Assignment 1 mod 1
- 1. History of Photography Module 1 Assignment 1 By: Seamus Mahoney
- 2. Camera Obscura 1660 Its a box similar to a room or small building with no windows, but one tiny hole in one side. The smaller the pinhole the sharper the image. Projecting images from outside the room onto the far wall inside. The light passes through the hole and strikes a surface where it is reproduced, upside down, it then can be traced. It can project onto paper or a screen. Later in the 18th century mirrors were used to turn the image right side up. It is used in drawing and for entertainment, and was one of the inventions that led to photography. There was a lens available rather than a pinhole, used when a lager image was needed The first surviving mention of the principles behind the pinhole camera, a precursor to the camera obscura, belongs to Mo-Ti (470 BC to 390 BC), a Chinese philosopher and the founder of Monism.
- 3. The Development of the Photograph 1700 Johann Heinrich Schulze or Schultz was a German professor at the University of Altdorf In 1725 Johann discovered that certain silver salts mainly silver chloride and silver nitrate, darken in a the presence of light; he would cover the bottle of his mixture with stencils so the light would print letters onto it. He thought his experiment was unsuccessful but became the foundation for future work in fixing images. Johann would use this technique to capture temporary images. Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 – 21 May 1786) was a German-Swedish pharmaceutical chemist. 1777 Carl discovered that ammonia poured on silver chloride would leave an image intact. Carl was noted to be the first to write about how the relationship of light and silver salts Carl was called “hard-luck Scheele because he made a number of chemical discoveries before but didn’t publish them therefore didn’t receive credit for them.
- 4. First Photograph 1816 Nicéphore Niépce was a French inventor, most noted as one of the inventors of photography. Niépce took what is believed to be the world’s first photogravure etching, in 1821 of an engraving of Pope Pius VII, but the original was later destroyed when he attempted to duplicate it. The earliest surviving photogravure etchings by Niépce are of a 17th century engraving of a man with a horse and of an engraving of a woman with a spinning wheel. Niepce didn't have steady hands to trace the inverted images of the Camera Ocscura, so he looked for ways to capture the image permanently. Niepce experimented with silver chloride, which darkens when exposed to light. Then he dissolved bitumen in to lavender oil and coated the sheet of pewter with this light capturing mixture. He placed the sheet inside a camera obscura to capture the picture. Eight hours later he washed it with lavender oil to remove the unexposed bitumen.This process was called Heliographic. It was a successful process which is what we call photography today. In 1826 Niepce collaborated with Louis Dagueere and developed the physautotype, a process that used lavender oil. In 1833 Niepce developed a process called Daguerretype: the image is a direct positive made in a camera on a silver copper plate. The raw material for the plate was called Sheffield plate, plating by fusion or cold-rolled cladding; heating and rolling silver foil in contact with a copper support. Its like a mirror, the image made directly on the silvered surface; depending on the angle viewed and the color of the surface reflected into it, the image can change from positive to a negative.
- 5. Daguerre Process 1836 Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre was French artist and physicist , recognized for his invention of the daguerreotype, a process of photography. A process called “Daguerre” was taking place at the same time.The inventor was William Fox Talbot, the Daguerre was a five step process. In 1822 Nicephore Niepce produced the world's first heilographic picture and four years later the first permanent camera. Daguerre partnered with Niépce in 1829, beginning a four-year cooperation. Niépce died suddenly in 1833. Daguerre continued experimenting and evolved the process which would subsequently be known as the Daguerreotype.
- 6. Calotype Process 1840 William Henry Fox Talbot (11 February 1800 – 17 September 1877) was a British inventor and a pioneer of photography In 1841, Talbot announced his discovery of the calotype process: Exposure to light, silver iodide decomposes to silver leaving iodine as a free element. Excess silver iodide is washed away after oxidizing the pure silver with an application of Gallo-nitrate. As silver oxide is black, the resulting image is visible. He was the inventor of Calotype process, the process which made a big difference in the development of what photography was in the 19th and 20th century Talbot's original contributions included the concept of a negative from which many positive prints can be made and the use of gallic acid for developing the latent images.
