As Key Terms
- 1. Glossary aerobic occurring with oxygen alactacid source a phosphocreatine source in muscle and nerve tissue, of high energy phosphate bonds anabolic describing the formation of complex molecules from simpler ones anaerobic occurring without oxygen athleticism describing the characteristics that were attributed to the experience of playing competitive sport in nineteenth-century public schools (characteristics that included manliness, a sense of fair play, leadership and bravery) ATP abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, an energy rich molecule basal metabolic the rate at which calories are burned rate (BMR) blood pressure the force exerted by your blood within the arteries bradycardia a resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute cardiac output (Q) the amount of blood pumped out by the heart / left ventricle in one minute = stroke volume (SV) x Beats per minute (HR) catabolic describing the breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones condyle the knuckle of any joint diffusion the movement of gases from one area to another. They will invariably move from an area of high pressure to one of low pressure discrimination unfair treatment (to an individual or group) which results in their access to sport and recreation being inhibited diuretic a substance that has the effect of increasing urination DOMS (delayed post-exercise muscular soreness caused by the healing process of onset muscle damaged myofibrils soreness) doping taking drugs in order to enhance sporting performance electrolyte a mineral soluble in body fluids and associated with cell membrane electrical potential. The main ones are sodium, potassium and chloride end diastolic the volume of blood in the ventricle when finished filling volume end systolic the volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction volume © Owned by or under licence to Pearson Education Limited 2008 1
- 2. expiration breathing out fitness for purpose a judgement on an individual’s ability to meet the physical and mental demands of a particular sport or physical activity Fosbury flop a high jump technique developed by Dick Fosbury (1968 Olympic Gold Medal winner) glycogen a substance (polysaccharide) deposited in body tissues as a store of carbohydrates HDL (high density a lipoprotein which has more protein in relation to fat (good cholesterol) lipoprotein) health-related fitness a basic level of physical fitness components which facilitate a good level of health hyperglycemia too much glucose in the blood hypoglycemia too little glucose in the blood for normal bodily function hypokinetic disorder a disorder that is totally or partly attributed to a lack of physical activity inspiration breathing in International Olympic the governing body for the Olympic movement Committee (IOC) invasion game a game where players seek to avoid one another in order to score Karnoven Principle a way of calculating a training zone based on exercise intensity related to maximal heart rate. An athlete’s critical threshold THR = RHR + (HRR x 0.6) where HRR = MHR - RHR and 0.6 is 60 per cent intensity LDL (low density a lipoprotein which has less protein in relation to fat (bad cholesterol) lipoprotein) motor skill (or an organised co-ordinated activity in relation to an object or situation psychomotor skill) which involves a whole chain of sensory, central and motor mechanisms myoglobin the oxygen-binding pigment in muscle notation a recording system that employs notes or symbols to record situations, events or points of action on individuals or teams during a performance. Notation was originally used by biomechanics sports scientists objectivity an opinion or study based on fact and evidence and free from personal, emotional distortions or biases of a subjective nature. Examples in terms of human performance could be the fastest sprinter of all time as decided by accurate timing technology or the use of ‘Hawkeye’ as opposed the human eye when deciding if a ball is either in or out in tennis. National Governing Body information on participation levels and facility provisions can be taken as ‘fact’ 2 © Owned by or under licence to Pearson Education Limited 2008
- 3. partial pressure the pressure exerted by a gas within a mixture of gasses phosphagen energy storage compounds, found mainly in muscle tissue as a reserve of high-energy phosphate bonds plagiarism claiming someone else’s work as your own plaque a raised region of tissue resulting from deposits of ‘bad’ cholesterol pre-industrial society (in the UK) the period of time before the Industrial Revolution, in the second half of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century pressure gradient the relative differences between the pressure within two adjacent areas principle of play a rule that guides how you perform. It provides shape and structure to a performance either as an individual or as a team programming specific sessions and times in a sports facility provided for particular target groups pubic school a private, independent, fee-paying school rational sport sport with set rules and national organisation real time seeing or viewing something as it happens with no facility to stop the action respiration the act of creating energy aerobically rhEPO the hormone (erythroprotein) that stimulates red blood cell production sedentary lifestyle a lifestyle that is predominantly lacking in physical activity self-fulfilling prophecy a state where people believe a stereotypical view and take on the appointed characteristics shamateurism describing the custom of pre-1990 athletes who were amateur but received unofficial payments in the form of either commercial scholarships or state bursaries skill repertoire a range of skills that can be performed proficiently, autonomously and whenever called upon: they form the basis of the performance spectatorism sport as a spectacle where people pay to watch stereotype a widely held series of characteristics or traits, often oversimplified, about individuals or certain groups in society strategy the more general or overall game plan employed by a coach stroke volume (SV) the volume of blood ejected into the aorta per beat measured in litres. Stroke volume = end diastolic volume – end systolic volume © Owned by or under licence to Pearson Education Limited 2008 3
- 4. subjectivity an opinion or study based on personal feelings, interests and prejudices. An example would be how good a performer you think you are or which person you think is the best in your centre in a particular sport sub-routine a separate technical instruction at various points through a movement synovial describing a joint that is surrounded by a tough membrane, such as the knee tactics the detailed instructions or plans of action you employ to overcome an opponent or opponents target group a population group that find it difficult to access sport and recreation thermoregulation the process of keeping the internal environment of the body at an acceptable temperature training the ability to construct a programme to enhance proficiency in a skill, to improve physical fitness or fitness for purpose and thereby prepare the performer for participation type I muscle fibres slow-twitch fibres, or type I fibres, are suited to aerobic endurance type activities (low intensity, long duration) as they have a slower contraction time type II muscle fibres fast-twitch fibres, or type II fibres are suited to high-intensity anaerobic exercise (maximal intensity, short duration) venous return the amount of blood returned to the heart / right atrium per minute ventilation the act of breathing VO2 maximum the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and used 4 © Owned by or under licence to Pearson Education Limited 2008