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Artificial Intelligence Intellectual Property Cyber Risk And Robotics A New Digital Age Ruth Taplin
Artificial Intelligence Intellectual Property Cyber Risk And Robotics A New Digital Age Ruth Taplin
Artificial Intelligence, Intellectual
Property, Cyber Risk and Robotics
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the most rapidly developing technology in the
current Digital Age, but it is also the least defined, understood and adequately
explained technological advance. This book brings together a group of
leading experts who assess different aspects of AI from different disciplinary
perspectives. The book argues that robots are not living systems but the
creations of humans who must ultimately be accountable for the actions of
the robots that they have invented. Robots do not have ownership entitlement.
The book uses Intellectual Property Rights cases, evidence from roboticists,
cybersecurity experts, Patent Court judges, technology officers, climate
change scientists, economists, physicists and those from the legal profession
to demonstrate that while AI can have very beneficial uses for many aspects
of human economy and society, robots are not living systems autonomous
from human decision making. This book will be useful to those in banking
and insurance, cybersecurity, lawyers, judges, technology officers, economists,
scientist inventors, computer scientists, large and small companies and post-
graduate students.
Ruth Taplin (PhD London School of Economics and Political Science [LSE]
and Graduate Diploma in Law) is Director of the Centre for Japanese and
East Asian Studies, London, Editor/​
Founder of the Interdisciplinary Journal
of Economics and Business Law (IJEBL), a Routledge Featured Author and
has written/​
edited 24 books and more than 200 articles.
Routledge Studies in the Growth Economies of Asia
144. International Entrepreneurship
A Comparative Analysis
Susan Freeman, Ying Zhu and Malcolm Warner
145. Ritual and Economy in Metropolitan China
A Global Social Science Approach
Carsten Herrmann-​
Pillath, Guo Man and Feng Xingyuan
146. Cyber Risk, Intellectual Property Theft and Cyberwarfare
Asia, Europe and the USA
Ruth Taplin
147. Changing Labour Policies and Organization of Work in China
Impact on Firms and Workers
Ying Zhu, Michael Webber and John Benson
148. Vietnamese Labour Militancy
Capital-​
labour Antagonisms and Self-​
organised Struggles
Joe Buckley
149. Economic Successes in South Asia
A Story of Partnerships
Shahrukh Rafi Khan
150. Ersatz Capitalism and Industrial Policy in Southeast Asia
A Comparative Institutional Analysis of Indonesia and Malaysia
Fabian Bocek
151. India’s Trade Policy in the 21st Century
Amita Batra
152. Artificial Intelligence, Intellectual Property, Cyber Risk and Robotics
A New Digital Age
Edited by Ruth Taplin
Artificial Intelligence,
Intellectual Property,
Cyber Risk and Robotics
A New Digital Age
Edited by Ruth Taplin
First published 2023
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Ruth Taplin; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Ruth Taplin to be identified as the author of the editorial material,
and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-​
in-​
Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-​0-​367-​85754-​7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-​1-​032-​41887-​2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-​0-​367-​85756-​1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/​9780367857561
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Newgen Publishing UK
Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgements viii
List of Illustrations ix
List of Abbreviations x
List of Contributors xii
Foreword xiv
1 Artificial Intelligence, Intellectual Property, Cyber Risk
and Robotics: An Overview 1
RUTH TAPLIN
2 Mechanizing Chess Games, Computable Enumerability
and Dynamical Systems 14
K. VELA VELUPILLAI
3 Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Intellectual Property 31
RUTH TAPLIN
4 The Physical Concept of Information and Artificial
Intelligence 41
VICTOR BARTENEV
5 How Robotic Process Automation is Revolutionising
Service Industries 64
PAUL WHITESIDE, CHIN-​
BUN TSE AND
AMELIA YUEN SHAN AU-​
YEUNG
6 Climate Change, Pandemics and Artificial Intelligence 92
RUTH TAPLIN AND ALOJZY Z. NOWAK
vi Contents
7 Artificial Intelligence: A Looming Economic and
Moral Crisis 109
KENNETH FRIEDMAN
8 Conclusion 125
RUTH TAPLIN
Index 132
Preface
A new digital revolution is occurring in the emergence of Artificial Intelligence
(AI) which is basically the ability of AI/​
Learning machines to process masses
of (big) data more rapidly than humans, finding patterns from data input by
people that are useful for humans to predict, create models and understand
more accurately natural phenomena through AI machine vision. AI can have
both negative and positive effects on all aspects of human life and nature in
global terms. Yet it is a deeply misunderstood technology with humans cre-
ating frightening scenarios of killer robots and AI robots taking control of the
world. This is disinformation which AI can assist in blocking through miti-
gating cyberattack, but it cannot do this independently. The proof that AI is
not a living system, which again is a human construct, is shown through cases
involving Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) which in recent times have seen
attempts to claim that robots can be inventors/​creators that should be awarded
patent rights. In this book we submit that robots are not living systems but
the creations of humans who must ultimately be accountable for the actions
of the robots that they have invented. Robots do not have ownership entitle-
ment. We use IPR cases, and evidence from roboticists, Patent Court judges,
technology officers, climate change scientists, economists, physicists and those
from the legal profession to demonstrate that while AI can have very bene-
ficial uses for many aspects of human economy and society, robots are not
living systems autonomous from human decision making.
This book will be useful to those in banking and insurance, lawyers,
cybersecurity personnel, judges, technology officers, economists, scientists,
inventors, computer scientists, large and small companies and postgraduate
students.
Acknowledgements
The Editor and author of four chapters in this book would like to thank
the expert contributors to this volume for their considerable efforts with their
chapters.
Others who have made invaluable contributions are:
Lord Justice Colin Birss, of the Court of Appeal with his precise and astute
knowledge of patents and what constitutes inventor status.
Takashi Ikegami, Professor at the Department of General Systems Sciences
at the University of Tokyo, Japan, for his understanding of what constitutes a
living system and for writing the Foreword.
James Brewer, former Insurance Editor of Lloyd’s List for invaluable insur-
ance and Cyber Risk expertise.
Peter Sowden, Routledge Editor, for his continuing support for more than
20 years.
Illustrations
Figures
2.1 Every acute-​
angled triangle can be made into, or from,
three isosceles triangles 24
4.1 A living cell as an open thermodynamic system 43
4.2 Energy transformation in living systems 44
4.3 Generation of an instinctive system response to signals
received from two well-​
known signal sources 54
4.4 Creation of information in a living system based on the
processing of two inconsistent (asymmetric) signals 55
Table
4.1 The milestones in biological and socio-​
economic evolution 45
Abbreviations
AAI Automobile Association Ireland
AGI Artificial General Intelligence
AI Artificial Intelligence
AL Artificial Life
API Application Programmatic Interface
CAI Cognitive Artificial Intelligence
CBCGDF China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development
Foundation
CBE Classical behavioural economics
CIO Chief Information Officer
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora
CMMI Capability Maturity Model Integration
CoE Centre of Excellence
COVID-​
19 Coronavirus disease 2019
DDoS Distributed denial of service
DNS Domain Name System
DSA Digital Services Act (EU)
EU European Union
GDP Gross domestic product
HPS Human Problem Solving
HR Human resources
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IOCR Intelligent Optical Character Recognition
IoT Internet of Things
IP Intellectual property
IPA Intelligent Process Automation
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPO Intellectual Property Office
IPR Intellectual Property Rights
IRPA Intelligent Robotic Process Automation
IT Information technology
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
List of Abbreviations xi
LSE London School of Economics and Political Science
MBE Modern behavioural economics
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ML Machine learning
NHS National Health Service (UK)
NLP Natural Language Processing
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
OCR Optical Character Recognition
OKRs Objectives and Key Results
PDF Portable Document Format
ROI Return on investment
ROM Robotic Operating Model
RPA Robotic Process Automation
SaaS Software as a Service
SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome
SDM Service Delivery Management
SFGA State Forestry and Grassland Administration (China)
TCM Traditional Chinese medicine
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UNFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
USA United States of America
US United States
WEF World Economic Forum
WHO World Health Organization
WRI World Resource Institute
Contributors
Amelia Yuen Shan Au-​
Yeung is Associate Professor in Strategy and
International Business and Interim Dean at the Claude Littner Business
School, University of West London. Her research focuses on innovation,
retail and internationalisation strategies in emerging markets such as China.
Victor Bartenev graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and
Technology with a PhD in Biophysics in 1981. From the early 2000s, he
began independent research on the natural science foundations of the global
economy, united under the name ‘Physical Macroeconomics’, publishing a
book and a number of articles related to this interdisciplinary topic.
