Assembly fundamentals
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The document provides an overview of assembly language fundamentals, focusing on adding and subtracting integers using a specific example program (addsub.asm). It explains key components, such as directives, mnemonics, operands, and the program's structure, including include files, procedures, and data definitions. The document also discusses the process of assembling, linking, and executing programs in assembly language.
![Procedure Definition
• Procedure defined by:
• [label] PROC
• [label] ENDP
• Label:
• Place markers: marks the
address (offset) of code and
data
• Assigned a numeric address by
assembler
• Follow identifier rules
• Data label: must be unique,
e.g. myArray
• Code label: target of jump and
loop instructions, e.g. L1:
14
TITLE Add and …
; Adds and subtracts
; (10000h + …
INCLUDE Irvine32.inc
.code
main PROC
mov eax,10000h
add eax,40000h
sub eax,20000h
call DumpRegs
exit
main ENDP
END main](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/assemblyfundamentals-170215200647/85/Assembly-fundamentals-14-320.jpg)
![Instructions
[label:] mnemonic operand(s)
[;comment]
• Instruction mnemonics:
• help to memorize
• examples: MOV, ADD, SUB,
MUL, INC, DEC
• Operands:
• constant
• constant expression
• register
• memory (data label,
register)
16
TITLE Add and …
; Adds and subtracts
; (10000h + …
INCLUDE Irvine32.inc
.code
main PROC
mov eax,10000h
add eax,40000h
sub eax,20000h
call DumpRegs
exit
main ENDP
END main
immediate valuesDestination
operand
Source
operand](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/assemblyfundamentals-170215200647/85/Assembly-fundamentals-16-320.jpg)
Assembly fundamentals
- 2. Starting with an Example 2 TITLE Add and Subtract (AddSub.asm) ; Adds and subtracts three 32-bit integers ; (10000h + 40000h + 20000h) INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .code main PROC mov eax,10000h ; EAX = 10000h add eax,40000h ; EAX = 50000h sub eax,20000h ; EAX = 30000h call DumpRegs ; display registers exit main ENDP END main Title/header Include file Code section
- 3. 3 Meanings of the Code Assembly code Machine code MOV EAX, 10000h B8 00010000 (Move 10000h into EAX) ADD EAX, 40000h 05 00040000 (Add 40000h to EAX) SUB EAX, 20000h 2D 00020000 (SUB 20000h from EAX) 3 Operand in instruction
- 4. 4 Fetched MOV EAX, 10000h 4 … ALU MemoryRegister EAX EBX address 00 … MOV EAX, 10000h SUB EAX, 20000h data PC 0000011B8 00010000 IR B8 00 01 00 00 ADD EAX, 40000h 05 00 04 00
- 5. 5 Execute MOV EAX, 10000h 5 … ALU Register EAX EBX data PC 0000011B8 00010000 IR 00010000 00 … MOV EAX, 10000h SUB EAX, 20000h B8 00 01 00 00 ADD EAX, 40000h 05 00 04 00 Memory address
- 6. 6 Fetched ADD EAX, 40000h 6 … ALU Register EAX EBX data PC 000100005 00040000 IR 00010000 Memory address 00 … MOV EAX, 10000h SUB EAX, 20000h B8 00 01 00 00 ADD EAX, 40000h 05 00 04 00
- 7. 7 Execute ADD EAX, 40000h 7 … ALU Register EAX EBX data PC 000100005 00040000 IR 0001000000050000 Memory address 00 … MOV EAX, 10000h SUB EAX, 20000h B8 00 01 00 00 ADD EAX, 40000h 05 00 04 00
- 8. Chapter Overview • Basic Elements of Assembly Language • Integer constants and expressions • Character and string constants • Reserved words and identifiers • Directives and instructions • Labels • Mnemonics and Operands • Comments • Example: Adding and Subtracting Integers • Assembling, Linking, and Running Programs • Defining Data • Symbolic Constants • Real-Address Mode Programming 8
- 9. Reserved Words, Directives • TITLE: • Define program listing title • Reserved word of directive • Reserved words • Instruction mnemonics, directives, type attributes, operators, predefined symbols • See MASM reference in Appendix A • Directives: • Commands for assembler 9 TITLE Add and … ; Adds and subtracts ; (10000h + … INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .code main PROC mov eax,10000h add eax,40000h sub eax,20000h call DumpRegs exit main ENDP END main
