As pnet

What is ASP.Net?
ASP.Net is a web development platform, which provides a programming model, a
comprehensive software infrastructure and various services required to build up robust web
application for PC, as well as mobile devices.
ASP.Net works on top of the HTTP protocol and uses the HTTP commands and policies to set a
browser-to-server two-way communication and cooperation.
ASP.Net is a part of Microsoft .Net platform. ASP.Net applications are complied codes, written
using the extensible and reusable components or objects present in .Net framework. These codes
can use the entire hierarchy of classes in .Net framework.
The ASP.Net application codes could be written in either of the following languages:
 C#
 Visual Basic .Net
 Jscript
 J#
ASP.Net is used to produce interactive, data-driven web applications over the internet. It consists
of a large number of controls like text boxes, buttons and labels for assembling, configuring and
manipulating code to create HTML pages.
ASP.Net Web Forms Model:
ASP.Net web forms extend the event-driven model of interaction to the web applications. The
browser submits a web form to the web server and the server returns a full markup page or
HTML page in response.
All client side user activities are forwarded to the server for stateful processing. The server
processes the output of the client actions and triggers the reactions.
Now, HTTP is a stateless protocol. ASP.Net framework helps in storing the information
regarding the state of the application, which consists of:
 Page state
 Session state
The page state is the state of the client, i.e., the content of various input fields in the web form.
The session state is the collective obtained from various pages the user visited and worked with,
i.e., the overall session state. To clear the concept, let us take up an example of a shopping cart as
follows.

User adds items to a shopping cart. Items are selected from a page, say the items page, and the
total collected items and price are shown in a different page, say the cart page. Only HTTP
cannot keep track of all the information coming from various pages. ASP.Net session state and
server side infrastructure keeps track of the information collected globally over a session.
The ASP.Net runtime carries the page state to and from the server across page requests while
generating the ASP.Net runtime codes and incorporates the state of the server side components
in hidden fields.
This way the server becomes aware of the overall application state and operates in a two-tiered
connected way.
ASP.Net Component Model:
The ASP.Net component model provides various building blocks of ASP.Net pages. Basically it
is an object model, which describes:
 Server side counterparts of almost all HTML elements or tags, like <form> and <input>.
 Server controls, which help in developing complex user-interface for example the
Calendar control or the Gridview control.
ASP.Net is a technology, which works on the .Net framework that contains all web-related
functionalities. The .Net framework is made of an object-oriented hierarchy. An ASP.Net web
application is made of pages. When a user requests an ASP.Net page, the IIS delegates the
processing of the page to the ASP.Net runtime system.
The ASP.Net runtime transforms the .aspx page into an instance of a class, which inherits from
the base class Page of the .Net framework. Therefore, each ASP.Net page is an object and all its
components i.e., the server-side controls are also objects.
Components of .Net Framework3.5
Before going to the next session on Visual Studio.Net, let us look at the various components of
the .Net framework 3.5. The following table describes the components of the .Net framework 3.5
and the job they perform:
Components and their Description
(1) Common Language Runtime or CLR
It performsmemorymanagement,exceptionhandling,debugging,securitychecking,threadexecution,
code execution,code safety,verificationandcompilation.Those codeswhichare directlymanagedby
the CLR are calledthe managedcode.Whenthe managedcode iscompiled,the compilerconvertsthe

source code intoa CPU independentintermediate language (IL) code.A Justintime compiler(JIT)
compilesthe ILcode intonative code,whichisCPU specific.
(2) .NetFramework Class Library
It containsa huge libraryof reusable types.classes,interfaces,structuresandenumeratedvalues,
whichare collectivelycalledtypes.
(3) Common Language Specification
It containsthe specificationsforthe .Netsupportedlanguagesandimplementationof language
integration.
(4) Common Type System
It providesguidelinesfordeclaring,usingandmanagingtypesatruntime,andcross-language
communication.
Metadata and Assemblies
Metadata isthe binaryinformationdescribingthe program, whichiseitherstoredinaportable
executable file(PE) orinthe memory.Assemblyisalogical unitconsistingof the assemblymanifest,
type metadata,IL code and setof resourceslike imagefilesetc.
(5) WindowsForms
Thiscontainsthe graphical representationof anywindow displayedinthe application.
(6) ASP.Netand ASP.NetAJAX
ASP.Netisthe webdevelopmentmodel andAJAXisanextensionof ASP.Netfordevelopingand
implementingAJAXfunctionality.ASP.NetAJAXcontainsthe componentsthatallow the developerto
update data ona website withoutacomplete reloadof the page.
(7) ADO.Net
It isthe technologyusedforworkingwithdataanddatabases.Itprovidesaccessestodatasourceslike
SQL server,OLE DB, XML etc. The ADO .Netallowsconnectiontodatasourcesfor retrieving,
manipulatingandupdatingdata.
(8) WindowsWorkflowFoundation(WF)
It helpsinbuildingworkflowbasedapplicationsinWindows.Itcontainsactivities,workflow runtime,
workflowdesigneranda rulesengine.
(9)WindowsPresentationFoundation
It providesaseparationbetweenthe userinterface andthe businesslogic.Ithelpsindevelopingvisually

stunninginterfacesusingdocuments,media,twoandthree dimensional graphics,animationsandmore.
(10) WindowsCommunicationFoundation(WCF)
It isthe technologyusedforbuildingandrunningconnectedsystems.
(11) WindowsCardSpace
It providessafetyof accessingresourcesandsharingpersonal informationonthe internet.
(12) LINQ
It impartsdata queryingcapabilities to.Netlanguagesusingasyntax whichissimilartothe tradition
querylanguage SQL.
ASP.NET - Environment Setup
ASP.Net provides an abstraction layer on top of HTTP on which the web applications are built. It
provides high-level entities like classes and components within an object-oriented paradigm.
The key development tool for building ASP.Net applications and front ends is Visual Studio. In
these tutorials, we will work on Visual Studio 2008.
Visual Studio is an integrated development environment for writing, compiling and debugging
the code. It provides a complete set of development tools for building ASP.Net web applications,
web services, desktop applications and mobile applications.
The Visual Studio IDE:
The new project window allows choosing an application template from the available templates.
When you start a new web site, ASP.NET provides the starting folders and files for the site,
including two files for the first web form of the site.
The file named Default.aspx contains the HTML and asp code that defines the form, and the file
named Default.aspx.cs (for C# coding) or the file named Default.aspx.vb (for vb coding)
contains the code in the language you have chosen and this code is responsible for the form's
works.
The primary window in the Visual Studio IDE is the Web Forms Designer window. Other
supporting windows are the Toolbox, the Solution Explorer, and the Properties window. You use