Kenneth Friedman has published in physics, philosophy and economics and
is Book Review Editor for the Interdisciplinary Journal of Economics
and Business Law. He teaches at Regis University, Colorado, USA and
is the President of a small publicly traded minerals company. He holds
a doctorate in the Philosophy of Science and an MS in Physics from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), an MA in Philosophy
from Harvard University and under an American Council of Learned
Societies Fellowship studied in Brussels with Ilya Prigogine who won the
Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on the development of non-​
linear
thermodynamics.
Alojzy Z. Nowak is Rector of the University of Warsaw, Poland. As an inter-
disciplinary economist with a PhD from the Warsaw School of Economics,
he has written/​
edited a number of books and many articles/​
book chapters.
Ruth Taplin holds a PhD in Economics from the London School of Economics
and Political Science (LSE) and a Graduate Diploma in Law. She is the
Founder/​
Editor of the Interdisciplinary Journal of Economics and Business
Law (IJEBL) and Director of the Centre for Japanese and East Asian
Studies, London. As the first Routledge Featured Author in Asian Studies,
she has written/​
edited 24 books and more than 200 articles in respected,
refereed journals and has written many book chapters. She was a con-
sultant to the Federation of Electronics Industry, UK for nine years and
specialises in Intellectual Property Rights, especially in East Asia.
List of Contributors xiii
Chin-​Bun Tse obtained his PhD in Finance from the University of Manchester
and an MSc in Information Technology from Queen Mary University of
London. His recent research topics include how the capital markets react
to companies’ announcements and disclosures, which can be examined
by Natural Language Processing (NLP). Previously, this was done manu-
ally and investment opportunities were often missed because of the slow
manual process. He is Research Professor in Finance and Accounting at
the Claude Littner Business School, University of West London.
K. Vela Velupillai is a retired academic, living in Stockholm, Sweden. He was
educated at the universities of Kyoto, Lund and Cambridge for the BE,
MSocSc and PhD degrees, studying under Nicholas Kaldor and Richard
Goodwin at the University of Cambridge for the latter. He has held tenured
Fellowships and Professorships in the UK, the United States, Italy, Ireland,
India and Mexico and published books with leading publishers and art-
icles in respected, refereed journals. He has published with Routledge for
many years. Emeritus Professor Velupillai is the founder of the field of
Computable Economics.
Paul Whiteside is a Fellow of the British Computer Society, a consultant,
and Chief Technology Officer with a 25-​
year career in technology at
successful start-​
ups, scale-​
outs and large global companies. He has helped
many businesses to effectively implement and scale technology, and deliver
high-​
value, technology-​
enabled business change. He currently advises pri-
vate equity investors on technology acquisitions, growth and value cre-
ation strategies for their portfolio companies. He is currently a Senior
Practitioner at Crosslake Technologies, London, UK.
Foreword
How to Make Living Machines?
Is Artificial Intelligence (AI) a serious threat to humanity? This question has
been debated by Stephen Hawking, Niklas Boström and many other lumi-
naries. However, no matter how much we debate this question, we cannot
foresee whether AI will ultimately become a great threat to mankind. In the
case of atomic bombs, responsibility lies more with the humans who use them
than with the bombs themselves. But the marvel of AI represents a crisis that
may exist independently of humans. It is free will and autonomous decision
making that has not yet been realised in AI. But it is this autonomy that
will determine the future of AI, and whether it will be a threat or a boon to
humanity in a new sense.
Although not as well-​
known as AI, my research is in the field of Artificial
Life (AL). In a nutshell, AL is an attempt to make birds by looking at birds,
rather than making planes by looking at birds. Airplanes are convenient, they
have significantly accelerated human interaction and have brought about eco-
nomic growth. AI has facilitated this. However, airplanes can still fail, albeit
less often these days. Even now, when I fly, I am sometimes a bit fearful. But
what about birds, by comparison? A bird –​that is, a living plane –​might end
up flying to San Diego on a whim when it was supposed to go to Los Angeles.
This is very inconvenient for someone travelling in a hurry. Rushing to work
is not for such living planes. That is why AI is for a busy society. But a bird,
which is a living plane, will rarely fall. There is no doubt that birds are much
safer vehicles when compared with airplanes. Living airplanes might even
move more rapidly if encouraged to do so.
This is because, unlike today’s airplanes, the most important requirement
for a bird is its own survival and relationship with other living creatures. In
other words, to create a living machine, that is what AL is all about. There is a
sense of trustfulness, unlike AI. Life does not die of its own accord.
In other words, the fear that AI will become autonomous –​that is, that it
will act freely and free from human control, that it will take away people’s jobs,
and that it will eventually drive humanity out of existence –​is not justified.
AL is directed first towards oneself, towards self-​
preservation and homeo-
stasis, but it does not attack people. As will be introduced in Ruth’s book,
Foreword xv
I am now developing a living robot. A living robot must have a mind installed,
and the mind emanates through interaction with people.
Today’s robots are yet to become life. Why did Professor Rodney Brooks
ask in Nature in 20011
: Are we missing something? Perhaps the model for
building a robot is too simple? Maybe the computational power is not good
enough? Or do we require a fundamental theory, after quantum mechanics
and chaos, that we don’t know about yet? What is the last drop, the last drop
that is necessary for AI to become life? I call it Brooks’ Juice, after Professor
Brooks, and AL is a journey to find this Brooks’ Juice.
What we have come up with is the contagion of the mind. If it is possible
to transmit the mind from human to robot, it will become a chain from robot
to robot. The mind is contagious through change, just as a newborn child first
imitates its mother, but after a certain point, the mind changes from imita-
tion to its own unique movement, a process I have termed an offloaded mind.
Consciousness that is like a person’s is contagious from person to person.
That’s what it takes to build a living machine. Michael Tomasello,2
a devel-
opmental psychologist, asked the question, “Do apes ape?” Apes can imitate
other’s behaviour, but they do not ape the style of the behaviour. They imitate
the goal of the action, not the process. Imitation of process is not a question
of what to do, but how to do it. Yet, apes raised by people are different.
When we think of the fear of AI, there is the fear of not being able to see
the mechanism of the machine. We are afraid of the black box. We don’t
know what it will do. But we are not generally afraid of human beings, who
through capricious behaviour are a much worse black box. No, actually, even
humans are still afraid of people they have never met before. But as we live
together, we become less afraid. Paradoxically, people love and cherish other
people because they are black boxes.
Maybe that’s the point. An AI where we can predict the action cannot be a
friend. It becomes a slave. That is because it cannot love. An AI with a heart
will be loved, and the world will move towards a new state of symbiosis with
different living machines.
There is a difference between a mind that does not know what it is and a
black box that simply does not know how it works. In fact, the difference may
be subtle. This book can help you to understand the difference.
Professor Takashi Ikegami
Professor at the Department of General Systems Sciences
at the University of Tokyo, Japan
Notes
1 ‘The Relationship between Matter and Life’, Rodney Brooks, Nature, Vol. 409
(2001), pp. 409–​
411.
2 ‘Do Apes Ape?’, M. Tomasello, in C. M. Heynes and B. G. Galef, Jr (eds), Social
Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture (Academic Press, 1996), pp. 319–​
346.
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Artificial Intelligence Intellectual Property Cyber Risk And Robotics A New Digital Age Ruth Taplin
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Baled Hay: A
Drier Book than Walt Whitman's Leaves o'
Grass
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
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you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Baled Hay: A Drier Book than Walt Whitman's Leaves o'
Grass
Author: Bill Nye
Illustrator: Frederick Burr Opper
Release date: December 15, 2015 [eBook #50699]
Most recently updated: October 22, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Produced by David Widger from page images generously
provided by the Internet Archive
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BALED HAY: A
DRIER BOOK THAN WALT WHITMAN'S LEAVES O' GRASS ***
BALED HAY
By Bill Nye
A Drier Book than Walt Whitman's Leaves o' Grass.
Author of Bill Nye and Boomerang, Forty Liars and Other
Lies, Goose-Neck Smith, How Came Your Eye Out, and
Your Nose Not Skun? Etc., Etc., Etc.
Heap cold day when Melican man no lite em
blook.—AH SIN.
Illustrated by F. Opper, of Puck
Chicago. New York, San Francisco:
Belford, Clarke  Co
1884
Original
Artificial Intelligence Intellectual Property Cyber Risk And Robotics A New Digital Age Ruth Taplin
CONTENTS
DEDICATION.
BALED HAY
GREELEY AID RUM.
ABOUT SAW MILLS.
EXPERIMENTS WITH OLD CHEESE.
THE RAG-CARPET.
ONE KIND OF A BOY.
THE CHAMPION MEAN MAN.
FRATERNAL SPARRING.
CHIPETA'S ADDRESS TO THE UTES.
BILL NYE'S CAT.
AUTUMN THOUGHTS.
THE MAN WHO INTERRUPTS.
THE ROCKY MOUKTAIN COW.
PRESERVING EGGS.