- 7. Wet Plate Negatives 1851 In 1851, the Englishman Frederick Scott Archer discovered that collodion could be used as an alternative to egg white (albumen) on glass plates. The process called Collodion. This became known as the 'wet plate collodion' or 'wet collodion' method. Collodion was also grainless and colorless, and allowed for one of the first high quality duplication processes, also known as negatives. It also reduced the exposure times as well. The process required great skill and included the following steps: • Clean the glass plate • In the light, pour "salted" collodion onto the glass plate, tilting it so it reaches each corner. The excess is poured back into the bottle. • Take the plate into a darkroom or orange tent and immerse the plate in a silver nitrate bath (for 3–5 minutes) • Lift the plate out of the bath, drain and wipe the back and load it into a dark slide or plate holder • Load the plate holder into the camera, withdraw the dark slide and expose the plate • Develop the plate • Fix the plate
- 8. Battlefield Photography 1855 In 1855 Fenton went to the Crimean War on assignment for the publisher Thomas Agnew to photograph the troops. Fenton established a photographic Society in 1853. It later became the Royal Photographic Society published call for the setting up of a photographic society was answered with its establishment in 1853. Fenton managed to make over 350 usable large format negatives. An exhibition of 312 prints was soon on show in London.
- 9. American Civil War 1861 Matthew B. Brady was one of the most celebrated 19th century American Photographers, best known for his portraits of celebrities and his documentation of the American Civil War. He is credited with being the father of photojournalism. His first popular photographs of the conflict were at the First Battle of Bull Run, here he got so close to the action that he barely avoided capture. In October 1862 Brady opened an exhibition of photographs from The Battle Antietam in his New York gallery titled "The Dead of Antietam." This was the first time that many Americans saw the realities of war in photographs as distinct from previous "artists' impressions". During the war, Brady spent over $100,000 to create over 10,000 plates.
- 10. First Colour Image 1871 Maxwell known for presenting the first durable color photograph in 1861 and for his foundational work on the rigidity of rod-and-joint frameworks like those in many bridges. Maxwell contributed to the field of optics and the study of colour vision, creating the foundation for practical colour photography. During an 1861 Royal Institution lecture on colour theory, Maxwell presented the world's first demonstration of colour photography by this principle of three-colour analysis and synthesis, the basis of nearly all subsequent photochemical and electronic methods of colour photography.
- 11. Dry Plate /Film 1888 Richard Leach Maddox (August 4, 1816 - May 11, 1902) was an English Photographer who invented lightweight gelatin negative plates for photography in 1871. Initially Maddox tried other bases. He combined silver bromide with "vegetable gummy matters" (lichen, linseed, quince), and "starchy substances" (rice, tapioca, sago). Finally he tried gelatine from a packet of Nelson’s Gelatine Graduals. Maddox prepared a number of plates, exposing by contact-printing them from other negatives, and putting each through a different exposure trial. The resulting prints were very delicate in detail, of a colour varying between a bistre and olive tint, and after washing dried to a brilliant surface. The advantages of the dry plate were obvious: photographers could use commercial dry plates off the shelf instead of having to prepare their own emulsions in a mobile darkroom. Negatives did not have to be developed immediately.
- 12. Kodak 1888 Eastman Kodak Company, known as Kodak: photographic equipment, materials and services. 1888: The first model of the Kodak camera appeared. It took round pictures 6.4 cm (2.5 inches) in diameter, was of the fixed focus type, and carried a roll of film enough for 100 exposures. 1889: the first photographic camera was introduced. Kodak is best known for its wide range of photographic film products. During most of the 20th century Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film, and in 1976 had a 90% market share of photographic film sales in the United States. He coined the advertising slogan, "You press the button, we do the rest."
- 13. 35mm Format 1929 35 mm film was first introduced for Edison's Kinetograph film but was not of sufficient quality for still film until the early 1900s. It was not until the 1930's that this smaller film size started to become a popular and it was from this time that 35mm cameras began to dominate the market. In 1934 Kodak produced its first 35 mm camera, the 'Retina'. The Leica 35mm camera made of metal with black leather covering. The base plate with locking mechanism slides off to reveal the film chamber. Shutter speed and film speed dial at back. View finder missing, two mounts at top of camera. The lens is collapsible. Metal lens cap fits over front of lens. The case is made of brown leather and has a strap.