the designer to design a web form, to add code to the control on the form so that the form works
according to your need, you use the code editor.
Ways to work with views and windows:
The following are the ways to work with different windows:
 To change the Web Forms Designer from one view to another, click on the Design or
source button.
 To close a window, click on the close button on the upper right corner and to redisplay,
select it from the View menu.
 To hide a window, click on its Auto Hide button; the window changes into a tab, to
redisplay again click on the Auto Hide button again.
 To size a wind just drag it.
Adding folders and files to your web site:
When a new web form is created, Visual Studio automatically generates the starting HTML for
the form and displays it in Source view of the web forms designer. The Solution Explorer is used
to add any other files, folders or any existing item on the web site.
 To add a standard folder, right-click on the project or folder under which you are going to
add the folder in the Solution Explorer and choose New Folder.
 To add an ASP.Net folder, right-click on the project in the Solution Explorer and select
the folder from the list.
 To add an existing item to the site, right-click on the project or folder under which you
are going to add the item in the Solution Explorer and select from the dialog box.
Projects andSolutions:
A typical ASP.Net application consists of many items: the web content files (.aspx), source files
(e.g., the .cs files), assemblies (e.g., the .dll files and .exe files), data source files (e.g., .mdb
files), references, icons, user controls and miscellaneous other files and folders. All these files
that make up the website are contained in a Solution.
When a new website is created VB2008 automatically creates the solution and displays it in the
solution explorer.
Solutions may contain one or more projects. A project contains content files, source files, and
other files like data sources and image files. Generally the contents of a project are compiled into
an assembly as an executable file (.exe) or a dynamic link library (.dll) file.

Typically a project contains the following content files:
 Page file (.aspx)
 User control (.ascx)
 Web service (.asmx)
 Master page (.master)
 Site map (.sitemap)
 Website configuration file (.config)
Building and Running a Project:
The application is run by selecting either Start or Start Without Debugging from the Debug
menu, or by pressing F5 or Ctrl-F5. The program is built i.e. the .exe or the .dll files are
generated by selecting a command from the Build menu.
ASP.NET - Life Cycle
ASP.Net life cycle specifies, how:
 ASP.Net processes pages to produce dynamic output
 The application and its pages are instantiated and processed
 ASP.Net compiles the pages dynamically
The ASP.Net life cycle could be divided into two groups:
1. Application Life Cycle
2. Page Life Cycle
ASP.Net Application Life Cycle:
The application life cycle has the following stages:
 User makes a request for accessing application resource, a page. Browser sends this
request to the web server.
 A unified pipeline receives the first request and the following events take place:
o An object of the ApplicationManager class is created.
o An object of the HostingEnvironment class is created to provide information
regarding the resources.
o Top level items in the application are compiled.
 Response objects are created . the application objects: HttpContext, HttpRequest and
HttpResponse are created and initialized.

 An instance of the HttpApplication object is created and assigned to the request. The
request is processed by the HttpApplication class. Different events are raised by this class
for processing the request.
ASP.Net Page Life Cycle:
When a page is requested, it is loaded into the server memory, processed and sent to the browser.
Then it is unloaded from the memory. At each of this steps, methods and events are available,
which could be overridden according to the need of the application. In other words, you can
write your own code to override the default code.
The Page class creates a hierarchical tree of all the controls on the page. All the components on
the page, except the directives are part of this control tree. You can see the control tree by adding
trace= "true" to the Page directive. We will cover page directives and tracing under 'directives'
and 'error handling'.
The page life cycle phases are:
 Initialization
 Instantiation of the controls on the page
 Restoration and maintenance of the state
 Execution of the event handler codes
 Page rendering
Understanding the page cycle helps in writing codes for making some specific thing happen at
any stage of the page life cycle. It also helps in writing custom controls and initializing them at
right time, populate their properties with view-state data and run control behavior code.
Following are the different stages of an ASP.Net page:
 Page request . when ASP.Net gets a page request, it decides whether to parse and
compile the page or there would be a cached version of the page; accordingly the
response is sent
 Starting of page life cycle . at this stage, the Request and Response objects are set. If the
request is an old request or post back, the IsPostBack property of the page is set to true.
The UICulture property of the page is also set.
 Page initialization . at this stage, the controls on the page are assigned unique ID by
setting the UniqueID property and themes are applied. For a new request postback data is
loaded and the control properties are restored to the view-state values.
 Page load . at this stage, control properties are set using the view state and control state
values.
 Validation . Validate method of the validation control is called and if it runs
successfully, the IsValid property of the page is set to true.
 Postback event handling . if the request is a postback (old request), the related event
handler is called.

 Page rendering . at this stage, view state for the page and all controls are saved. The
page calls the Render method for each control and the output of rendering is written to
the OutputStream class of the Page's Response property.
 Unload . the rendered page is sent to the client and page properties, such as Response and
Request are unloaded and all cleanup done.
ASP.Net Page Life Cycle Events:
At each stage of the page life cycle, the page raises some events, which could be coded. An event
handler is basically a function or subroutine, bound to the event, using declarative attributes like
Onclick or handle.
Following are the page life cycle events:
 PreInit . PreInit is the first event in page life cycle. It checks the IsPostBack property and
determines whether the page is a postback. It sets the themes and master pages, creates
dynamic controls and gets and sets profile property values. This event can be handled by
overloading the OnPreInit method or creating a Page_PreInit handler.
 Init . Init event initializes the control property and the control tree is built. This event can
be handled by overloading the OnInit method or creating a Page_Init handler.
 InitComplete . InitComplete event allows tracking of view state. All the controls turn on
view-state tracking.
 LoadViewState . LoadViewState event allows loading view state information into the
controls.
 LoadPostData . during this phase, the contents of all the input fields defined with the
<form> tag are processed.
 PreLoad . PreLoad occurs before the post back data is loaded in the controls. This event
can be handled by overloading the OnPreLoad method or creating a Page_PreLoad
handler.
 Load . the Load event is raised for the page first and then recursively for all child
controls. The controls in the control tree are created. This event can be handled by
overloading the OnLoad method or creating a Page_Load handler.
 LoadComplete . the loading process is completed, control event handlers are run and
page validation takes place. This event can be handled by overloading the
OnLoadComplete method or creating a Page_LoadComplete handler.
 PreRender . the PreRender event occurs just before the output is rendered. By handling
this event, pages and controls can perform any updates before the output is rendered.
 PreRenderComplete . as the PreRender event is recursively fired for all child controls,
this event ensures the completion of the pre-rendering phase.
 SaveStateComplete . state of control on the page is saved. Personalization, control state
and view state information is saved. The HTML markup is generated. This stage can be
handled by overriding the Render method or creating a Page_Render handler.
 UnLoad . the UnLoad phase is the last phase of the page life cycle. It raises the UnLoad
event for all controls recursively and lastly for the page itself. Final cleanup is done and

