ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MACHINE LEARNING PYTHON BASICS

Foundational Concepts
Introduction to Computational Systems
Source: https://peda.net/kenya/ass/subjects2/computer-studies/form-1/the-
computer-system/nameless-89db/bdotc#top

Input Devices
Source: https://mycomputernotes.com/what-is-input-device/

Output Devices
Source: https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=output-device-quiz

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU)

 The ALU performs all arithmetic and logic operations required by a
program's instructions.

 The ALU performs all arithmetic and logic operations required by a
program's instructions.
 The central processing unit (CU) manages sequential instruction
execution, interprets instructions, and directs data flow through
the computer's memory, ALU, and input/output devices.

Types of Memory

Types of Memory
 Primary Memory

Types of Memory
 Primary Memory
 Secondary Memory

Primary Memory
 A computer system cannot function without primary memory.
Before processing, the program and data are loaded into primary
memory.

Primary Memory
memory.
 To perform read or write operations, the CPU communicates
directly with the primary memory.

Primary Memory
memory.
 It is classified into two types: random access memory (RAM) and
read-only memory (ROM) .

Primary Memory
memory.
 RAM is volatile, which means that it retains the data it contains as
long as the computer is powered on.

Primary Memory
memory.
 RAM is volatile, which means that it retains the data it contains as
long as the computer is powered on.
 However, as soon as the power supply is turned off, the contents of
RAM are erased.

Primary Memory
 It is used to temporarily store data while the computer is
operating.

Primary Memory
operating.
 The required program and data are loaded into RAM for processing
whenever the computer is started or a software application is
launched.

Primary Memory
operating.
launched.
 RAM is also known as main memory, and it is faster than secondary
memory or storage devices.

Primary Memory
operating.
launched.
 ROM, on the other hand, is non-volatile, which means that its
contents are preserved even when the power is turned off.

Primary Memory
operating.
launched.
 It is used as a small but faster permanent storage for rarely
changed contents.

Primary Memory
operating.
launched.
 It is used as a small but faster permanent storage for rarely
changed contents.
 The startup program (boot loader), for example, that loads the
operating system into primary memory is stored in ROM.

Secondary Memory
 Primary memory has a limited storage capacity and can be volatile
(RAM) or read-only (ROM) (ROM).

Secondary Memory
 As a result, a computer system requires auxiliary or secondary
memory to store data or instructions for future use.

Secondary Memory
 Secondary memory is non-volatile and has a larger capacity than
primary memory.

Secondary Memory
primary memory.
 It is slower and less expensive than main memory. However, the
CPU cannot directly access it.

Secondary Memory
primary memory.
 It is slower and less expensive than main memory. However, the
CPU cannot directly access it.
 Secondary storage contents must first be brought into main
memory for the CPU to access. Secondary memory devices include
Hard Disk Drives (HDD), CD/DVDs, Memory Cards, and so on.

Secondary Memory
 However, secondary storage devices such as SSD now support very
fast data transfer speeds when compared to earlier HDDs.

Secondary Memory
 However, secondary storage devices such as SSD now support very
fast data transfer speeds when compared to earlier HDDs.
 Furthermore, the availability of small and portable flash or pen
drives has made data transfer between computers easier and
simpler.

 Problem Formulation
 The process of defining the scope of a problem, formulating one or
more specific questions about it, and establishing the assessment
methods required to address the questions is known as problem
formulation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK552813/

 Problem Solving

 Problem Solving
 Analyzing the problem
It is critical to fully comprehend a problem before attempting
to solve it.

 Problem Solving
to solve it.
If we are unclear about the problem to be solved, we may end up
developing a program that does not achieve our goal.

 Problem Solving
to solve it.
As a result, we must carefully read and analyze the problem
statement in order to identify the main components of the
problem and determine the core functionalities that our solution
should have.

 Problem Solving
to solve it.
As a result, we must carefully read and analyze the problem
statement in order to identify the main components of the
problem and determine the core functionalities that our solution
should have.
We would be able to figure out what inputs our program should
accept and what outputs it should produce by analyzing a
problem.

 Problem Solving
 Developing an algorithm
Before writing program code to solve a problem, it is necessary
to devise a solution.

 Problem Solving
The solution is expressed in natural language and is referred to
as an algorithm.

 Problem Solving
as an algorithm.
We can think of an algorithm as a very well-written recipe for a
dish, with clearly defined steps that, if followed, will result in
the dish being prepared.

 Problem Solving
as an algorithm.
We begin with a rough solution plan and keep refining the
algorithm until it can capture all aspects of the desired solution.

 Problem Solving
as an algorithm.
We begin with a rough solution plan and keep refining the
algorithm until it can capture all aspects of the desired solution.
There may be more than one algorithm for a given problem, and
we must choose the best one.