HUMAN' NATURE ON THE HALF-SHELL.
TOO CONTIGUOUS.
THE AMENDE HONORABLE.
JOAQUIN AND JUNIATA.
SOME VAGUE THOUGHTS.
THE YOUMORIST.
MY CABINET.
HEALTH FOOD.
PINES FOE HIS OLD HOME
ONE TOUCH OF NATURE.
HOW TO PUT UP A STOVE-PIPE.
FUN OF BEING A PUBLISHER.
LINGERIE.
FRUIT.
THE BONE OF CONTENTION.
CONGRATULATORY.
THE AGONY IS OVER.
OSTRICH CAVALRY.
AN ELECTRIC BELT.
THE ANNUAL WAIL
HE WAS NOT A BURGLAR.
BEST ON, BLESSED MEMORY.
GENIUS AND WHISKY.
THE TWO-HEADED GIRL
THE CULTIVATION OF GUM.
WE HAVE REASONED IT OUT.
CARVING SCHOOLS.
DIGNITY.
ALWAYS BOOM AT THE TOP.
INACCURATE.
THE WESTERN CHAP.
AN INCIDENT OF THE CAMPAIGN.
WHY DO THEY DO IT?
TWO STYLES.
GOSHALLHEMLOCK SALVE.
THE STAGE BALD-HEAD.
FATHERLY WORDS.
THE GOOD TIME COMING.
MANIA FOR MARKING CLOTHES.
REGARDING THE NOSE.
SOMETHING TOO MUCH OF THIS.
COLOR BLINDNESS.
IS DUELING MURDER?
HEAP GONE.
THE EDITORIAL LAMP.
DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY.
THE MAROON SAUSAGE.
TESTIMONIALS OF REGARD.
THE CHINESE COMPOSITOR
SNOWED UNDER
ROUGH ON OSCAR.
THE POSTAL CARD.
WHY WE ARE NOT GAY.
SCIENTIFIC.
THE REVELATION RACKET IN UTAH.
SAGE BRUSH TONIC.
LAME FROM HIS BERTH.
THE PUBLIC PRINTER.
SAD DESTRUCTION.
THE IMMEDIATE REVOLTER
THE SECRET OF HEALTH.
HOUSEHOLD RECIPES.
WHAT IS LITERATURE?
THE PREVIOUS HOTEL.
ANECDOTE OF SPOTTED TAIL.
THE ZEALOUS VOTER.
HOW TO PRESERVE TEETH
MR. BEECHER'S BRAIN.
OH, NO!
THE MARCH OF CIVILIZATION.
AN UNCLOUDED WELCOME.
THE PILLOW-SHAM HOLDER.
SOMETHING FRESH.
YANKED TO ETERNITY.
WHY WE SHED THE SCALDING.
ANOTHER SUGGESTION.
PISCATORIAL AND EDITORIAL
ANOTHER FEATHERED SONGSTER
ABOUT THE OSTRICH
TOO MUCH GOD AND NO FLOUR.
WE ARE GETTING CYNICAL
ASK US SOMETHING DIFFICULT.
THE MIMIC STAGE.
DECLINE OF AMERICAN HUMOR
CHICAGO CUSTOM HOUSE
FOREIGN OPINION
THEY HAVE CURBED THEIR WOE.
HUNG BY REQUEST.
THE MELVILLES.
MENDING BROKEN NECKS.
ARE YOU A MORMON?
CAUTION.
POISONS AND THEIR ANECDOTES.
CORRESPONDENCE.
WHAT THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY NEEDS.
TABLE MANNERS OF CHILDREN.
WHAT IT MEANT.
VOTERS IN UTAH.
INCONGRUITY
RIDING DOWN A MOUNTAIN.
CORRALED HIM.
FIRMNESS.
PUT IN A SUMP.
MINING AS A SCIENCE
DRAWBACKS OF ROYALTY.
ENGLISH HUMOR
ABOUT THE AUTOPSY.
DON'T LIKE OUR STYLE.
MR. T. WILSON.
ETIQUETTE OF THE NAPKIN
AN INFERNAL MACHINE.
THE CODFISH.
HIS AGED MOTHER.
BUSINESS LETTERS.
DANGER OF GARDENING.
DEDICATION.
TO MY WIFE:
Who has courteously and heroically laughed at my feeble and
emaciated jokes, even when she did not feel like it; who has again
and again started up and agitated successfully the flagging and
reluctant applause, who has courageously held my coat through this
trying ordeal, and who, even now, as I write this, is in the front yard
warning people to keep off the premises until I have another lucid
interval,
This Volume is Affectionately Inscribed,
BY THE
AUTHOR.
PIAZZA TO THE THIRD VOLUME.
There can really be no excuse for this last book of trite and
beautiful sayings. I do not attempt, in any way, to palliate this great
wrong. I would not do so even if I had an idea what palliate meant.
It will, however, add one more to the series of books for which I
am to blame, and the pleasure of travel will be very much enhanced,
for me, at least.
There is one friend I always meet on the trains when I travel. He
is the news agent. He comes to me with my own books in his arms,
and tells me over and over again of their merits. He means it, too.
What object could he have in coming to me, not knowing who I am,
and telling me of their great worth? Why would he talk that way to
me if he did not really feel it?
That is one reason I travel so much. When 1 get gloomy and
heartsick, I like to get on a train and be assured once more, by a
total stranger, that my books have never been successfully imitated.
Some authors like to have a tall man, with a glazed grip-sack, and
whose breath is stronger than his intellect, selling their works; but I
do not prefer that way.
I like the candor and ingenuousness of the train-boy. He does not
come to the front door while you are at prayers, and ring the bell till
the hat-rack falls down, and then try to sell you a book containing
2,000 receipts for the blind staggers. He leans gently over you as
you look out the car window, and he puts some pecan meats in your
hand, and thus wins your trusting heart. Then he sells you a book,
and takes an interest in you.
This book will go to swell the newsboy's armful, and if there be
any excuse, under the sun, for its publication, aside from the royalty;
that is it.
I have taken great care to thoroughly eradicate anything that
would have the appearance of poetry in this work, and there is not a
thought or suggestion contained in it that would soil the most
delicate fabric.
Do not read it all at once, however, in order to see whether he
married the girl or not. Take a little at a time, and it will cure gloom
on the similia simili-bus curanter principle. If you read it all at
once, and it gives you the heaves, I am glad of it, and you deserve
it. I will not bind myself to write the obituary of such people.
Hudson, Wis., Sept, 5,1883.
I
BALED HAY
A NOVEL NOVELETTE
NEVER wrote a novel, because I always thought it required more
of a mashed-rasp-berry imagination than I could muster, but I
was the business manager, once, for a year and a half, of a little
two-bit novelette that has never been published.
I now propose to publish it, because I cannot keep it to myself
any longer.
Allow me, therefore, to reminisce.
Harry Bevans was an old schoolmate of mine in the days of and
although Bevans was not his sure-enough name, it will answer for
the purposes herein set forth. At the time of which I now speak he
was more bashful than a book agent, and was trying to promote a
cream-colored mustache and buff Donegals on the side.
Suffice it to say that he was madly in love with Fanny Buttonhook,
and too bashful to say so by telephone.
Her name wasn't Buttonhook, but I will admit it for the sake of
argument. Harry lived over at Kalamazoo, we will say, and Fanny at
Oshkosh. These were not the exact names of the towns, but I desire
to bewilder the public a little in order to avoid any harassing
disclosures in the future. It is always well enough, I find, to deal
gently will those who are alive and moderately muscular.
Young Bevans was not specially afraid of old man Buttonhook, or
his wife. He didn't dread the enraged parent worth a cent. He wasn't
afraid of anybody under the cerulean dome, in fact, except Miss
Buttonhook; but when she sailed down the main street, Harry
lowered his colors and dodged into the first place he found open,
whether it was a millinery store or a livery stable.
Once, in an unguarded moment, he passed so near her that the
gentle south wind caught up the cherry ribbon that Miss Buttonhook
wore at her throat, and slapped Mr. Bevans across the cheek with it
before he knew what ailed him. There was a little vision of straw
hat, brown hair, and pink-and-white cuticle, as it were, a delicate
odor of violets, the swish of a summer silk, and my friend, Mr.
Bevans, put his hand to his head, like a man who has a sun-stroke,
and fell into a drug store and a state of wild mash, ruin and helpless
chaos.
His bashfulness was not seated nor chronic. It was the varioloid,
and didn't hurt him only when Miss Buttonhook was present, or in
sight. He was polite and chatty with other girls, and even dared to
be blithe and gay sometimes, too, but when Frances loomed up in
the distance, he would climb a rail fence nine feet high to evade her.
He told me once that he wished I would erect the frame-work of a
letter to Fanny, in which he desired to ask that he might open up a
correspondence with her. He would copy and mail it, he said, and he
was sure that I, being a disinterested party, would be perfectly calm.