all resources and references, such as database connections, are freed. This event can be
handled by modifying the OnUnLoad method or creating a Page_UnLoad handler.
ASP.NET - First Example
An ASP.Net page is made of number of server controls along with the HTML controls, text and
images. Sensitive data from the page and the states of different controls on the page are stored in
hidden fields and forms the context of that page request.
ASP.Net runtime controls all association between a page instance and its state. An ASP.Net page
is an object of the Page Class or inherited from it.
All the controls on the pages are also objects of the related control class inherited from a parent
Control class. When a page is run an instance of the page object is created along with all its
content controls.
An ASP.Net page is also a server side file saved with the .aspx extension. It is modular in nature
and can be divided into the following core sections:
 Page directives
 Code Section
 Page Layout
Page directives:
The page directives set up the environments for the page to run. The @Page directive defines
page-specific attributes used by the ASP.Net page parser and compiler. Page directives specify
how the page should be processed, and which assumptions are to be taken about the page.
It allows importing namespaces, loading assemblies and registering new controls with custom
tag names and namespace prefixes. We will discuss all of these concepts in due time.
Code Section:
The code section provides the handlers for the page and control events along with other functions
required. We mentioned that, ASP.Net follows an object model. Now, these objects raises events
when something happens on the user interface, like a user clicks a button or moves the cursor.
How these events should be handled? That code is provided in the event handlers of the controls,
which are nothing but functions bound to the controls.
The code section or the code behind file provides all these event handler routines, and other
functions used by the developer. The page code could be precompiled and deployed in the form
of a binary assembly.

Page Layout:
The page layout provides the interface of the page. It contains the server controls, text, inline
JavaScript and HTML tags:
The following code snippet provides a sample ASP.Net page explaining pafe directives, code
section and page layout written in C#:

<% @Page Language="C#" %>

<script runat="server">
private void convertoupper(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string str = mytext.Value;
changed_text.InnerHtml = str.ToUpper();
}
</script>

<html>
<head> <title> Change to Upper Case </title> </head>
<body>
<h3> Conversion to Upper Case </h3>
<form runat="server">
<input runat="server" id="mytext" type="text" />
<input runat="server" id="button1" type="submit"
value="Enter..." OnServerClick="convertoupper"/>
<hr />
<h3> Results: </h3>
<span runat="server" id="changed_text" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Copy this file to the web server's root directory. Generally it is c:inetputwwwroot. Open the file
from the browser to run it and it should generate following result:
Using Visual Studio IDE:
Let us develop the same example using Visual Studio IDE. Instead of typing the code, you can
just drag the controls into the design view:

The content file is automatically developed. All you need to add is the Button1_Click routine,
which is as follows:
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string buf = TextBox1.Text;
changed_text.InnerHtml = buf.ToUpper();
}
The content file code is:
<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true"
CodeBehind="Default.aspx.cs"
Inherits="firstexample._Default" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
<head runat="server">
<title>Untitled Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div>
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server" Width="224px">
</asp:TextBox>
<br />
<br />
<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Enter..."
Width="85px" onclick="Button1_Click" />
<hr />
<h3> Results: </h3>
<span runat="server" id="changed_text" />
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Run the example either from Debug menu, or by pressing Ctrl-F5 or by right clicking on the
design view and choosing 'View in Browser' from the popup menu. This should generate
following result:

ASP.NET - Event Handling
What is an Event?
Event is an action or occurrence like mouse click, key press, mouse movements, or any system
generated notification. The processes communicate through events. For example, Interrupts are
system generated events. When events occur the application should be able to respond to it.
In ASP.Net an event is raised on the client, and handled in the server. For example, a user clicks
a button displayed in the browser. A Click event is raised. The browser handles this client-side
event by posting it to the server.
The server has a subroutine describing what to do when the event is raised; it is called the event-
handler. Therefore, when the event message is transmitted to the server, it checks whether the
Click event has an associated event handler, and if it has, the event handler is executed.
Event Arguments:
ASP.Net event handlers generally take two parameters and return void. The first parameter
represents the object raising the event and the second parameter is called the event argument.
The general syntax of an event is:
private void EventName (object sender, EventArgs e);
Application and SessionEvents:
The most important application events are:
 Application_Start . it is raised when the application/website is started
 Application_End . it is raised when the application/website is stopped
Similarly, the most used Session events are:
 Session_Start . it is raised when a user first requests a page from the application
 Session_End . it is raised when the session ends
Page and Control Events:
Common page and control events are:

 DataBinding . raised when a control bind to a data source
 Disposed. when the page or the control is released
 Error . it is an page event, occurs when an unhandled exception is thrown
 Init . raised when the page or the control is initialized
 Load . raised when the page or a control is loaded
 PreRender . raised when the page or the control is to be rendered
 Unload . raised when the page or control is unloaded from memory
Event Handling Using Controls:
All ASP.Net controls are implemented as classes, and they have events which are fired when
user performs certain action on them. For example, when a user clicks a button the 'Click' event
is generated. For handling these events there are in-built attributes and event handlers. To
respond to an event, the event handler is coded.
By default Visual Studio creates an event handler by including a Handles clause on the Sub
procedure. This clause names the control and event that the procedure handles.
The asp tag for a button control:
<asp:Button ID="btnCancel" runat="server" Text="Cancel" />
The event handler for the Click event:
Protected Sub btnCancel_Click(ByVal sender As Object,
ByVal e As System.EventArgs)
Handles btnCancel.Click
End Sub
An event can also be coded without a Handles clause. Then the handler must be named
according to the appropriate event attribute of the control.
The asp tag for a button control:
<asp:Button ID="btnCancel" runat="server" Text="Cancel"
Onclick="btnCancel_Click" />
The event handler for the Click event:
Protected Sub btnCancel_Click(ByVal sender As Object,
ByVal e As System.EventArgs)
End Sub
The common control events are:

Event Attribute Controls
Click OnClick Button,image button,linkbutton,image map
Command OnCommand Button,image button,linkbutton
TextChanged OnTextChanged Textbox
SelectedIndexChanged OnSelectedIndexChanged
Drop-downlist,listbox, radiobuttonlist,check
box list.
CheckedChanged OnCheckedChanged Checkbox,radiobutton
Some events cause the form to be posted back to the server immediately, these are called the
postback events. For example, the click events like, Button.Click. Some events are not posted
back to the server immediately, these are called non-postback events.
For example, the change events or selection events, such as, TextBox.TextChanged or
CheckBox.CheckedChanged. The nonpostback events could be made to post back immediately
by setting their AutoPostBack property to true.
Default Events:
The default event for the Page object is the Load event. Similarly every control has a default
event. For example, default event for the button control is the Click event.
The default event handler could be created in Visual Studio, just by double clicking the control
in design view. The following table shows some of the default events for common controls:
Control Default Event
AdRotator AdCreated
BulletedList Click
Button Click

Calender SelectionChanged
CheckBox CheckedChanged
CheckBoxList SelectedIndexChanged
DataGrid SelectedIndexChanged
DataList SelectedIndexChanged
DropDownList SelectedIndexChanged
HyperLink Click
ImageButton Click
ImageMap Click
LinkButton Click
ListBox SelectedIndexChanged
Menu MenuItemClick
RadioButton CheckedChanged
RadioButtonList SelectedIndexChanged
Example:
This example has a simple page with a label control and a button control on it. As the page
events like, Page_Load, Page_Init, Page_PreRender etc. takes place, it sends a message, which is
displayed by the label control. When the button is clicked, the Button_Click event is raised and
that also sends a message to be displayed on the label.

Create a new website and drag a label control and a button control on it from the control tool
box. Using the properties window, set the IDs of the controls as .lblmessage. and .btnclick.
respectively. Set the Text property of the Button control as 'Click'.
The markup file (.aspx):
Inherits="eventdemo._Default" %>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<asp:Label ID="lblmessage" runat="server" >
</asp:Label>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<asp:Button ID="btnclick" runat="server" Text="Click"
onclick="btnclick_Click" />
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Double click on the design view to move to the code behind file. The Page_Load event is
automatically created without any code in it. Write down the following self-explanatory code
lines:
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Configuration;
using System.Data;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Security;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts;
using System.Xml.Linq;
namespace eventdemo
{
public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page

{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
lblmessage.Text += "Page load event handled. <br />";
if (Page.IsPostBack)
{
lblmessage.Text += "Page post back event handled.<br/>";
}
}
protected void Page_Init(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
lblmessage.Text += "Page initialization event handled.<br/>";
}
protected void Page_PreRender(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
lblmessage.Text += "Page prerender event handled. <br/>";
}
protected void btnclick_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
lblmessage.Text += "Button click event handled. <br/>";
}
}
}
Run the page. The label shows page load, page initialization and the page pre-render events.
Click the button to see effect:
ASP.NET - Server Side
We have studied the page life cycle and how a page contains various controls. The page itself is
instantiated as a control object. All web forms are basically instances of the ASP.Net Page class.
The page class has the following extremely useful properties that correspond to intrinsic objects
like:
 Session.
 Application
 Cache
 Request
 Response
 Server
 User
 Trace
We will discuss each of these objects in due time. In this tutorial we will explore the Server
object, the Request object and the Response object.

The Server Object:
The Server object in Asp.Net is an instance of the System.Web.HttpServerUtility class. The
HttpServerUtility class provides numerous properties and methods to perform various jobs.
Properties and Methods of the Server object:
The methods and properties of the HttpServerUtility class are exposed through the intrinsic
Server object provided by ASP.NET.
The following table provides a list of the properties:
Property Description
MachineName Name of server'scomputer
ScriptTimeOut Gets andsetsthe requesttime-outvalueinseconds.
The following table provides a list of some important methods:
Method Description
CreateObject(String)
Createsan instance of the COMobjectidentifiedbyitsProgID
(ProgrammaticID)
CreateObject(Type) Createsan instance of the COMobjectidentifiedbyitsType
Equals(Object)
Determineswhetherthe specifiedObjectisequal tothe current
Object
Execute(String)
Executesthe handlerforthe specifiedvirtualpathinthe contextof
the current request.
Execute(String,Boolean)
Executesthe handlerforthe specifiedvirtualpathinthe contextof
the current requestandspecifieswhethertoclearthe QueryString
and Formcollections
GetLastError Returnsthe previousexception.

GetType Gets the Type of the currentinstance.
HtmlEncode
Changesan ordinarystringintoa stringwithlegal HTML
characters.
HtmlDecode ConvertsanHtml stringintoan ordinarystring
ToString Returnsa Stringthat representsthe currentObject
Transfer(String)
For the current request,terminatesexecutionof the currentpage
and starts executionof anew page by usingthe specifiedURLpath
of the page.
UrlDecode ConvertsanURL stringintoan ordinarystring
UrlEncodeToken
Works same as UrlEncode,buton a byte array that contains
Base64-encodeddata
UrlDecodeToken
Works same as UrlDecode,butona byte array that contains
Base64-encodeddata
MapPath
Returnthe physical paththat correspondstoa specifiedvirtualfile
path onthe server
Transfer Transfersexecutiontoanotherwebpage inthe currentapplication
The Request Object:
The request object is an instance of the System.Web.HttpRequest class. It represents the values
and properties of the HTTP request that makes the page loading into the browser.
The information presented by this object is wrapped up by the higher level abstractions (the web
control model), however, this object helps in checking some information like the client browser
and cookies.
Properties and Methods of the Request Object:
The following table provides some noteworthy properties of the Request object:

AcceptTypes Gets a stringarray of client-supportedMIMEaccept types.
ApplicationPath
Gets the ASP.NETapplication'svirtualapplicationrootpathonthe
server.
Browser
Gets or setsinformationaboutthe requestingclient'sbrowser
capabilities.
ContentEncoding Gets or setsthe character setof the entity-body.
ContentLength Specifiesthe length,inbytes,of contentsentbythe client.
ContentType Gets or setsthe MIME contenttype of the incomingrequest.
Cookies Gets a collectionof cookiessentbythe client.
FilePath Gets the virtual pathof the currentrequest.
Files
Gets the collectionof filesuploadedbythe client,inmultipart
MIME format.
Form Gets a collectionof formvariables.
Headers Gets a collectionof HTTPheaders.
HttpMethod
Gets the HTTP data transfermethod(suchasGET, POST,or HEAD)
usedbythe client.
InputStream Gets the contentsof the incomingHTTPentitybody.
IsSecureConnection
Gets a value indicatingwhetherthe HTTPconnectionusessecure
sockets(thatis,HTTPS).
QueryString Gets the collectionof HTTPquery stringvariables.

