Pass Structure of Assembler
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The document discusses concepts related to systems programming, specifically focusing on single-pass and two-pass assemblers and their functions. It explains forward references, symbol tables, intermediate code, and includes examples to demonstrate the assembly process. Additionally, it provides details on required data structures and sample code implementations for both single-pass and two-pass assemblers.
Pass Structure of Assembler
- 1. Subject: Systems Programming Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 2. Single Pass Assembler Forward reference: reference to a label that is defined later in the program. Table of Incomplete Instruction START 200 ADD AREG A .. .. A DS 2 .. .. END Instruction Address Symbol 200 A .. .. What is Forward reference ??Eg.. Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 3. Single Pass Assembler Forward reference: reference to a label that is defined later in the program. Table of Incomplete Instruction START 200 ADD AREG A .. .. A DS 2 .. .. END Instruction Address Symbol 200 A .. .. Symbol Address A Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 4. Single Pass Assembler Forward reference: reference to a label that is defined later in the program. Table of Incomplete Instruction START 200 ADD AREG A .. .. A DS 2 .. .. END Instruction Address Symbol 200 A .. .. Symbol Address A 202 .. .. Target Code 200 01 01 - … .. .. .. 202 Target Code 200 01 01 202 .. .. .. .. 202 Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 5. Single pass Assembler Examples SOURCE PROGRAM START 101 READ N MOVER BREG, ONE MOVEM BREG, TERM AGAIN MULT BREG, TERM MOVER CREG, TERM ADD CREG, ONE MOVEM CREG, TERM COMP CREG, TERM BC LE, AGAIN MOVEM BREG, RESULT PRINT RESULT STOP N DS 1 RESULT DS 1 ONE DC ‘1’ TERM DS 1 END TARGET CODE 101 09 - 102 04 02 - 103 05 02 - 104 03 02 - 105 04 03 - 106 01 03 - 107 05 03 - 108 06 03 - 109 07 02 104 110 05 02 - 111 10 - 112 00 113 114 115 116 TII INSTRUCTI ON Address SYMBOL 101 N 102 ONE 103 TERM 104 TERM 105 TERM 106 ONE 107 TERM 108 TERM 110 RESULT 111 RESULT Symbol Table SYMBOL ADDRESS N 113 ONE 115 TERM 116 RESULT 114 Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 6. Single pass Assembler Examples SOURCE PROGRAM START 101 READ N MOVER BREG, ONE MOVEM BREG, TERM AGAIN MULT BREG, TERM MOVER CREG, TERM ADD CREG, ONE MOVEM CREG, TERM COMP CREG, TERM BC LE, AGAIN MOVEM BREG, RESULT PRINT RESULT STOP N DS 1 RESULT DS 1 ONE DC ‘1’ TERM DS 1 END TARGET CODE 101 09 113 102 04 02 115 103 05 02 116 104 03 02 116 105 04 03 116 106 01 03 115 107 05 03 116 108 06 03 116 109 07 02 104 110 05 02 114 111 10 114 112 00 113 114 115 116 TII INSTRUCTI ON Address SYMBOL 101 N 102 ONE 103 TERM 104 TERM 105 TERM 106 ONE 107 TERM 108 TERM 110 RESULT 111 RESULT Symbol Table SYMBOL ADDRESS N 113 ONE 115 TERM 116 AGAIN 104 RESULT 114 Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 7. Design of Two Pass Assembler PASS I Separate the symbol, mnemonic opcode,and operand fields. Build the symbol table Perform LC processing Construct intermediate code PASS II Synthesize the target code Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 8. Required Data Structures for Two Pass Assembler PASS I PASS II Intermediate Code Symbol Table Literal Table Pool Table Source Code Machine Code Input Output Output Input MOT Register Value Table Conditional Value Table Prerequisite Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 9. Assembler Pass I SOURCE PROGRAM START 200 MOVER AREG, =‘5’ MOVEM AREG, A LOOP MOVER AREG, A MOVER CREG, B ADD CREG, =‘1’ LTORG NEXT1 SUB AREG, ‘=1’ ORIGIN LOOP+1 MULT CREG, B A DS 2 BACK EQU LOOP B DC 1 END INTERMEDIATE CODE (AD,01) (C,200) 200 (IS,04) 1 (L,01) 201 (IS,05) 1 (S,01) 202 (IS,04) 1 (S,01) 203 (IS,04) 3 (S,03) 204 (IS,01) 3 (L,02) (AD,05) 205 005 206 001 