I wrote a letter for him, of which I was moderately proud. It would
melt the point on a lightning rod, it seemed to me, for it was just as
full of gentleness and poetic soothe as it could be, and Tupper,
Webster's Dictionary and my scrap-book had to give down first rate.
Still it was manly and square-toed. It was another man's confession,
and I made it bulge out with frankness and candor.
As luck would have it, I went over to Oshkosh about the time
Harry's prize epistle reached that metropolis, and having been a
confidant of Miss B's from early childhood, I had the pleasure of
reading Bev's letter, and advising the young lady about the
correspondence.
Finally a bright thought struck her. She went over to an easy chair,
and sat down on her foot, coolly proposing that I should outline a
letter replying to Harry's, in a reserved and rather frigid manner, yet
bidding him dare to hope that if his orthography and punctuation
continued correct, he might write occasionally, though it must be
considered entirely sub rosa and abnormally entre nous on account
of Pa.
By the way, Pa was a druggist, and one of the salts of the earth
—Epsom salts, of course.
I agreed to write the letter, swore never to reveal the secret
workings of the order, the grips, explanations, passwords and
signals, and then wrote her a nice, demure, startled-fawn letter, as
brief as the collar to a party dress, and as solemn as the Declaration
of Independence.
Then I said good-by, and returned to my own home, which was
neither in Kalamazoo nor Oshkosh. There I received a flat letter from
'William Henry Bevans, inclosing one from Fanny, and asking for
suggestions as to a reply. Her letter was in Miss Buttonhook's best
vein. I remember having written it myself.
Well, to cut a long story short, every other week I wrote a letter
for Fanny, and on intervening weeks I wrote one for the lover at
Kalamazoo. By keeping copies of all letters written, I had a record
showing where I was, and avoided saying the same pleasant things
twice.
Thus the short, sweet summer scooted past. The weeks were
filled with gladness, and their memory even now comes back to me,
like a wood-violet-scented vision. A wood-violet-scented vision
comes high, but it is necessary in this place.
Toward winter the correspondence grew a little tedious, owing to
the fact that I had a large, and tropical boil on the back of my neck,
which refused to declare its intentions or come to a focus for three
weeks. In looking over the letters of both lovers yesterday, I could
tell by the tone of each just where this boil began to grow up, as it
were, between two fond hearts.
This feeling grew till the middle of December, when there was a
red-hot quarrel. It was exciting and spirited, and after I had
alternately flattered myself first from Kalamazoo and then from
Oshkosh, it was a genuine luxury to have a row with myself through
the medium of the United States mails.
Then I made up and got reconciled. I thought it would be best to
secure harmony before the holidays so that Harry could go over to
Oshkosh and spend Christmas. I therefore wrote a letter for Harry in
which he said he had, no doubt, been hasty, and he was sorry. It
should not occur again. The days had been like weary ages since
their quarrel, he said—vicariously, of course—and the light had been
shut out of his erstwhile joyous life. Death would be a luxury unless
she forgave him, and Hades would be one long, sweet picnic and
lawn festival unless she blessed him with her smile.
You can judge how an old newspaper reporter, with a scarlet
imagination, would naturally dash the color into another man's
picture of humility and woe.
She replied—by proxy—that he was not to blame. It was her
waspish temper and cruel thoughtlessness. She wished he would
come over and take dinner with them on Christmas day and she
would tell him how sorry she was. When the man admits that he's a
brute and the woman says she's sorry, it behooves the eagle eye of
the casual spectator to look up into the blue sky for a quarter of an
hour, till the reconciliation has had a chance and the brute has been
given time to wipe a damp sob from his coat-collar.
I was invited to the Christmas dinner. As a successful reversible
amanuensis I thought I deserved it. I was proud and happy. I had
passed through a lover's quarrel and sailed in with whitewinged
peace on time, and now I reckoned that the second joint, with an
irregular fragment of cranberry jelly, and some of the dressing, and
a little of the white meat please, was nothing more than right.
Mr. Bevans forgot to be bashful twice during the day, and even
smiled once also. He began to get acquainted with Fanny after
dinner, and praised her beautiful letters. She blushed clear up under
her wave, and returned the compliment.
That was natural. When he praised her letters I did not wonder,
and when she praised his I admitted that she was eminently correct.
I never witnessed better taste on the part of two young and trusting
hearts.
After Christmas I thought they would both feel like buying a
manual and doing their own writing, but they did not dare to do so
evidently. They seemed to be afraid the change would be detected,
so I piloted them into the middle of the succeeding fall, and then
introduced the crisis into both their lives.
It was a success.
I felt about as well as though I were to be cut down myself, and
married off in the very prime of life. Fanny wore the usual clothing
adopted by young ladies who are about to be sacrificed to a great
horrid man. I cannot give the exact description of her trousseau, but
she looked like a hazel-eyed angel, with a freckle on the bridge of
her nose. The groom looked a little scared, and moved his gloved
hands as though they weighed twenty-one pounds apiece.
However, it's all over now. I was up there recently to see them.
They are quite happy. Not too happy, but just happy enough. They
call their oldest son Birdie. I wanted them to call him William, but
they were headstrong and named him Birdie. That wounded my
pride, and so I called him Earlie Birdie.
W
GREELEY AID RUM.
HEN I visit Greeley I am asked over and over again as to
the practical workings of woman suffrage in Wyoming, and
when I go back to Wyoming I am asked how prohibition
works practically in Greeley, Col. By telling varied and pleasing lies
about both I manage to have a good deal of fun, and also keep the
two elements on the anxious seat.
There are two sides to both questions, and some day when I get
time and have convalesced a little more, I am going to write a large
book relating to these two matters. At present I just want to say a
word about the colony which bears the name of the Tribune
philosopher, and nestles so lovingly at the chilly feet of the Rocky
mountains. As I write, Greeley is apparently an oasis in the desert. It
looks like a fertile island dropped down from heaven in a boundless
stretch of buffalo grass, sage hens and cunning little prairie dogs.
And yet you could not come here as a stranger, and within the
colonial barbed wire fence, procure a bite of cold rum if you were
President of the United States, with a rattlesnake bite as large as an
Easter egg concealed about your person. You can, however, become
acquainted, if you are of a social nature and keep your eyes open.
I do not say this because I have been thirsty these few past
weeks and just dropped on the game, as Aristotle would say, but
just to prove that men are like boys, and when you tell them they
can't have any particular thing, that is the thing they are apt to
desire with a feverish yearn. That is why the thirstful man in Maine
drinks from the gas fixture; why the Kansas drinkist gets his out of a
rain-water barrel, and why other miracles too numerous to mention
are performed.
Whisky is more bulky and annoying to carry about in the coat-tail
pocket than a plug of tobacco, but there have been cases where it
was successfully done. I was shown yesterday a little corner that
would hold six or eight bushels. It was in the wash-room of a hotel,
and was about half full. So were the men who came there, for
before night the entire place was filled with empty whisky bottles of
every size, shape and smell. The little fat bottle with the odor of gin
and livery stable was there, and the large flat bottle that you get at
Evans, four miles away, generally filled with something that tastes
like tincture of capsicum, spirits of ammonia and lingering death, is
also represented in this great congress of cosmopolitan bottles
sucked dry and the cork gnawed half up.
When I came to Greeley, I was still following the course of
treatment prescribed by my Laramie City physician, and with the
rest, I was required to force down three adult doses of brandy per
day. He used to taste the prescription at times to see if it had been
properly compounded. Shortly after my arrival here I ran out of this
remedy and asked a friend to go and get the bottle refilled. He was
a man not familiar with Greeley in its moisture-producing capacity,
and he was unable to procure the vile demon in the town for love or
wealth. The druggist even did not keep it, and although he met
crowds of men with tears in their eyes and breath like a veteran
bung-starter, he had to go to Evans for the required opiate. This I
use externally, now, on the vagrant dog who comes to me to be
fondled and who goes away with his hair off. Central Colorado is full
of partially bald dogs who have wiped their wet, cold noses on me,
not wisely but too well.
I
ABOUT SAW MILLS.
River Falls, Wis., May 80.
HAVE just returned from a trip up the North Wisconsin railway,
where I went to catch a string of codfish, and anything else that
might be contagious. The trip was a pleasant one and
productive of great good in many ways. I am hardening myself to
railway traveling, like Timberline Jones' man, so that I can stand the
return journey to Laramie in July.
Northern Wisconsin is the place where the foreign lumber comes
from which we use in Laramie in the erection of our palatial
residences. I visited the mill last week that furnished the lumber
used in the Oasis hotel at Greeley. They yank a big wet log into that
mill and turn it into cash as quick as a railroad man can draw his
salary out of the pay car. The log is held on a carriage by means of
iron dogs while it is being worked into lumber. These iron dogs are
not like those we see on the front steps of a brown stone house
occasionally. They are another breed of dogs.