- 10. Directive vs Instruction • Directives: tell assembler what to do • Commands that are recognized and acted upon by the assembler, e.g. declare code, data areas, select memory model, declare procedures, etc. • Not part of the Intel instruction set • Different assemblers have different directives • Instructions: tell CPU what to do • Assembled into machine code by assembler • Executed at runtime by the CPU • Member of the Intel IA-32 instruction set • Format: LABEL (option), Mnemonic, Operands, Comment 10
- 11. Comments •Single-line comments • begin with semicolon (;) •Multi-line comments • begin with COMMENT directive and a programmer-chosen character, end with the same character, e.g. COMMENT ! Comment line 1 Comment line 2 ! 11 TITLE Add and … ; Adds and subtracts ; (10000h + … INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .code main PROC mov eax,10000h add eax,40000h sub eax,20000h call DumpRegs exit main ENDP END main
- 12. Include Files • INCLUDE directive: • Copies necessary definitions and setup information from a text file named Irvine32.inc, located in the assembler’s INCLUDE directory (see Chapt 5) 12 TITLE Add and … ; Adds and subtracts ; (10000h + … INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .code main PROC mov eax,10000h add eax,40000h sub eax,20000h call DumpRegs exit main ENDP END main
- 13. Code Segment • .code directive: • Marks the beginning of the code segment, where all executable statements in a program are located 13 TITLE Add and … ; Adds and subtracts ; (10000h + … INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .code main PROC mov eax,10000h add eax,40000h sub eax,20000h call DumpRegs exit main ENDP END main
- 14. Procedure Definition • Procedure defined by: • [label] PROC • [label] ENDP • Label: • Place markers: marks the address (offset) of code and data • Assigned a numeric address by assembler • Follow identifier rules • Data label: must be unique, e.g. myArray • Code label: target of jump and loop instructions, e.g. L1: 14 TITLE Add and … ; Adds and subtracts ; (10000h + … INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .code main PROC mov eax,10000h add eax,40000h sub eax,20000h call DumpRegs exit main ENDP END main
- 15. Identifiers • Identifiers: • A programmer-chosen name to identify a variable, a constant, a procedure, or a code label • 1-247 characters, including digits • not case sensitive • first character must be a letter, _, @, ?, or $ 15 TITLE Add and … ; Adds and subtracts ; (10000h + … INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .code main PROC mov eax,10000h add eax,40000h sub eax,20000h call DumpRegs exit main ENDP END main
- 16. Instructions [label:] mnemonic operand(s) [;comment] • Instruction mnemonics: • help to memorize • examples: MOV, ADD, SUB, MUL, INC, DEC • Operands: • constant • constant expression • register • memory (data label, register) 16 TITLE Add and … ; Adds and subtracts ; (10000h + … INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .code main PROC mov eax,10000h add eax,40000h sub eax,20000h call DumpRegs exit main ENDP END main immediate valuesDestination operand Source operand
- 17. I/O • Not easy, if program by ourselves • Will use the library provided by the author • Two steps: • Include the library (Irvine32.inc) in your code • Call the subroutines • call DumpRegs: • Calls the procedure to displays current values of processor registers 17 TITLE Add and … ; Adds and subtracts ; (10000h + … INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .code main PROC mov eax,10000h add eax,40000h sub eax,20000h call DumpRegs exit main ENDP END main
- 18. Remaining • exit: • Halts the program • Not a MSAM keyword, but a command defined in Irvine32.inc • END main: • Marks the last line of the program to be assembled • Identifies the name of the program’s startup procedure 18 TITLE Add and … ; Adds and subtracts ; (10000h + … INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .code main PROC mov eax,10000h add eax,40000h sub eax,20000h call DumpRegs exit main ENDP END main
- 19. Example Program Output • Program output, showing registers and flags 19 EAX=00030000 EBX=7FFDF000 ECX=00000101 EDX=FFFFFFFF ESI=00000000 EDI=00000000 EBP=0012FFF0 ESP=0012FFC4 EIP=00401024 EFL=00000206 CF=0 SF=0 ZF=0 OF=0