 Problem Solving
 Coding
After we have finalized the algorithm, we must convert it into a
format that the computer can understand in order to generate
the desired solution.

 Problem Solving
 Coding
A program can be written in a variety of high-level programming
languages.

 Problem Solving
 Coding
languages.
 It is equally important to record the details of the coding
procedures followed and document the solution.

 Problem Solving
 Coding
languages.
 It is equally important to record the details of the coding
procedures followed and document the solution.
This is useful when returning to the programs later.

 Problem Solving
 Testing and Debugging
The created program should be tested on various parameters.

 Problem Solving
The program must meet the needs of the user. It must respond
within the time frame specified. It should produce correct
results for all possible input. There will be no output if there
are syntactical errors.

 Problem Solving
If the output is incorrect, the program should be checked for
logical errors, if any exist.

 Problem Solving
When developing complex applications, the software industry
uses standardized testing methods such as unit or component
testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance
testing.

 Problem Solving
testing.
This is done to ensure that the software meets all of the
business and technical requirements and functions properly.

 Problem Solving
testing.
This is done to ensure that the software meets all of the
business and technical requirements and functions properly.
The errors or defects discovered during the testing phases are
debugged or corrected, and the program is tested again.

 Problem Solving
This process is repeated until all errors have been removed
from the program.

 Problem Solving
from the program.
After the software application has been developed, tested, and
delivered to the user, problems with functionality may arise and
must be resolved from time to time.

 Problem Solving
from the program.
After the software application has been developed, tested, and
delivered to the user, problems with functionality may arise and
must be resolved from time to time.
Thus, solution maintenance entails resolving problems
encountered by users, responding to user inquiries, and even
serving requests for feature addition or modification.

 Intelligence vs Artificial Intelligence
 Artificial Intelligence tries to create computers that can replicate
human behavior and do human-like tasks, whereas Human
Intelligence aims to adapt to new surroundings by combining various
cognitive processes.
 Machines are digital, whereas the human brain is analogue.
 The brain's computational capacity, memory, and ability to reason
are used by humans, but AI-powered computers rely on data and
particular instructions provided into the system.

Source: https://www.upgrad.com/blog/ai-vs-human-intelligence

 The brain's computational capacity, memory, and ability to reason
are used by humans, but AI-powered computers rely on data and
particular instructions provided into the system.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MACHINE LEARNING PYTHON BASICS

History of AI
1941- The initial computer. Even to run a single
program, they need to do many connections and
it is used to be a complex task to do.
1943- First work recognized by Warren Mcculloch
and Walter Pits. Proposed a model of AI neuron.
1949-Donald Hebb- update and modify
connection strength between neurons called
Hebbian learning.
1950- Alan Turing proposed a test “computing
machinery and intelligence” test to check
machine ability by human intelligence.

History of AI
1956- Birth of AI Darth Mouth Conference adopt
the word Artificial Intelligence by American
scientist (John Mccarthy)
1966- Joseph Weizen Baum- first chatbot
Eliza( researchers were developing algorithm
which can solve mathematical problems.
1972- First intelligent humanoid robot WABOT-1
made in Japan.
1980- AI come back with Expert system. They are
program with decision making abilities. Ex:
Mycin and Dendral.

History of AI
1997- IBM deep blue beat world chess champion (Gary Kasparow)
2002- AI entered in home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum
cleaner.
2006-AI in business world, company like facebook, twitter etc.
2011-IBM Watson won jeopardy (a quiz show), it can solve
complex question and riddles.
2012- Google launched android app “Google now” which can
provide information to the user as a prediction
2014-chatbot Eugene Gostman won a competition in the turing
test.
After that with the fifth generation of computers AI came in full
swing and many AI based applications were developed like
Alexa, Siri and Cortana etc.

 History of Artificial Intelligence
Source: AI Curriculum Handbook

Recent AI Based Tools
Solves anything- ChatGPT
Writes anything Copy.AI
Create art Midjourney
Create ppt- Tome.app
Create music- soundraw.io
Create videos Kaiber
Create 3D GIFs-Leiapix converter
Create reels- fliki
Notetaking- Fireflies
Edit videos-Runway
Create avatars-Anime AI

Data vs Information vs Knowledge
Data

Data
 Raw facts
 Structured or unstructured
 Example: It is raining

Information

Information
 When we establish relationship between data, they
become information
 Example: When humidity went high, it started
raining.

Knowledge

Knowledge
 Knowledge is patterns in data
 Example: When humidity is high and it is gloomy, it
rains

Disclaimer
 Content of this presentation is not original and it
has been prepared from various sources for
teaching purpose.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MACHINE LEARNING PYTHON BASICS

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