- 14. Flash Bulb 1931 In the 1890s, Louis Boutan – a French zoologist and a pioneer underwater photographer – used a cumbersome magnesium lamp. Powdered magnesium, sealed in a glass jar fixed to a lead-weighted barrel to supply oxygen during burning, was ignited by means of an alcohol lamp. In 1925 Paul Vierkötter used the same principle, when he ignited magnesium electronically in a glass globe. In 1929 the Vacublitz, the first true flashbulb made from aluminum foil sealed in oxygen, was produced in Germany by the Hauser Company using Johannes B. Ostermeier’s patents. It was quickly followed by the Sashalite from the General Electric Company in the USA. The flash bulb was an oxygen-filled bulb in which aluminum foil was burned, with ignition being accomplished by a battery. The light of the bulb, although powerful, was soft and diffused, therefore less dangerous to the eyes than flash powder. Flashbulbs were a big step forward. They weighed little, were easily fired electrically and were extremely powerful and, therefore, convenient. Another important aspect of the technique was that it was extremely safe, especially compared to the widely used before flash powder. There were also several versions of the flashbulbs released to the consumer that fitted everyone from professional to amateur photographers. The purpose was mainly to make the use of the flash more convenient for a novice or an amateur user.
- 15. Electronic Flash 1935 It was in 1931 when Harold Edgerton – a professor of electrical engineering – produced the first electronic flash tube. One of the most important advantages compared to the flash bulbs was that the electronic flash intensity could be controlled and adjusted. Another great advantage, of course, was the rechargeable aspect of the electronic flash. Flash bulbs, despite being extremely useful, were very expensive and could only be obtained by professional photographers. Electronic flash used batteries of some sort, so it was possible to recharge the system. Today’s flash units are electronic flash tubes. An electronic flash contains a tube filled with xenon gas, where electricity of high voltage is discharged to generate an electrical arc that creates a short flash of light.
- 16. Colour Slide 1948 In 1935 Kodak introduced the first modern integral tripack color film called Kodachrome. It was developed by Leopoid Mannes and Leopoid Godowsky, nicknamed Man and God Koda chrome has three layers of emulsion coated on a single base, each layer recording one of the three additives primary colors: Red, Green and Blue. In 1941, Kodak made it possible to order prints from Kodachrome slides. The print "paper" was actually a white plastic coated with a multilayer emulsion similar to that on the film. These were the first commercially available color prints created by the chromogenic dye coupler method. In the following year, Kodacolor film was introduced. Unlike Kodachrome, it was designed to be processed into a negative image which showed not only light and dark reversed but also complementary colors. The use of such a negative for making prints on paper simplified the processing of the prints, reducing their cost.
- 17. Digital Imaging Processor 1987 Digital Image Processing was first developed in the 60’s by Jet Propulsion Labs. It is used in computers as a step by step process using calculations to perform image processing on digital images. The process can create a multidimensional model. It allows the use of complexed calculations for image processing creating more sophisticated performances with simple tasks and applications The use of digital Imaging Process in the medical field; for X- rays, to create a more efficient, less radiation, cheaper results
- 18. Digital Photography: Present Digital photography is a form of photography that uses an array of light sensitive sensors to capture the image focused by the lens, as opposed to an exposure on light sensitive film. The captured image is then stored as a digital file ready for digital processing (colour correction, sizing, cropping, etc.), viewing or printing The first attempt at creating the digital camera was Steven Sasson in 1975, it weighed 8 pounds and took 23 seconds to capture an image. How is works: In digital photography, the photographic film is replaced by a silicon chip which is often called a sensor. While the film is limited in the sense that every exposure results in a photograph and each barrel of film can only produce 36 images; the silicon chip sensor can be used again and again — thereby giving you the ability to experiment with your photos in a way which was never possible with the film camera.So now most of the processing is electronic in the form of 0s and 1s as opposed to the mechanical and chemical operation in the traditional cameras. The cameras that operate based on this principle are known as digital cameras and the art of making digital images is called digital photography.
- 19. Polaroid 1985 The instant camera is a type of camera that generates a developed film image. The most popular types to use self developing film were formerly made by the Polaroid Corporation. The earliest instant camera with a single department was invented by Samuel Sheafrock in 1923 The later instant camera was developed by Edwin Land in 1948 The film used pre-1963 was the instant roll film; you peel the positive from the negative at the end of the development process
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