- 20. Alternative Version of AddSub 20 TITLE Add and Subtract (AddSubAlt.asm) ; adds and subtracts 32-bit integers .386 .MODEL flat,stdcall .STACK 4096 ExitProcess PROTO, dwExitCode:DWORD DumpRegs PROTO .code main PROC mov eax,10000h ; EAX = 10000h add eax,40000h ; EAX = 50000h sub eax,20000h ; EAX = 30000h call DumpRegs INVOKE ExitProcess,0 main ENDP END main
- 21. Explanations • .386 directive: • Minimum processor required for this code • .MODEL directive: • Generate code for protected mode program • Stdcall: enable calling of Windows functions • PROTO directives: • Prototypes for procedures • ExitProcess: Windows function to halt process • INVOKE directive: • Calls a procedure or function • Calls ExitProcess and passes it with a return code of zero 21
- 22. Suggested Program Template 22 TITLE Program Template (Template.asm) ; Program Description: ; Author: ; Creation Date: ; Revisions: ; Date: Modified by: INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .data ; (insert variables here) .code main PROC ; (insert executable instructions here) exit main ENDP ; (insert additional procedures here) END main
- 23. What's Next • Basic Elements of Assembly Language • Example: Adding and Subtracting Integers • Assembling, Linking, and Running Programs • Defining Data • Symbolic Constants • Real-Address Mode Programming 23
- 24. Assemble-Link-Execute Cycle • Steps from creating a source program through executing the compiled program http://kipirvine.com/asm/gettingStarted/index.htm 24 Source File Object File Listing File Link Library Executable File Map File Output Step 1: text editor Step 2: assembler Step 3: linker Step 4: OS loader
- 25. Listing File • Use it to see how your program is compiled • Contains • source code • addresses • object code (machine language) • segment names • symbols (variables, procedures, and constants) • Example: addSub.lst 25
- 26. Listing File 00000000 .code 00000000 main PROC 00000000 B8 00010000 mov eax,10000h 00000005 05 00040000 add eax,40000h 0000000A 2D 00020000 sub eax,20000h 0000000F E8 00000000E call DumpRegs exit 00000014 6A 00 * push +000000000h 00000016 E8 00000000E * call ExitProcess 0000001B main ENDP END main 26 address memory content
- 27. Data Types BYTE 8-bit unsigned integer SBYTE8-bit signed integer WORD 16-bit unsigned integer SWORD 16-bit signed integer DWORD 32-bit unsigned integer SDWORD 32-bit signed integer FWORD 48-bit integer (Far pointer in protected mode) QWORD 64-bit integer TBYTE 80-bit (10-byte) integer REAL4 32-bit (4-byte) short real REAL8 64-bit (8-byte) long real REAL10 80-bit (10-byte) extended real 27
- 28. Defining BYTE and SBYTE Data • Each of following defines a single byte of storage: 28 value1 BYTE 'A' ; character constant value2 BYTE 0 ; smallest unsigned byte value3 BYTE 255 ; largest unsigned byte value4 SBYTE -128 ; smallest signed byte value5 SBYTE +127 ; largest signed byte value6 BYTE ? ; uninitialized byte • MASM does not prevent you from initializing a BYTE with a negative value, but it is considered poor style • If you declare a SBYTE variable, the Microsoft debugger will automatically display its value in decimal with a leading sign
- 29. Defining Byte Arrays • Examples that use multiple initializers: 29 list1 BYTE 10,20,30,40 list2 BYTE 10,20,30,40 BYTE 50,60,70,80 BYTE 81,82,83,84 list3 BYTE ?,32,41h,00100010b list4 BYTE 0Ah,20h,‘A’,22h
- 30. Defining Strings • An array of characters • Usually enclosed in quotation marks • Will often be null-terminated • To continue a single string across multiple lines, end each line with a comma 30 str1 BYTE "Enter your name",0 str2 BYTE 'Error: halting program',0 str3 BYTE 'A','E','I','O','U' greeting BYTE "Welcome to the Encryption Demo program " BYTE "created by Kip Irvine.",0 menu BYTE "Checking Account",0dh,0ah,0dh,0ah, "1. Create a new account",0dh,0ah, "2. Open an existing account",0dh,0ah, "Choice> ",0 Is str1 an array? End-of-line sequence: •0Dh = carriage return •0Ah = line feed
- 31. Using the DUP Operator • Use DUP to allocate (create space for) an array or string • Syntax: counter DUP (argument) • Counter and argument must be constants or constant expressions 31 var1 BYTE 20 DUP(0) ; 20 bytes, all equal to zero var2 BYTE 20 DUP(?) ; 20 bytes, uninitialized var3 BYTE 4 DUP("STACK"); 20 bytes, ; "STACKSTACKSTACKSTACK”
