following:
(a) Reactive machines
This type of AI does not have the ability to form memories or rely on past experiences to make
decisions. It is simply guided by the present or future, but has no knowledge of the past
(b) Limited memory
They have information of the past but in a momentary way. Since their storage is not unlimited,
like the mind of a human being where it can store memories of the past, they are machines that
have information from the past but in a momentary way

Types of artificial intelligence
(c) Mind theory
These machines will be able to understand that human beings are made up of feelings and
thoughts that modify their interaction with the world. The behavior of these machines will have
to collaborate with social interaction
(d) Self-awareness
The ultimate goal of artificial intelligence is to create machines that are self-aware

Main uses of artificial
intelligence
03
(AI)

Main uses
(a) Virtual personal assistants
These are the well-known chatbots that allow us to interact with them according to our search
history
(b) Business and finance
In this case, AI brings the possibility of generating greater security, offering new operations and
being aware of relevant market information
(c) Education
It allows to personalize them according to the students, to control attendance and evaluations,
to establish teaching-learning strategies

Main uses
(d) Commercial
It allows to know and recommend what the customer needs, predicting trends and making very
detailed analysis
(e) Health
Artificial intelligence is used in healthcare, specifically in chatbots that ask us about our
symptoms in order to make a diagnosis. By combining certain characteristics in common, a
possible solution to the problem presented by the patient can be generated without the need of
a human being

Advantages and
disadvantages of AI
04
(AI)

Advantages of artificial intelligence
(+) Automation of repetitive tasks
AI makes our day-to-day life much easier, as machines can perform tasks that are difficult for us
automatically
(+) Reduces human error
Fewer errors, since there is little human involvement and the tasks are performed automatically,
the probability of error is greatly reduced
(+) More room for creativity
It favors the creative process of the human being, since it leaves us with more time to think
freely about future tasks or work actions

Advantages of artificial intelligence
(+) Increased accuracy
By reducing the likelihood of error, artificial intelligence provides high accuracy in decision
making
(+) Decision making
When making decisions, AI plays a fundamental role due to its agility in the search and
connection of information and also the analysis of the data collected

Disadvantages of artificial intelligence
(-) Difficulty of access to data
For an artificial intelligence to work properly, it must have updated and reliable data. This does
not always happen in this way, because being just a machine, sometimes it does not have all
the necessary data to make decisions appropriate to the needs
(-) Lack of qualified professionals
As this is a new technology, the number of qualified professionals who can handle these tools is
very limited

Disadvantages of artificial intelligence
(-) Developing them is expensive
The cost is extremely high. In order to replace or match the human figure with machines, it is
essential to have a large amount of money that can cover the necessary development and
maintenance costs of these tools

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