RawUrl Gets the raw URL of the current request.
RequestType
Gets or setsthe HTTP data transfermethod(GET or POST) usedby
the client.
ServerVariables Gets a collectionof Webservervariables.
TotalBytes Gets the numberof bytesinthe current inputstream.
Url Gets informationaboutthe URLof the currentrequest.
UrlReferrer
Gets informationaboutthe URLof the client'spreviousrequest
that linkedtothe currentURL.
UserAgent Gets the raw useragentstringof the client browser.
UserHostAddress Gets the IPhost addressof the remote client.
UserHostName Gets the DNSname of the remote client.
UserLanguages Gets a sortedstringarray of clientlanguage preferences.
Method Description
BinaryRead
Performsabinaryread of a specifiednumberof bytesfromthe
currentinputstream.
Equals(Object)
Object.(InheritedfromObject.)
MapImageCoordinates
Maps an incomingimage-fieldformparametertoappropriate x-
coordinate andy-coordinate values.

MapPath(String) Maps the specifiedvirtual pathtoa physical path.
SaveAs Savesan HTTP requesttodisk.
ToString Returnsa Stringthat representsthe currentObject
ValidateInput
Causesvalidationtooccurfor the collectionsaccessedthroughthe
Cookies,Form, andQueryStringproperties.
The Response Object:
The Response object represents the server's response to the client request. It is an instance of the
System.Web.HttpResponse class.
In ASP.Net, the Response object does not play a vital role in sending HTML text to the client,
because the server-side controls have nested, object oriented methods for rendering themselves.
However, the HttpResponse object still provides some important functionalities, like the cookie
feature and the Redirect() method. The Response.Redirect() method allows transferring the user
to another page, inside as well as outside the application. It requires a round trip.
Properties and Methods of the Response Object:
The following table provides some noteworthy properties of the Response object:
Buffer
Gets or sets a value indicatingwhethertobufferoutputandsendit
afterthe complete response isfinishedprocessing.
BufferOutput
Gets or setsa value indicatingwhethertobufferoutputandsendit
afterthe complete page isfinishedprocessing.
Charset Gets or setsthe HTTP character set of the outputstream.
ContentEncoding Gets or setsthe HTTP character set of the outputstream.

ContentType Gets or setsthe HTTP MIME type of the outputstream.
Cookies Gets the response cookie collection.
Expires
Gets or setsthe numberof minutesbefore apage cachedon a
browserexpires.
ExpiresAbsolute
Gets or setsthe absolute date andtime at whichtoremove cached
informationfromthe cache
HeaderEncoding
Gets or setsan Encodingobjectthatrepresentsthe encoding for
the current headeroutputstream.
Headers Gets the collectionof responseheaders.
IsClientConnected
Gets a value indicatingwhetherthe clientisstill connectedtothe
server.
Output Enablesoutputof textto the outgoingHTTP response stream.
OutputStream Enablesbinaryoutputtothe outgoingHTTP contentbody.
RedirectLocation Gets or setsthe value of the Http Locationheader.
Status Setsthe Status line thatisreturnedtothe client.
StatusCode
Gets or setsthe HTTP status code of the outputreturnedtothe
client.
StatusDescription
Gets or setsthe HTTP status stringof the outputreturnedtothe
client.
SubStatusCode Gets or setsa value qualifyingthe statuscode of the response.
SuppressContent
Gets or setsa value indicatingwhethertosendHTTP contentto
the client.

Method Description
AddHeader
Addsan HTTP headerto the outputstream.AddHeaderisprovided
for compatibilitywithearlierversionsof ASP.
AppendCookie
Infrastructure.AddsanHTTP cookie tothe intrinsiccookie
collection.
AppendHeader Addsan HTTP headerto the outputstream.
AppendToLog
Addscustomlog informationtothe InternetInformationServices
(IIS) logfile.
BinaryWrite Writesa stringof binarycharactersto the HTTP outputstream.
ClearContent Clearsall contentoutputfromthe bufferstream.
Close Closesthe socketconnectiontoaclient.
End
Sendsall currentlybufferedoutputtothe client,stopsexecutionof
the page,and raisesthe EndRequestevent.
Equals(Object)
Object
Flush Sendsall currentlybufferedoutputtothe client.
Pics AppendsaHTTP PICS-Label headertothe outputstream.
Redirect(String) Redirectsarequesttoa new URL and specifiesthe new URL.
Redirect(String,Boolean)
Redirectsaclienttoa new URL. Specifiesthe new URLand
whetherexecutionof the currentpage shouldterminate.

SetCookie Updatesan existingcookie inthe cookiecollection.
ToString Returnsa Stringthat representsthe currentObject.
TransmitFile(String)
Writesthe specifiedfiledirectlytoanHTTP response output
stream, withoutbufferingitinmemory.
Write(Char) Writesa character to an HTTP response outputstream.
Write(Object) Writesan Objectto an HTTP response stream.
Write(String) Writesa stringto an HTTP response outputstream.
WriteFile(String)
Writesthe contentsof the specifiedfile directlytoanHTTP
response outputstreamasa file block.
WriteFile(String,Boolean)
Writesthe contentsof the specifiedfile directlytoanHTTP
response outputstreamasa memoryblock.
Example:
The following simple example has a text box control where the user can enter name, a button to
send the information to the server and a label control to display the URL of the client computer.
The content file:
Inherits="server_side._Default" %>
</head>
<body>
<div>
Enter your name:<br />
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server"></asp:TextBox>

<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server"
OnClick="Button1_Click" Text="Submit" />
<br />
<asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server"/>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
The code behind for Button1_Click:
{
if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(TextBox1.Text))
{
// Access the HttpServerUtility methods through
// the intrinsic Server object.
Label1.Text = "Welcome, " +
Server.HtmlEncode(TextBox1.Text) +
".<br/> The url is " +
Server.UrlEncode(Request.Url.ToString());
}
}
Run the page to see the following result
ASP.NET - Server Controls
Controls are small building blocks of the graphical user interface, which includes text boxes,
buttons, check boxes, list boxes, labels and numerous other tools, using which users can enter
data, make selections and indicate their preferences.
Controls are also used for structural jobs, like validation, data access, security, creating master
pages, data manipulation.
ASP.Net uses five types of web controls, which are:
 HTML controls
 HTML Server controls