207 (IS,02) 1 (L,03) (AD,03) (S,02)+(C,1) 203 (IS,03) 3 (S,03) 204 (DL,02) (C,02) (AD,04) (S,02) 206 (DL,02) (C,02) (AD,02) 207 001 Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 10. Assembler Pass I SOURCE PROGRAM START 200 MOVER AREG, =‘5’ MOVEM ADD, A LOOP MOVER AREG, A MOVER CREG, B ADD CREG, =‘1’ LTORG NEXT1 SUB AREG, ‘=1’ ORIGIN LOOP+1 MULT CREG, B A DS 1 BACK EQU LOOP B DS 1 END INTERMEDIATE CODE (AD,01) (C,200) 200 (IS,04) 1 (L,01) 201 (IS,05) 1 (S,01) 202 (IS,04) 1 (S,01) 203 (IS,04) 3 (S,03) 204 (IS,01) 3 (L,02) (AD,05) 205 005 206 001 207 (IS,02) 1 (L,03) (AD,03) (S,02)+(C,1) 203 (IS,03) 3 (S,03) 204 (DL,02) (C,01) (AD,04) (S,02) 205 (DL,02) (C,01) (AD,02) 206 001 Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 11. SYMBOL TABLE INDEX SYMBOL ADDRESS LENGTH 01 A 204 2 02 LOOP 202 1 03 B 205 1 04 NEXT1 207 1 05 BACK 202 1 Assembler Pass I INTERMEDIATE CODE (AD,01) (C,200) 200 (IS,04) 1 (L,01) 201 (IS,05) 1 (S,01) 202 (IS,04) 1 (S,01) 203 (IS,04) 3 (S,03) 204 (IS,01) 3 (L,02) (AD,05) 205 005 206 001 207 (IS,02) 1 (L,03) (AD,03) (S,02)+(C,1) 203 (IS,03) 3 (S,03) 204 (DL,02) (C,02) (AD,04) (S,02) 206 (DL,02) (C,02) (AD,02) 207 001 LITERAL TABLE INDEX LITERAL ADDRESS 01 =‘5’ 205 02 =‘1’ 206 03 =‘1’ 207 POOL TABLE LIT_INDEX #01 #03 Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 12. Assembler Examples Convert Source code into Pass I & Pass II START 100 MOVER AREG, =‘5’ ADD CREG, =‘1’ A DS 3 L1 MOVER AREG, B ADD AREG, C MOPVEM AREG, D LTORG D EQU A+1 L2 PRINT D ORIGIN A-1 SUB AREG, =‘1’ MULT CREG, B C DS ‘5’ ORIGIN L2+1 STOP B DC ’19’ END EXAMPLE 2 SIMPLE START 100 BALR 15, 0 USING *, 15 LOOP L R1, TWO A R1, FOUR ST R1, FOUR CLI FOUR+3, 4 BNE LOOP BR 14 R1 EQU 1 TWO DC F’2’ FOUR DS F END ASSUME:-BALR & BR are of two bytes…. L,A,ST,CLI,BNE are of four byte instructions… Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 13. Intermediate Code Forms Variant I Variant II SOURCE PROGRAM START 200 READ A LOOP MOVER AREG, A : : SUB AREG, =‘1’ VARIANT -II (AD,01) (C,200) (IS,09) A (IS,04) AREG, A : : (IS,02) AREG, (L,01) VARIANT –I (AD,01) (C,200) (IS,09) (S,01) (IS,04) 1 (S,01) : : (IS,02) 1 (L,01) Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 14. Assembler Pass II INTERMEDIATE CODE (AD,01) (C,200) 200 (IS,04) 1 (L,01) 201 (IS,05) 1 (S,01) 202 (IS,04) 1 (S,01) 203 (IS,04) 3 (S,03) 204 (IS,01) 3 (L,02) (AD,05) 205 005 206 001 207 (IS,02) 1 (L,03) (AD,03) (S,02)+(C,1) 203 (IS,03) 3 (S,03) 204 (DL,02) (C,02) (AD,04) (S,02) 206 (DL,02) (C,02) (AD,02) 207 001 TARGET CODE 200 04 1 205 201 05 1 204 202 04 1 204 203 04 3 205 204 01 3 206 205 005 206 001 207 02 1 207 203 03 3 205 204 206 207 001 Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 15. Assembler Examples SOURCE PROGRAM START 1000 READ N MOVER B, =‘1’ MOVEM B, TERM AGAIN MULT B, TERM MOVER C, TERM ADD C, =‘1’ MOVEM C, TERM COMP C, N BC LE, AGAIN MOVEM B, RESULT LTORG PRINT RESULT STOP N DS 1 RESUL T DS 20 TERM DS 1 END INTERMEDIATE CODE (AD,01) (C,1000) 1000 (IS,09) (S,01) 1001 (IS,04) 2 (L,01) 1002 (IS,05) 2 (S,02) 1003 (IS,03) 3 (S,02) 1004 (IS,05) 3 (S,02) 1005 (IS,01) 3 (L,01) 1006 (IS,05) 3 (S,02) 1007 (IS,06) 3 (S,01) 1008 (IS,07) 2 (S,03) 1009 (IS,05) 2 (S,04) ()AD,05) 1010 (L,01) 1011 (IS,10) (S,04) 1012 (IS,00) 1013 (DL,02) (C,01) 1014 (DL,02) (C,20) 1034 (DL,02) (C,01) (AD,02) Hope Foundation’s ,International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057 Tel - +91 20 22933441 / 2 / 3 | Website - www.isquareit.edu.in ; Email - info@isquareit.edu.in
- 16. THANK YOU For Details feel free to contact Prof. Sameer Mamadapure sameerm@isquareit.edu.in Department of Information Technology Hope Foundation’s International Institute of Information Technology, P-14 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, MIDC Phase I Hinjawadi, Pune – 411 057 Phone - +91 20 22933441 www.isquareit.edu.in | info@isquareit.edu.in