The managing editor of the mill lays out the log in his mind, and
works it into dimension stuff, shingle holts, slabs, edgings, two by
fours, two by eights, two by sixes, etc., so as to use the goods to the
best advantage, just as a woman takes a dress pattern and cuts it so
she won't have to piece the front breadths, and will still have enough
left to make a polonaise for the last-summer gown.
I stood there for a long time watching the various saws and
listening to their monotonous growl, and wishing that I had been
born a successful timber thief instead of a poor boy without a rag to
my back.
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Artificial Intelligence Intellectual Property Cyber Risk And Robotics A New Digital Age Ruth Taplin

  • 1. Artificial Intelligence Intellectual Property Cyber Risk And Robotics A New Digital Age Ruth Taplin download https://ebookbell.com/product/artificial-intelligence- intellectual-property-cyber-risk-and-robotics-a-new-digital-age- ruth-taplin-52392106 Explore and download more ebooks at ebookbell.com
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  • 6. Artificial Intelligence, Intellectual Property, Cyber Risk and Robotics Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the most rapidly developing technology in the current Digital Age, but it is also the least defined, understood and adequately explained technological advance. This book brings together a group of leading experts who assess different aspects of AI from different disciplinary perspectives. The book argues that robots are not living systems but the creations of humans who must ultimately be accountable for the actions of the robots that they have invented. Robots do not have ownership entitlement. The book uses Intellectual Property Rights cases, evidence from roboticists, cybersecurity experts, Patent Court judges, technology officers, climate change scientists, economists, physicists and those from the legal profession to demonstrate that while AI can have very beneficial uses for many aspects of human economy and society, robots are not living systems autonomous from human decision making. This book will be useful to those in banking and insurance, cybersecurity, lawyers, judges, technology officers, economists, scientist inventors, computer scientists, large and small companies and post- graduate students. Ruth Taplin (PhD London School of Economics and Political Science [LSE] and Graduate Diploma in Law) is Director of the Centre for Japanese and East Asian Studies, London, Editor/​ Founder of the Interdisciplinary Journal of Economics and Business Law (IJEBL), a Routledge Featured Author and has written/​ edited 24 books and more than 200 articles.
  • 7. Routledge Studies in the Growth Economies of Asia 144. International Entrepreneurship A Comparative Analysis Susan Freeman, Ying Zhu and Malcolm Warner 145. Ritual and Economy in Metropolitan China A Global Social Science Approach Carsten Herrmann-​ Pillath, Guo Man and Feng Xingyuan 146. Cyber Risk, Intellectual Property Theft and Cyberwarfare Asia, Europe and the USA Ruth Taplin 147. Changing Labour Policies and Organization of Work in China Impact on Firms and Workers Ying Zhu, Michael Webber and John Benson 148. Vietnamese Labour Militancy Capital-​ labour Antagonisms and Self-​ organised Struggles Joe Buckley 149. Economic Successes in South Asia A Story of Partnerships Shahrukh Rafi Khan 150. Ersatz Capitalism and Industrial Policy in Southeast Asia A Comparative Institutional Analysis of Indonesia and Malaysia Fabian Bocek 151. India’s Trade Policy in the 21st Century Amita Batra 152. Artificial Intelligence, Intellectual Property, Cyber Risk and Robotics A New Digital Age Edited by Ruth Taplin
  • 8. Artificial Intelligence, Intellectual Property, Cyber Risk and Robotics A New Digital Age Edited by Ruth Taplin
  • 9. First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Ruth Taplin; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Ruth Taplin to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-​ in-​ Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-​0-​367-​85754-​7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-​1-​032-​41887-​2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-​0-​367-​85756-​1 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/​9780367857561 Typeset in Times New Roman by Newgen Publishing UK
  • 10. Contents Preface vii Acknowledgements viii List of Illustrations ix List of Abbreviations x List of Contributors xii Foreword xiv 1 Artificial Intelligence, Intellectual Property, Cyber Risk and Robotics: An Overview 1 RUTH TAPLIN 2 Mechanizing Chess Games, Computable Enumerability and Dynamical Systems 14 K. VELA VELUPILLAI 3 Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Intellectual Property 31 RUTH TAPLIN 4 The Physical Concept of Information and Artificial Intelligence 41 VICTOR BARTENEV 5 How Robotic Process Automation is Revolutionising Service Industries 64 PAUL WHITESIDE, CHIN-​ BUN TSE AND AMELIA YUEN SHAN AU-​ YEUNG 6 Climate Change, Pandemics and Artificial Intelligence 92 RUTH TAPLIN AND ALOJZY Z. NOWAK
  • 11. vi Contents 7 Artificial Intelligence: A Looming Economic and Moral Crisis 109 KENNETH FRIEDMAN 8 Conclusion 125 RUTH TAPLIN Index 132
  • 12. Preface A new digital revolution is occurring in the emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) which is basically the ability of AI/​ Learning machines to process masses of (big) data more rapidly than humans, finding patterns from data input by people that are useful for humans to predict, create models and understand more accurately natural phenomena through AI machine vision. AI can have both negative and positive effects on all aspects of human life and nature in global terms. Yet it is a deeply misunderstood technology with humans cre- ating frightening scenarios of killer robots and AI robots taking control of the world. This is disinformation which AI can assist in blocking through miti- gating cyberattack, but it cannot do this independently. The proof that AI is not a living system, which again is a human construct, is shown through cases involving Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) which in recent times have seen attempts to claim that robots can be inventors/​creators that should be awarded patent rights. In this book we submit that robots are not living systems but the creations of humans who must ultimately be accountable for the actions of the robots that they have invented. Robots do not have ownership entitle- ment. We use IPR cases, and evidence from roboticists, Patent Court judges, technology officers, climate change scientists, economists, physicists and those from the legal profession to demonstrate that while AI can have very bene- ficial uses for many aspects of human economy and society, robots are not living systems autonomous from human decision making. This book will be useful to those in banking and insurance, lawyers, cybersecurity personnel, judges, technology officers, economists, scientists, inventors, computer scientists, large and small companies and postgraduate students.
  • 13. Acknowledgements The Editor and author of four chapters in this book would like to thank the expert contributors to this volume for their considerable efforts with their chapters. Others who have made invaluable contributions are: Lord Justice Colin Birss, of the Court of Appeal with his precise and astute knowledge of patents and what constitutes inventor status. Takashi Ikegami, Professor at the Department of General Systems Sciences at the University of Tokyo, Japan, for his understanding of what constitutes a living system and for writing the Foreword. James Brewer, former Insurance Editor of Lloyd’s List for invaluable insur- ance and Cyber Risk expertise. Peter Sowden, Routledge Editor, for his continuing support for more than 20 years.
  • 14. Illustrations Figures 2.1 Every acute-​ angled triangle can be made into, or from, three isosceles triangles 24 4.1 A living cell as an open thermodynamic system 43 4.2 Energy transformation in living systems 44 4.3 Generation of an instinctive system response to signals received from two well-​ known signal sources 54 4.4 Creation of information in a living system based on the processing of two inconsistent (asymmetric) signals 55 Table 4.1 The milestones in biological and socio-​ economic evolution 45
  • 15. Abbreviations AAI Automobile Association Ireland AGI Artificial General Intelligence AI Artificial Intelligence AL Artificial Life API Application Programmatic Interface CAI Cognitive Artificial Intelligence CBCGDF China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation CBE Classical behavioural economics CIO Chief Information Officer CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMMI Capability Maturity Model Integration CoE Centre of Excellence COVID-​ 19 Coronavirus disease 2019 DDoS Distributed denial of service DNS Domain Name System DSA Digital Services Act (EU) EU European Union GDP Gross domestic product HPS Human Problem Solving HR Human resources IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IOCR Intelligent Optical Character Recognition IoT Internet of Things IP Intellectual property IPA Intelligent Process Automation IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPO Intellectual Property Office IPR Intellectual Property Rights IRPA Intelligent Robotic Process Automation IT Information technology IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
  • 16. List of Abbreviations xi LSE London School of Economics and Political Science MBE Modern behavioural economics MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology ML Machine learning NHS National Health Service (UK) NLP Natural Language Processing NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OCR Optical Character Recognition OKRs Objectives and Key Results PDF Portable Document Format ROI Return on investment ROM Robotic Operating Model RPA Robotic Process Automation SaaS Software as a Service SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome SDM Service Delivery Management SFGA State Forestry and Grassland Administration (China) TCM Traditional Chinese medicine UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations USA United States of America US United States WEF World Economic Forum WHO World Health Organization WRI World Resource Institute
  • 17. Contributors Amelia Yuen Shan Au-​ Yeung is Associate Professor in Strategy and International Business and Interim Dean at the Claude Littner Business School, University of West London. Her research focuses on innovation, retail and internationalisation strategies in emerging markets such as China. Victor Bartenev graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology with a PhD in Biophysics in 1981. From the early 2000s, he began independent research on the natural science foundations of the global economy, united under the name ‘Physical Macroeconomics’, publishing a book and a number of articles related to this interdisciplinary topic. Kenneth Friedman has published in physics, philosophy and economics and is Book Review Editor for the Interdisciplinary Journal of Economics and Business Law. He teaches at Regis University, Colorado, USA and is the President of a small publicly traded minerals company. He holds a doctorate in the Philosophy of Science and an MS in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), an MA in Philosophy from Harvard University and under an American Council of Learned Societies Fellowship studied in Brussels with Ilya Prigogine who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on the development of non-​ linear thermodynamics. Alojzy Z. Nowak is Rector of the University of Warsaw, Poland. As an inter- disciplinary economist with a PhD from the Warsaw School of Economics, he has written/​ edited a number of books and many articles/​ book chapters. Ruth Taplin holds a PhD in Economics from the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and a Graduate Diploma in Law. She is the Founder/​ Editor of the Interdisciplinary Journal of Economics and Business Law (IJEBL) and Director of the Centre for Japanese and East Asian Studies, London. As the first Routledge Featured Author in Asian Studies, she has written/​ edited 24 books and more than 200 articles in respected, refereed journals and has written many book chapters. She was a con- sultant to the Federation of Electronics Industry, UK for nine years and specialises in Intellectual Property Rights, especially in East Asia.