 ASP.Net Server controls
 ASP.Net Ajax Server controls
 User controls and custom controls
ASP.Net server controls are the primary controls used in ASP.Net. These controls again could be
grouped into the following categories:
 Validation controls - these are used to validate user input and work by running client-
side script
 Data source controls - these controls provides data binding to different data sources
 Data view controls - these are various lists and tables, which can bind to data from data
sources for display
 Personalization controls - these are used for personalization of a page according to the
user's preference, based on user information
 Login and security controls - these controls provide user authentication
 Masterpages - these provides consistent layout and interface throughout the application
 Navigation controls - these helps in navigation, for example, the menus, tree view etc.
 Rich controls - these implements special features, for example, AdRotator control,
FileUpload control, Calendar control etc.
The basic syntax for using server controls is:
<asp:controlType ID ="ControlID"
runat="server"
Property1=value1 [Property2=value2] />
However, visual studio has the following features, which helps in error free coding:
 Dragging and dropping of controls in design view
 IntelliSense feature that displays and auto-completes the properties
 The properties window to set the property values directly
Properties ofthe Server Controls
The ASP.Net server controls with a visual aspect are derived from the WebControl class and
inherit all the properties, events and methods of this class.
The WebControl class itself and some other server controls that are not visually rendered, e.g.,
the PlaceHolder control or XML control etc., are derived from the System.Web.UI.Control class.
ASP.Net server controls inherit all properties, events and methods of the WebControl and
System.Web.UI.Control class.
The following table shows the inherited properties, which are common to all server controls:

AccessKey Pressingthiskeywiththe Altkeymovesfocustothe control
Attributes
It's the collectionof arbitraryattributes(forrenderingonly) thatdonot
correspondtopropertiesonthe control.
BackColor Backgroundcolour.
BindingContainer The control thatcontainsthiscontrol'sdata binding.
BorderColor Bordercolour.
BorderStyle Borderstyle.
BorderWidth Borderwidth.
CausesValidation Indicatesif itcausesvalidation.
ChildControlCreated
It indicateswhetherthe servercontrol'schildcontrolshave been
created.
ClientID Control ID forHTML markup.
Context The HttpContextobjectassociatedwiththe servercontrol.
Controls Collectionof all controlscontainedwithinthe control
ControlStyle The style of the Webservercontrol.
CssClass CSS class
DataItemContainer
Gets a reference tothe namingcontainerif the namingcontainer
implementsIDataItemContainer.
DataKeysContainer Gets a reference tothe namingcontainerif the namingcontainer

implementsIDataKeysControl.
DesignMode It indicateswhetherthe control isbeingusedonadesignsurface.
DisabledCssClass
Gets or setsthe CSS classto applyto the renderedHTML element when
the control is disabled.
Enabled Indicateswhetherthe control isgrayedout
EnableTheming Indicateswhetherthemingappliestothe control.
EnableViewState Indicateswhetherthe view state of the control ismaintained.
Events Gets a listof eventhandlerdelegatesforthe control.
Font Font.
Forecolor Foregroundcolour.
HasAttributes Indicateswhetherthe control hasattributesset.
HasChildViewState
indicateswhetherthe currentservercontrol'schildcontrolshave any
savedview-statesettings.
Height Heightinpixelsor%.
ID Identifierforthe control.
IsChildControlStateCleared
Indicateswhethercontrolscontainedwithinthiscontrol have control
state.
IsEnabled Gets a value indicatingwhetherthe control is enabled
IsTrackingViewState
It indicateswhetherthe servercontrol issavingchangestoitsview
state.

IsViewStateEnabled It indicateswhetherview state isenabledforthiscontrol.
LoadViewStateById
It indicateswhetherthe control participatesin loadingitsview state by
ID insteadof index.
Page Page containingthe control.
Parent Parentcontrol.
RenderingCompatibility
It specifiesthe ASP.NETversionthatrenderedHTMLwill be compatible
with.
Site
The containerthat hoststhe current control whenrenderedonadesign
surface.
SkinID Gets or setsthe skinto applytothe control.(
Style
Gets a collectionof textattributesthatwill be renderedasa style
attribute onthe outertag of the Web servercontrol.
TabIndex Gets or setsthe tab index of the Webservercontrol.
TagKey
Gets the HtmlTextWriterTagvalue thatcorrespondstothisWebserver
control.
TagName Gets the name of the control tag.
TemplateControl The template thatcontainsthiscontrol.
TemplateSourceDirectory Gets the virtual directoryof the Page or control containingthiscontrol.
ToolTip
Gets or setsthe textdisplayedwhenthe mouse pointerhoversoverthe
Webservercontrol.
UniqueID Unique identifier
ViewState Gets a dictionaryof state informationthatallowsyoutosave and

restore the view state of a servercontrol acrossmultiple requestsfor
the same page.
ViewStateIgnoreCase It indicateswhetherthe StateBagobjectiscase-insensitive.
ViewStateMode Gets or setsthe view-statemode of thiscontrol.
Visible It indicateswhetheraservercontrol isvisible.
Width Gets or setsthe widthof the Web servercontrol.
Methods of the Server Controls
The following table provides the methods of the server controls:
Method Description
AddAttributesToRender
AddsHTML attributesandstylesthatneedtobe renderedtothe
specifiedHtmlTextWriterTag.
AddedControl
Calledafterachildcontrol is addedtothe Controlscollectionof the
Control object.
AddParsedSubObject
Notifiesthe servercontrol thatan element,eitherXMLor HTML, was
parsed,andadds the elementtothe servercontrol'scontrol
collection.
ApplyStyleSheetSkin
Appliesthe style propertiesdefinedinthe page style sheettothe
control.
ClearCachedClientID Infrastructure.Setsthe cachedClientIDvaluetonull.
ClearChildControlState
Deletesthe control-state informationforthe servercontrol'schild
controls.
ClearChildState Deletesthe view-state andcontrol-stateinformationforall the server

control'schildcontrols.
ClearChildViewState
Deletesthe view-state informationforall the servercontrol'schild
controls.
CreateChildControls Usedin creatingchildcontrols.
CreateControlCollection Createsa new ControlCollectionobjecttoholdthe childcontrols.
CreateControlStyle
Createsthe style objectthatisusedto implementall style related
properties.
DataBind Bindsa data source to the servercontrol andall itschildcontrols.
DataBind(Boolean)
Bindsa data source to the servercontrol andall itschildcontrolswith
an optionto raise the DataBindingevent.
DataBindChildren Bindsa data source to the servercontrol'schildcontrols.
Dispose
Enablesa servercontrol toperformfinal cleanupbefore itisreleased
frommemory.
EnsureChildControls
Determineswhetherthe servercontrol containschildcontrols.If it
doesnot,it createschildcontrols.
EnsureID Createsan identifierforcontrolsthatdo nothave an identifier.
Equals(Object)
Object.
Finalize
AllowsanObjecttoattemptto free resourcesandperformother
cleanupoperationsbefore the Objectisreclaimedbygarbage
collection.
FindControl(String)
Searchesthe currentnamingcontainerfora servercontrol withthe
specifiedidparameter.

