Arun patel
- 2. CONTENTS Definition General procedure Isolation of protoplasts Methods of culture Testing protoplast variability Importance of protoplast culture conclusion
- 3. WHAT IS PROTOPLAST ? Protoplast are cells without a cell wall .They are naked cells which are potentially capable of cell wall regeneration , growth and division. Plant protoplasts have a great potential in securing genetic recombination through somatic hybridization.
- 4. PROCEDURE
- 5. ISOLATION OF PROTOPLASTS Protoplasts can be isolated from a variety of plant tissues using either mechanical or enzymatic method of isolation. The plant material which is often chosen as a source of protoplasts in dicots in leaf mesophyll. Important part of isolation is removal of cell wall without causing damage to protoplast.
- 6. METHODS OF ISOLATION OF PROTOPLAST # mechanical isolation # enzymatic isolation
- 7. ISOLATION OF PROTOPLAST BY MECHANICAL METHOD
- 8. ADVANTAGES : It is suitable method for the isolation of protoplasts from vacuolated cells. E.g. onion bulbs, radish roots. DISADVANTAGES : # Poor yield # unsuitable for the isolation of protoplasts from meristematic cells # unsuitable for the isolation of protoplasts from less vacuolated cells
- 9. ISOLATION OF PROTOPLAST BY ENZYMATIC METHOD
- 10. ADVANTAGES OF ENZYMATIC METHOD OVER MECHANICAL METHOD the cells are intact and are not injured in enzymatic method as in case of mechanical methods of isolation. Isolation of protoplasts from various tissues is possible on a large scale in enzymatic method. In enzymatic method , protoplasts could be obtained from non – vacuolated meristematic cells in which cell plasmolysis does not occur readily.
- 11. CULTURE OF PROTOPLAST The protoplasts which are obtained after cleaning have to be suspended in a suitable medium in order to allow them to reform a cell wall and initiate divisions. For this purpose, they are allowed to grow in proper medium .
- 12. NUTRIENT MEDIA The nutrient media used for the culture of protoplasts are generally modified to contain reduced levels of inorganic substances . The Murashige and skoog ‘s medium is modified by reducing the levels of inorganic substance concentration of iron and zinc can also be lowered. Osmotic stabilizers and plant growth substances (cytokinin like kinetin , auxin like IAA)are two important ingredients in the protoplast culture medium.
- 13. METHODS OF CULTURE The methods employed in protoplast culture are the modifications of the methods used for the culture of plant cells are : Droplet culture Plating method Micro culture chambers Feeder layers
- 14. DROPLET CULTURE Protoplasts are suspended in a liquid medium at a density of about 105/ml either in conical flasks or plastic Petri dishes . The droplet culture technique consists in placing approximately 50 ml of droplets containing protoplasts in plastic Petri dishes. The plastic Petri dishes are sealed and incubated at 25 degree to 30 degree at low light intensities or in the dark.
- 15. PLATING METHOD Protoplasts are suspended in a liquid medium in a Petri dish at double the concentration and mixed gently but quickly with an equal volume of the medium containing double the agar concentration . The Petri dishes are sealed and incubated upside down in continuous light at 23 degree to 25 degree.
- 16. MICROCULTURE CHAMBERS This method requires the culturing of 30- 50 microleter of medium containing one or more protoplasts on a microscopic slide , which is enclosed by a cover glass resting on two other cover glasses placed on either side of the drop . The cultures are sealed with sterile paraffin oil and incubated in light at 23 to 25 degree celcius .
- 17. FEEDER LAYERS Non -dividing but metabolically active ,X – irradiated protoplasts embedded in nutrient agar support , the growth of protoplasts plated at very low densities above them. Feeder layer or nurse culture are also used where the fast growing protoplasts aid the recalcitrant species .
- 18. CELL WALL REGENERATION Protoplasts which are cultured in an appropriate medium show rapid respiration ,synthesis of RNA protein and polysaccharides , increase in size , formation of numerous cytoplasmic strands etc. Cell wall regeneration takes place by deposition of cellulose microfibrils on the surface of plasma membrane. contin….
- 19. CONTIN…… The newly deposited cell wall is composed of loosely organized to form a typical plant cell wall. The first cell division after the formation of a new cell usually occurs between two to seven days after the culture.
- 20. REGENRATION OF PLANTS The regenration of protoplast - derived callus into whole plant is either through embryogenesis or through organogenesis. Cell colonies formed from protoplasts can be transferred to fresh nutrient media for further growth and multiplication. In many species , shoot and root differentiation and plantlet formation can be induced in protoplast – derived callus tissues with the help of auxins and cytokinins .
- 21. TESTING PROTOPLAST VIABILITY Protoplast viability could be tested in the beginning of protoplast research by a variety of methods including the following : (1) BY FDA (fluorescein diacetate) (2) By Phenosatranin (0.1%) (3) CPW (calcofluor white) 0.1 % v/v
- 22. BY FDA (FLUORESCEIN DIACETATE) it accumulates within the plasma membrane , viable protoplasts fluoresce green / white . It should be examined within 5- 15 minutes after the FDA dissociates .
- 23. BY PHENOSAFRANI N (0.1 %) : phenosafranin detects dead protoplasts , which turn red in its presence. The viable protoplasts remaining unstained even after 2 hours in the stain solution .
- 24. CPW ( CALCOFLUOR WHITE) 0.1 % V/V It detects onset of cell wall regeneration around plasma membrane of viable protoplasts in the form of a ring of fluorescence.
- 25. IMPORTANCE Study of cell wall formation Help in crop improvement by somatic hybridization Helps in synthesis of plant with desired characters Used in plant breeding To generate somatic hybrids Used for DNA transformation
- 26. CONCLUSION In Protoplast culture , various techniques and methods are taken into consideration. The process starts from their isolation, methods to culture ,testing protoplast variety, cell wall regeneration and their regeneration into into plant .