  • 18. List of Contributors xiii Chin-​Bun Tse obtained his PhD in Finance from the University of Manchester and an MSc in Information Technology from Queen Mary University of London. His recent research topics include how the capital markets react to companies’ announcements and disclosures, which can be examined by Natural Language Processing (NLP). Previously, this was done manu- ally and investment opportunities were often missed because of the slow manual process. He is Research Professor in Finance and Accounting at the Claude Littner Business School, University of West London. K. Vela Velupillai is a retired academic, living in Stockholm, Sweden. He was educated at the universities of Kyoto, Lund and Cambridge for the BE, MSocSc and PhD degrees, studying under Nicholas Kaldor and Richard Goodwin at the University of Cambridge for the latter. He has held tenured Fellowships and Professorships in the UK, the United States, Italy, Ireland, India and Mexico and published books with leading publishers and art- icles in respected, refereed journals. He has published with Routledge for many years. Emeritus Professor Velupillai is the founder of the field of Computable Economics. Paul Whiteside is a Fellow of the British Computer Society, a consultant, and Chief Technology Officer with a 25-​ year career in technology at successful start-​ ups, scale-​ outs and large global companies. He has helped many businesses to effectively implement and scale technology, and deliver high-​ value, technology-​ enabled business change. He currently advises pri- vate equity investors on technology acquisitions, growth and value cre- ation strategies for their portfolio companies. He is currently a Senior Practitioner at Crosslake Technologies, London, UK.
  • 19. Foreword How to Make Living Machines? Is Artificial Intelligence (AI) a serious threat to humanity? This question has been debated by Stephen Hawking, Niklas Boström and many other lumi- naries. However, no matter how much we debate this question, we cannot foresee whether AI will ultimately become a great threat to mankind. In the case of atomic bombs, responsibility lies more with the humans who use them than with the bombs themselves. But the marvel of AI represents a crisis that may exist independently of humans. It is free will and autonomous decision making that has not yet been realised in AI. But it is this autonomy that will determine the future of AI, and whether it will be a threat or a boon to humanity in a new sense. Although not as well-​ known as AI, my research is in the field of Artificial Life (AL). In a nutshell, AL is an attempt to make birds by looking at birds, rather than making planes by looking at birds. Airplanes are convenient, they have significantly accelerated human interaction and have brought about eco- nomic growth. AI has facilitated this. However, airplanes can still fail, albeit less often these days. Even now, when I fly, I am sometimes a bit fearful. But what about birds, by comparison? A bird –​that is, a living plane –​might end up flying to San Diego on a whim when it was supposed to go to Los Angeles. This is very inconvenient for someone travelling in a hurry. Rushing to work is not for such living planes. That is why AI is for a busy society. But a bird, which is a living plane, will rarely fall. There is no doubt that birds are much safer vehicles when compared with airplanes. Living airplanes might even move more rapidly if encouraged to do so. This is because, unlike today’s airplanes, the most important requirement for a bird is its own survival and relationship with other living creatures. In other words, to create a living machine, that is what AL is all about. There is a sense of trustfulness, unlike AI. Life does not die of its own accord. In other words, the fear that AI will become autonomous –​that is, that it will act freely and free from human control, that it will take away people’s jobs, and that it will eventually drive humanity out of existence –​is not justified. AL is directed first towards oneself, towards self-​ preservation and homeo- stasis, but it does not attack people. As will be introduced in Ruth’s book,
  • 20. Foreword xv I am now developing a living robot. A living robot must have a mind installed, and the mind emanates through interaction with people. Today’s robots are yet to become life. Why did Professor Rodney Brooks ask in Nature in 20011 : Are we missing something? Perhaps the model for building a robot is too simple? Maybe the computational power is not good enough? Or do we require a fundamental theory, after quantum mechanics and chaos, that we don’t know about yet? What is the last drop, the last drop that is necessary for AI to become life? I call it Brooks’ Juice, after Professor Brooks, and AL is a journey to find this Brooks’ Juice. What we have come up with is the contagion of the mind. If it is possible to transmit the mind from human to robot, it will become a chain from robot to robot. The mind is contagious through change, just as a newborn child first imitates its mother, but after a certain point, the mind changes from imita- tion to its own unique movement, a process I have termed an offloaded mind. Consciousness that is like a person’s is contagious from person to person. That’s what it takes to build a living machine. Michael Tomasello,2 a devel- opmental psychologist, asked the question, “Do apes ape?” Apes can imitate other’s behaviour, but they do not ape the style of the behaviour. They imitate the goal of the action, not the process. Imitation of process is not a question of what to do, but how to do it. Yet, apes raised by people are different. When we think of the fear of AI, there is the fear of not being able to see the mechanism of the machine. We are afraid of the black box. We don’t know what it will do. But we are not generally afraid of human beings, who through capricious behaviour are a much worse black box. No, actually, even humans are still afraid of people they have never met before. But as we live together, we become less afraid. Paradoxically, people love and cherish other people because they are black boxes. Maybe that’s the point. An AI where we can predict the action cannot be a friend. It becomes a slave. That is because it cannot love. An AI with a heart will be loved, and the world will move towards a new state of symbiosis with different living machines. There is a difference between a mind that does not know what it is and a black box that simply does not know how it works. In fact, the difference may be subtle. This book can help you to understand the difference. Professor Takashi Ikegami Professor at the Department of General Systems Sciences at the University of Tokyo, Japan Notes 1 ‘The Relationship between Matter and Life’, Rodney Brooks, Nature, Vol. 409 (2001), pp. 409–​ 411. 2 ‘Do Apes Ape?’, M. Tomasello, in C. M. Heynes and B. G. Galef, Jr (eds), Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture (Academic Press, 1996), pp. 319–​ 346. newgenprepdf
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  • 25. The Project Gutenberg eBook of Baled Hay: A Drier Book than Walt Whitman's Leaves o' Grass
  • 26. This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Baled Hay: A Drier Book than Walt Whitman's Leaves o' Grass Author: Bill Nye Illustrator: Frederick Burr Opper Release date: December 15, 2015 [eBook #50699] Most recently updated: October 22, 2024 Language: English Credits: Produced by David Widger from page images generously provided by the Internet Archive *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BALED HAY: A DRIER BOOK THAN WALT WHITMAN'S LEAVES O' GRASS ***
  • 28. By Bill Nye A Drier Book than Walt Whitman's Leaves o' Grass. Author of Bill Nye and Boomerang, Forty Liars and Other Lies, Goose-Neck Smith, How Came Your Eye Out, and Your Nose Not Skun? Etc., Etc., Etc. Heap cold day when Melican man no lite em blook.—AH SIN.
  • 29. Illustrated by F. Opper, of Puck Chicago. New York, San Francisco: Belford, Clarke Co 1884 Original
  • 31. CONTENTS DEDICATION. BALED HAY GREELEY AID RUM. ABOUT SAW MILLS. EXPERIMENTS WITH OLD CHEESE. THE RAG-CARPET. ONE KIND OF A BOY.