FindControl(String,Int32)
Searchesthe currentnamingcontainerfora servercontrol withthe
specifiedidandan integer
Focus Setsinputfocusto a control.
GetDesignModeState Gets design-timedatafora control.
GetUniqueIDRelativeTo
Returnsthe prefixedportionof the UniqueIDpropertyof the specified
control.
HasControls Determinesif the servercontrol containsanychildcontrols.
HasEvents
Indicateswhetherevents are registeredforthe control oranychild
controls.
IsLiteralContent Determinesif the servercontrol holdsonlyliteral content.
LoadControlState Restorescontrol-state information.
LoadViewState Restoresview-state information.
MapPathSecure
Retrievesthe physical paththata virtual path,eitherabsolute or
relative,mapsto.
MemberwiseClone Createsa shallow copyof the currentobject.
MergeStyle
Copiesanynonblankelementsof the specifiedstyle tothe Web
control,butwill notoverwrite anyexistingstyleelementsof the
control.
OnBubbleEvent
Determineswhetherthe eventforthe servercontrol ispassedupthe
page'sUI servercontrol hierarchy.
OnDataBinding Raisesthe data bindingevent.

OnInit Raisesthe Initevent.
OnLoad Raisesthe Load event.
OnPreRender Raisesthe PreRenderevent.
OnUnload Raisesthe Unloadevent.
OpenFile Gets a Streamusedto reada file
RemovedControl
Calledafterachildcontrol is removedfromthe Controlscollectionof
the Control object.
Render Rendersthe control tothe specifiedHTML writer.
RenderBeginTag Rendersthe HTML openingtagof the control to the specifiedwriter.
RenderChildren
Outputsthe contentof a servercontrol'schildrentoaprovided
HtmlTextWriterobject,whichwritesthe contenttobe renderedon
the client.
RenderContents Rendersthe contentsof the control to the specifiedwriter.
RenderControl(HtmlTextWriter)
Outputsservercontrol contenttoa providedHtmlTextWriterobject
and storestracinginformationaboutthe control if tracingisenabled.
RenderEndTag Rendersthe HTML closingtagof the control intothe specifiedwriter.
ResolveAdapter
Gets the control adapterresponsibleforrenderingthe specified
control.
SaveControlState
Savesanyservercontrol state changesthat have occurredsince the
time the page was postedbackto the server.
SaveViewState
Savesanystate that wasmodifiedafterthe TrackViewState method
was invoked.

SetDesignModeState Setsdesign-time datafora control.
ToString Returnsa Stringthat representsthe currentobject.
TrackViewState
Causesthe control to track changesto itsview state so theycan be
storedinthe object'sview state property.
Example:
Let us look at a particular server control - a tree view control. A Tree view control comes under
navigation controls. Other Navigation controls are: Menu control and SiteMapPath control.
Add a tree view control on the page. Select Edit Nodes... from the tasks. Edit each of the nodes
using the Tree view node editor:
Once you have created the nodes, it looks like the following in design view:
The AutoFormat... task allows you to format the tree view:
Add a label control and a text box control on the page and name them lblmessage and txtmessage
respectively.
Write few lines of code to ensure that when a particular node is selected, the label control
displays the node text and the text box displays all child nodes under it, if any. The code behind
file should look like this:
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Configuration;
using System.Data;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Security;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls;

using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts;
using System.Xml.Linq;
namespace eventdemo
{
public partial class treeviewdemo : System.Web.UI.Page
{
{
txtmessage.Text = " ";
}
protected void TreeView1_SelectedNodeChanged(object sender,
EventArgs e)
{
lblmessage.Text = "Selected node changed to: " +
TreeView1.SelectedNode.Text;
TreeNodeCollection childnodes =
TreeView1.SelectedNode.ChildNodes;
if(childnodes != null)
{
foreach (TreeNode t in childnodes)
{
txtmessage.Text += t.Value;
}
}
}
}
}
Run the page to see the effects. You will be able to expand and control the nodes.
ASP.NET - HTML Server Controls
side processing. The HTML controls like the header tags, anchor tags and input elements are not
processed by the server but sent to the browser for display.
They are specifically converted to a server control by adding the attribute runat="server" and
adding an id attribute to make them available for server-side processing.
For example, consider the HTML input control:
<input type="text" size="40">
It could be converted to a server control, by adding the runat and id attribute:

<input type="text" id="testtext" size="40" runat="server">
Advantages ofusing HTML Server Controls
Although ASP.Net server controls can perform every job accomplished by the HTML server
controls, the later controls are useful in the following cases:
 Using static tables for layout purposes
 Converting a HTML page to run under ASP.Net
The following table describes the HTML server controls:
Control Name HTML tag
HtmlHead <head>element
HtmlInputButton <inputtype=button|submit|reset>
HtmlInputCheckbox <inputtype=checkbox>
HtmlInputFile <inputtype = file>
HtmlInputHidden <inputtype = hidden>
HtmlInputImage <inputtype = image>
HtmlInputPassword <inputtype = password>
HtmlInputRadioButton <inputtype = radio>
HtmlInputReset <inputtype = reset>
HtmlText <inputtype = text|password>
HtmlImage <img> element
HtmlLink <link>element