- 32. Defining WORD and SWORD • Define storage for 16-bit integers • or double characters • single value or multiple values 32 word1 WORD 65535 ; largest unsigned value word2 SWORD –32768 ; smallest signed value word3 WORD ? ; uninitialized, unsigned word4 WORD "AB" ; double characters myList WORD 1,2,3,4,5 ; array of words array WORD 5 DUP(?) ; uninitialized array
- 33. Defining Other Types of Data • Storage definitions for 32-bit integers, quadwords, tenbyte values, and real numbers: 33 val1 DWORD 12345678h ; unsigned val2 SDWORD –2147483648 ; signed val3 DWORD 20 DUP(?) ; unsigned array val4 SDWORD –3,–2,–1,0,1 ; signed array quad1 QWORD 1234567812345678h val1 TBYTE 1000000000123456789Ah rVal1 REAL4 -2.1 rVal2 REAL8 3.2E-260 rVal3 REAL10 4.6E+4096 ShortArray REAL4 20 DUP(0.0)
- 34. Adding Variables to AddSub 34 TITLE Add and Subtract, Version 2 (AddSub2.asm) ; This program adds and subtracts 32-bit unsigned ; integers and stores the sum in a variable. INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .data val1 DWORD 10000h val2 DWORD 40000h val3 DWORD 20000h finalVal DWORD ? .code main PROC mov eax,val1 ; start with 10000h add eax,val2 ; add 40000h sub eax,val3 ; subtract 20000h mov finalVal,eax ; store the result (30000h) call DumpRegs ; display the registers exit main ENDP END main
- 35. Listing File 00000000 .data 00000000 00010000 val1 DWORD 10000h 00000004 00040000 val2 DWORD 40000h 00000008 00020000 val3 DWORD 20000h 0000000C 00000000 finalVal DWORD ? 00000000 .code 00000000 main PROC 00000000 A1 00000000 R mov eax,val1 ; start with 10000h 00000005 03 05 00000004 R add eax,val2 ; add 40000h 0000000B 2B 05 00000008 R sub eax,val3 ; subtract 20000h 00000011 A3 0000000C R mov finalVal,eax; store result 00000016 E8 00000000 E call DumpRegs ; display registers exit 00000022 main ENDP 35
- 36. C vs Assembly 36 .data val1 DWORD 10000h val2 DWORD 40000h val3 DWORD 20000h finalVal DWORD ? .code main PROC mov eax,val1 add eax,val2 sub eax,val3 mov finalVal,eax call DumpRegs exit main ENDP main() { int val1=10000h; int val2=40000h; int val3=20000h; int finalVal; finalVal = val1 + val2 - val3; }
- 37. What's Next • Basic Elements of Assembly Language • Example: Adding and Subtracting Integers • Assembling, Linking, and Running Programs • Defining Data • Symbolic Constants • Equal-Sign Directive • Calculating the Sizes of Arrays and Strings • EQU Directive • TEXTEQU Directive • Real-Address Mode Programming 37
- 38. Equal-Sign Directive • name = expression • expression is a 32-bit integer (expression or constant) • may be redefined • name is called a symbolic constant • Also OK to use EQU • good programming style to use symbols 38 COUNT = 500 … mov al,COUNT
- 39. Calculating the Size of Arrays • Current location counter: $ • Size of a byte array • Subtract address of list and difference is the number of bytes • Size of a word array • Divide total number of bytes by 2 (size of a word) 39 list BYTE 10,20,30,40 ListSize = ($ - list) list WORD 1000h,2000h,3000h,4000h ListSize = ($ - list) / 2
- 40. EQU Directive • Define a symbol as either an integer or text expression • Cannot be redefined • OK to use expressions in EQU: • Matrix1 EQU 10 * 10 • Matrix1 EQU <10 * 10> • No expression evaluation if within < > • EQU accepts texts too 40 PI EQU <3.1416> pressKey EQU <"Press any key to continue",0> .data prompt BYTE pressKey
- 41. TEXTEQU Directive • Define a symbol as either an integer or text expression • Called a text macro • Can be redefined 41 continueMsg TEXTEQU <"Do you wish to continue (Y/N)?"> rowSize = 5 .data prompt1 BYTE continueMsg count TEXTEQU %(rowSize * 2) ; evaluates expression setupAL TEXTEQU <mov al,count> .code setupAL ; generates: "mov al,10"
- 42. Summary • Integer expression, character constant • Directive – interpreted by the assembler • Instruction – executes at runtime • Code, data, and stack segments • Source, listing, object, map, executable files • Data definition directives: • BYTE, SBYTE, WORD, SWORD, DWORD, SDWORD, QWORD, TBYTE, REAL4, REAL8, and REAL10 • DUP operator, location counter ($) • Symbolic constant • EQU and TEXTEQU 42
Editor's Notes
- #4: Beyond my understanding.