  • 32. THE CHAMPION MEAN MAN. FRATERNAL SPARRING. CHIPETA'S ADDRESS TO THE UTES. BILL NYE'S CAT. AUTUMN THOUGHTS. THE MAN WHO INTERRUPTS. THE ROCKY MOUKTAIN COW. PRESERVING EGGS. HUMAN' NATURE ON THE HALF-SHELL. TOO CONTIGUOUS. THE AMENDE HONORABLE. JOAQUIN AND JUNIATA. SOME VAGUE THOUGHTS. THE YOUMORIST. MY CABINET. HEALTH FOOD. PINES FOE HIS OLD HOME ONE TOUCH OF NATURE. HOW TO PUT UP A STOVE-PIPE. FUN OF BEING A PUBLISHER. LINGERIE. FRUIT.
  • 33. THE BONE OF CONTENTION. CONGRATULATORY. THE AGONY IS OVER. OSTRICH CAVALRY. AN ELECTRIC BELT. THE ANNUAL WAIL HE WAS NOT A BURGLAR. BEST ON, BLESSED MEMORY. GENIUS AND WHISKY. THE TWO-HEADED GIRL THE CULTIVATION OF GUM. WE HAVE REASONED IT OUT. CARVING SCHOOLS. DIGNITY. ALWAYS BOOM AT THE TOP. INACCURATE. THE WESTERN CHAP. AN INCIDENT OF THE CAMPAIGN. WHY DO THEY DO IT? TWO STYLES. GOSHALLHEMLOCK SALVE. THE STAGE BALD-HEAD.
  • 34. FATHERLY WORDS. THE GOOD TIME COMING. MANIA FOR MARKING CLOTHES. REGARDING THE NOSE. SOMETHING TOO MUCH OF THIS. COLOR BLINDNESS. IS DUELING MURDER? HEAP GONE. THE EDITORIAL LAMP. DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY. THE MAROON SAUSAGE. TESTIMONIALS OF REGARD. THE CHINESE COMPOSITOR SNOWED UNDER ROUGH ON OSCAR. THE POSTAL CARD. WHY WE ARE NOT GAY. SCIENTIFIC. THE REVELATION RACKET IN UTAH. SAGE BRUSH TONIC. LAME FROM HIS BERTH. THE PUBLIC PRINTER.
  • 35. SAD DESTRUCTION. THE IMMEDIATE REVOLTER THE SECRET OF HEALTH. HOUSEHOLD RECIPES. WHAT IS LITERATURE? THE PREVIOUS HOTEL. ANECDOTE OF SPOTTED TAIL. THE ZEALOUS VOTER. HOW TO PRESERVE TEETH MR. BEECHER'S BRAIN. OH, NO! THE MARCH OF CIVILIZATION. AN UNCLOUDED WELCOME. THE PILLOW-SHAM HOLDER. SOMETHING FRESH. YANKED TO ETERNITY. WHY WE SHED THE SCALDING. ANOTHER SUGGESTION. PISCATORIAL AND EDITORIAL ANOTHER FEATHERED SONGSTER ABOUT THE OSTRICH TOO MUCH GOD AND NO FLOUR.
  • 36. WE ARE GETTING CYNICAL ASK US SOMETHING DIFFICULT. THE MIMIC STAGE. DECLINE OF AMERICAN HUMOR CHICAGO CUSTOM HOUSE FOREIGN OPINION THEY HAVE CURBED THEIR WOE. HUNG BY REQUEST. THE MELVILLES. MENDING BROKEN NECKS. ARE YOU A MORMON? CAUTION. POISONS AND THEIR ANECDOTES. CORRESPONDENCE. WHAT THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY NEEDS. TABLE MANNERS OF CHILDREN. WHAT IT MEANT. VOTERS IN UTAH. INCONGRUITY RIDING DOWN A MOUNTAIN. CORRALED HIM. FIRMNESS.
  • 37. PUT IN A SUMP. MINING AS A SCIENCE DRAWBACKS OF ROYALTY. ENGLISH HUMOR ABOUT THE AUTOPSY. DON'T LIKE OUR STYLE. MR. T. WILSON. ETIQUETTE OF THE NAPKIN AN INFERNAL MACHINE. THE CODFISH. HIS AGED MOTHER. BUSINESS LETTERS. DANGER OF GARDENING.
  • 38. DEDICATION. TO MY WIFE: Who has courteously and heroically laughed at my feeble and emaciated jokes, even when she did not feel like it; who has again and again started up and agitated successfully the flagging and reluctant applause, who has courageously held my coat through this trying ordeal, and who, even now, as I write this, is in the front yard warning people to keep off the premises until I have another lucid interval, This Volume is Affectionately Inscribed, BY THE AUTHOR. PIAZZA TO THE THIRD VOLUME. There can really be no excuse for this last book of trite and beautiful sayings. I do not attempt, in any way, to palliate this great wrong. I would not do so even if I had an idea what palliate meant. It will, however, add one more to the series of books for which I am to blame, and the pleasure of travel will be very much enhanced, for me, at least. There is one friend I always meet on the trains when I travel. He is the news agent. He comes to me with my own books in his arms, and tells me over and over again of their merits. He means it, too. What object could he have in coming to me, not knowing who I am,
  • 39. and telling me of their great worth? Why would he talk that way to me if he did not really feel it? That is one reason I travel so much. When 1 get gloomy and heartsick, I like to get on a train and be assured once more, by a total stranger, that my books have never been successfully imitated. Some authors like to have a tall man, with a glazed grip-sack, and whose breath is stronger than his intellect, selling their works; but I do not prefer that way. I like the candor and ingenuousness of the train-boy. He does not come to the front door while you are at prayers, and ring the bell till the hat-rack falls down, and then try to sell you a book containing 2,000 receipts for the blind staggers. He leans gently over you as you look out the car window, and he puts some pecan meats in your hand, and thus wins your trusting heart. Then he sells you a book, and takes an interest in you. This book will go to swell the newsboy's armful, and if there be any excuse, under the sun, for its publication, aside from the royalty; that is it. I have taken great care to thoroughly eradicate anything that would have the appearance of poetry in this work, and there is not a thought or suggestion contained in it that would soil the most delicate fabric. Do not read it all at once, however, in order to see whether he married the girl or not. Take a little at a time, and it will cure gloom on the similia simili-bus curanter principle. If you read it all at once, and it gives you the heaves, I am glad of it, and you deserve it. I will not bind myself to write the obituary of such people. Hudson, Wis., Sept, 5,1883.
  • 40. I BALED HAY A NOVEL NOVELETTE NEVER wrote a novel, because I always thought it required more of a mashed-rasp-berry imagination than I could muster, but I was the business manager, once, for a year and a half, of a little two-bit novelette that has never been published. I now propose to publish it, because I cannot keep it to myself any longer. Allow me, therefore, to reminisce. Harry Bevans was an old schoolmate of mine in the days of and although Bevans was not his sure-enough name, it will answer for the purposes herein set forth. At the time of which I now speak he was more bashful than a book agent, and was trying to promote a cream-colored mustache and buff Donegals on the side. Suffice it to say that he was madly in love with Fanny Buttonhook, and too bashful to say so by telephone. Her name wasn't Buttonhook, but I will admit it for the sake of argument. Harry lived over at Kalamazoo, we will say, and Fanny at Oshkosh. These were not the exact names of the towns, but I desire to bewilder the public a little in order to avoid any harassing disclosures in the future. It is always well enough, I find, to deal gently will those who are alive and moderately muscular. Young Bevans was not specially afraid of old man Buttonhook, or his wife. He didn't dread the enraged parent worth a cent. He wasn't afraid of anybody under the cerulean dome, in fact, except Miss Buttonhook; but when she sailed down the main street, Harry lowered his colors and dodged into the first place he found open, whether it was a millinery store or a livery stable.