HtmlAnchor <a> element
HtmlButton <button> element
HtmlButton <button> element
HtmlForm <form> element
HtmlTable <table>element
HtmlTableCell <td> and<th>
HtmlTableRow <tr> element
HtmlTitle <title>element
HtmlSelect <select>element
HtmlGenericControl All HTML controlsnotlisted
Example:
The following example uses a basic HTML table for layout. It uses some text boxes for getting
input from the users like, name, address, city, state etc. It also has a button control, which is
clicked to get the user data displayed on the last row of the table.
The page should look like this in the design view:
The code for the content page shows the use of the HTML table element for layout.
Inherits="htmlserver._Default" %>

</div>
<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server"
onclick="Button1_Click" Text="Click" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
The code behind the button control:
{
string str = "";
str += txtname.Text + "<br />";
str += txtstreet.Text + "<br />";
str += txtcity.Text + "<br />";
str += txtstate.Text + "<br />";
displayrow.InnerHtml = str;
}
observe the followings
 The normal HTML tags has been used for the page layout.
 The last row of the HTML table is used for data display. It needed server side processing,
so an ID attribute and the runat attribute has been added to it.
ASP.NET - Error Handling
Error handling in ASP.Net has three aspects:
1. Tracing - tracing the program execution at page level or application level.
2. Error handling - handling standard errors or custom errors at page level or application
level
3. Debugging - stepping through the program, setting break points to analyze the code
In this tutorial, we are going to discuss tracing and error handling and we will look into
debugging in the next tutorial.
To understand the concepts, create the following sample application. It has a label control, a
dropdown list and a link. The dropdown list loads an array list of famous quotes and the selected
quote is shown in the label below. It also has a hyperlink which has a nonexistent link.
<%@ Page Language="C#"
AutoEventWireup="true"
Inherits="errorhandling._Default" %>

<title>Tracing, debugging and error handling</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<asp:Label ID="lblheading" runat="server"
Text="Tracing, Debuggin and Error Handling">
</asp:Label>
<br />
<br />
<asp:DropDownList ID="ddlquotes"
runat="server" AutoPostBack="True"
onselectedindexchanged="ddlquotes_SelectedIndexChanged">
</asp:DropDownList>
<br />
<br />
<asp:Label ID="lblquotes" runat="server">
</asp:Label>
<br />
<br />
<asp:HyperLink ID="HyperLink1" runat="server"
NavigateUrl="mylink.htm">Link to:</asp:HyperLink>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
The code behind file:
public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page
{
{
if (!IsPostBack)
{
string[,] quotes =
{
{"Imagination is more important than Knowledge.",
"Albert Einsten"},
{"Assume a virtue, if you have it not",
"Shakespeare"},
{"A man cannot be comfortable without his own
approval", "Mark Twain"},
{"Beware the young doctor and the old barber",
"Benjamin Franklin"},
{"Whatever begun in anger ends in shame",
"Benjamin Franklin"}
};
for (int i=0; i<quotes.GetLength(0); i++)
ddlquotes.Items.Add(new ListItem(quotes[i,0],

quotes[i,1]));
}
}
protected void ddlquotes_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender,
EventArgs e)
{
if (ddlquotes.SelectedIndex != -1)
{
lblquotes.Text = String.Format("{0}, Quote: {1}",
ddlquotes.SelectedItem.Text, ddlquotes.SelectedValue);
}
}
}
Tracing:
To enable page level tracing, you need to modify the Page directive and add a Trace attribute as:
Inherits="errorhandling._Default"
Trace ="true" %>
Now when you run the file, you get the tracing information:
It provides the following information at the top:
 Session ID
 Status Code
 Time of Request
 Type of Request
 Request and Response Encoding
The status code sent from the server, each time the page is requested shows the name and time of
error if any. The following table shows the common HTTP status codes :
Number Description
Informational (100 - 199)
100 Continue

101 Switchingprotocols
Successful (200 - 299)
200 OK
204 No content
Redirection(300 - 399)
301 Movedpermanently
305 Use proxy
307 Temporaryredirect
ClientErrors (400 - 499)
400 Bad request
402 Paymentrequired
404 Notfound
408 Requesttimeout
417 Expectation failed
ServerErrors (500 - 599)
500 Internal servererror
503 Service unavailable
505 HTTP versionnotsupported

Under the top level information is the Trace log, which provides details of page life cycle. It
provides elapsed time in seconds since the page was initialized.
The next section is control tree, which lists all controls on the page in a hierarchical manner:
Last in the Session and Application state summaries, cookies and headers collections, followed
by list of all server variables.
The Trace object allows you to add custom information to the trace output. It has two methods to
accomplish this: the Write method and the Warn method.
Change the Page_Load event handler to check the Write method:
{
Trace.Write("Page Load");
if (!IsPostBack)
{
Trace.Write("Not Post Back, Page Load");
string[,] quotes =
.......................
Run to observe the effects:
To check the Warn method, let us forcibly enter some erroneous code in the selected index
changed event handler:
try
{
int a = 0;
int b = 9 / a;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
Trace.Warn("UserAction", "processing 9/a", e);
}

Try-Catch is a C# programming construct. The try block holds any code that may or may not
produce error and the catch block catches the error. When the program is run, it sends the
warning in the trace log.
Application level tracing applies to all the pages in the web site. It is implemented by putting the
following code lines in the web.config file:
<system.web>
<trace enabled="true" />
</system.web>
Error Handling:
Although ASP.Net can detect all runtime errors, still some subtle errors may still be there.
Observing the errors by tracing is meant for the developers, not for the users.
Hence, to intercept such occurrence, you can add error handing settings in the web.config file of
the application. It is application wide error handling. For example, you can add the following
lines in the web.config file:
<configuration>
<system.web>
<customErrors mode="RemoteOnly"
defaultRedirect="GenericErrorPage.htm">
<error statusCode="403" redirect="NoAccess.htm" />
<error statusCode="404" redirect="FileNotFound.htm" />
</customErrors>
</system.web>
<configuration>
The <customErrors> section has the possible attributes:
 Mode: It enables or disables custom error pages. It has the three possible values:
o On: displaysthe custompages.
o Off: displaysASP.Neterrorpages(yellow pages)
o remoteOnly:displayscustomerrorstoclient,displayASP.Neterrorslocally
 defaultRedirect: It contains the URL of the page to be displayed in case of unhandled
errors.
To put different custom error pages for different type of errors, the <error> sub tags are used,
where different error pages are specified, based of the status code of the errors.
To implement page level error handling, the Page directive could be modified:

Inherits="errorhandling._Default"
Trace ="true"
ErrorPage="PageError.htm" %>
Because ASP.Net Debugging is an important subject in itself so we would discuss it in ASP.Net
- Debugging tutorial separately

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