  • 41. Once, in an unguarded moment, he passed so near her that the gentle south wind caught up the cherry ribbon that Miss Buttonhook wore at her throat, and slapped Mr. Bevans across the cheek with it before he knew what ailed him. There was a little vision of straw hat, brown hair, and pink-and-white cuticle, as it were, a delicate odor of violets, the swish of a summer silk, and my friend, Mr. Bevans, put his hand to his head, like a man who has a sun-stroke, and fell into a drug store and a state of wild mash, ruin and helpless chaos. His bashfulness was not seated nor chronic. It was the varioloid, and didn't hurt him only when Miss Buttonhook was present, or in sight. He was polite and chatty with other girls, and even dared to be blithe and gay sometimes, too, but when Frances loomed up in the distance, he would climb a rail fence nine feet high to evade her. He told me once that he wished I would erect the frame-work of a letter to Fanny, in which he desired to ask that he might open up a correspondence with her. He would copy and mail it, he said, and he was sure that I, being a disinterested party, would be perfectly calm. I wrote a letter for him, of which I was moderately proud. It would melt the point on a lightning rod, it seemed to me, for it was just as full of gentleness and poetic soothe as it could be, and Tupper, Webster's Dictionary and my scrap-book had to give down first rate. Still it was manly and square-toed. It was another man's confession, and I made it bulge out with frankness and candor. As luck would have it, I went over to Oshkosh about the time Harry's prize epistle reached that metropolis, and having been a confidant of Miss B's from early childhood, I had the pleasure of reading Bev's letter, and advising the young lady about the correspondence. Finally a bright thought struck her. She went over to an easy chair, and sat down on her foot, coolly proposing that I should outline a letter replying to Harry's, in a reserved and rather frigid manner, yet bidding him dare to hope that if his orthography and punctuation continued correct, he might write occasionally, though it must be
  • 42. considered entirely sub rosa and abnormally entre nous on account of Pa. By the way, Pa was a druggist, and one of the salts of the earth —Epsom salts, of course. I agreed to write the letter, swore never to reveal the secret workings of the order, the grips, explanations, passwords and signals, and then wrote her a nice, demure, startled-fawn letter, as brief as the collar to a party dress, and as solemn as the Declaration of Independence. Then I said good-by, and returned to my own home, which was neither in Kalamazoo nor Oshkosh. There I received a flat letter from 'William Henry Bevans, inclosing one from Fanny, and asking for suggestions as to a reply. Her letter was in Miss Buttonhook's best vein. I remember having written it myself. Well, to cut a long story short, every other week I wrote a letter for Fanny, and on intervening weeks I wrote one for the lover at Kalamazoo. By keeping copies of all letters written, I had a record showing where I was, and avoided saying the same pleasant things twice. Thus the short, sweet summer scooted past. The weeks were filled with gladness, and their memory even now comes back to me, like a wood-violet-scented vision. A wood-violet-scented vision comes high, but it is necessary in this place. Toward winter the correspondence grew a little tedious, owing to the fact that I had a large, and tropical boil on the back of my neck, which refused to declare its intentions or come to a focus for three weeks. In looking over the letters of both lovers yesterday, I could tell by the tone of each just where this boil began to grow up, as it were, between two fond hearts. This feeling grew till the middle of December, when there was a red-hot quarrel. It was exciting and spirited, and after I had alternately flattered myself first from Kalamazoo and then from Oshkosh, it was a genuine luxury to have a row with myself through the medium of the United States mails.
  • 43. Then I made up and got reconciled. I thought it would be best to secure harmony before the holidays so that Harry could go over to Oshkosh and spend Christmas. I therefore wrote a letter for Harry in which he said he had, no doubt, been hasty, and he was sorry. It should not occur again. The days had been like weary ages since their quarrel, he said—vicariously, of course—and the light had been shut out of his erstwhile joyous life. Death would be a luxury unless she forgave him, and Hades would be one long, sweet picnic and lawn festival unless she blessed him with her smile. You can judge how an old newspaper reporter, with a scarlet imagination, would naturally dash the color into another man's picture of humility and woe. She replied—by proxy—that he was not to blame. It was her waspish temper and cruel thoughtlessness. She wished he would come over and take dinner with them on Christmas day and she would tell him how sorry she was. When the man admits that he's a brute and the woman says she's sorry, it behooves the eagle eye of the casual spectator to look up into the blue sky for a quarter of an hour, till the reconciliation has had a chance and the brute has been given time to wipe a damp sob from his coat-collar. I was invited to the Christmas dinner. As a successful reversible amanuensis I thought I deserved it. I was proud and happy. I had passed through a lover's quarrel and sailed in with whitewinged peace on time, and now I reckoned that the second joint, with an irregular fragment of cranberry jelly, and some of the dressing, and a little of the white meat please, was nothing more than right. Mr. Bevans forgot to be bashful twice during the day, and even smiled once also. He began to get acquainted with Fanny after dinner, and praised her beautiful letters. She blushed clear up under her wave, and returned the compliment. That was natural. When he praised her letters I did not wonder, and when she praised his I admitted that she was eminently correct. I never witnessed better taste on the part of two young and trusting hearts.
  • 44. After Christmas I thought they would both feel like buying a manual and doing their own writing, but they did not dare to do so evidently. They seemed to be afraid the change would be detected, so I piloted them into the middle of the succeeding fall, and then introduced the crisis into both their lives. It was a success. I felt about as well as though I were to be cut down myself, and married off in the very prime of life. Fanny wore the usual clothing adopted by young ladies who are about to be sacrificed to a great horrid man. I cannot give the exact description of her trousseau, but she looked like a hazel-eyed angel, with a freckle on the bridge of her nose. The groom looked a little scared, and moved his gloved hands as though they weighed twenty-one pounds apiece. However, it's all over now. I was up there recently to see them. They are quite happy. Not too happy, but just happy enough. They call their oldest son Birdie. I wanted them to call him William, but they were headstrong and named him Birdie. That wounded my pride, and so I called him Earlie Birdie.
  • 45. W GREELEY AID RUM. HEN I visit Greeley I am asked over and over again as to the practical workings of woman suffrage in Wyoming, and when I go back to Wyoming I am asked how prohibition works practically in Greeley, Col. By telling varied and pleasing lies about both I manage to have a good deal of fun, and also keep the two elements on the anxious seat. There are two sides to both questions, and some day when I get time and have convalesced a little more, I am going to write a large book relating to these two matters. At present I just want to say a word about the colony which bears the name of the Tribune philosopher, and nestles so lovingly at the chilly feet of the Rocky mountains. As I write, Greeley is apparently an oasis in the desert. It looks like a fertile island dropped down from heaven in a boundless stretch of buffalo grass, sage hens and cunning little prairie dogs. And yet you could not come here as a stranger, and within the colonial barbed wire fence, procure a bite of cold rum if you were President of the United States, with a rattlesnake bite as large as an Easter egg concealed about your person. You can, however, become acquainted, if you are of a social nature and keep your eyes open. I do not say this because I have been thirsty these few past weeks and just dropped on the game, as Aristotle would say, but just to prove that men are like boys, and when you tell them they can't have any particular thing, that is the thing they are apt to desire with a feverish yearn. That is why the thirstful man in Maine drinks from the gas fixture; why the Kansas drinkist gets his out of a rain-water barrel, and why other miracles too numerous to mention are performed. Whisky is more bulky and annoying to carry about in the coat-tail pocket than a plug of tobacco, but there have been cases where it was successfully done. I was shown yesterday a little corner that
  • 46. would hold six or eight bushels. It was in the wash-room of a hotel, and was about half full. So were the men who came there, for before night the entire place was filled with empty whisky bottles of every size, shape and smell. The little fat bottle with the odor of gin and livery stable was there, and the large flat bottle that you get at Evans, four miles away, generally filled with something that tastes like tincture of capsicum, spirits of ammonia and lingering death, is also represented in this great congress of cosmopolitan bottles sucked dry and the cork gnawed half up. When I came to Greeley, I was still following the course of treatment prescribed by my Laramie City physician, and with the rest, I was required to force down three adult doses of brandy per day. He used to taste the prescription at times to see if it had been properly compounded. Shortly after my arrival here I ran out of this remedy and asked a friend to go and get the bottle refilled. He was a man not familiar with Greeley in its moisture-producing capacity, and he was unable to procure the vile demon in the town for love or wealth. The druggist even did not keep it, and although he met crowds of men with tears in their eyes and breath like a veteran bung-starter, he had to go to Evans for the required opiate. This I use externally, now, on the vagrant dog who comes to me to be fondled and who goes away with his hair off. Central Colorado is full of partially bald dogs who have wiped their wet, cold noses on me, not wisely but too well.
  • 47. I ABOUT SAW MILLS. River Falls, Wis., May 80. HAVE just returned from a trip up the North Wisconsin railway, where I went to catch a string of codfish, and anything else that might be contagious. The trip was a pleasant one and productive of great good in many ways. I am hardening myself to railway traveling, like Timberline Jones' man, so that I can stand the return journey to Laramie in July. Northern Wisconsin is the place where the foreign lumber comes from which we use in Laramie in the erection of our palatial residences. I visited the mill last week that furnished the lumber used in the Oasis hotel at Greeley. They yank a big wet log into that mill and turn it into cash as quick as a railroad man can draw his salary out of the pay car. The log is held on a carriage by means of iron dogs while it is being worked into lumber. These iron dogs are not like those we see on the front steps of a brown stone house occasionally. They are another breed of dogs.
  • 48. The managing editor of the mill lays out the log in his mind, and works it into dimension stuff, shingle holts, slabs, edgings, two by fours, two by eights, two by sixes, etc., so as to use the goods to the best advantage, just as a woman takes a dress pattern and cuts it so she won't have to piece the front breadths, and will still have enough left to make a polonaise for the last-summer gown. I stood there for a long time watching the various saws and listening to their monotonous growl, and wishing that I had been born a successful timber thief instead of a poor boy without a rag to my back.
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