Assignment 4&5
- 1. ASSIGNMENT 4 & 5 CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- 2. Changes in the respiratory and circulatory system : When : ● Climbing the mountain (strenuous activity) - Respiratory system = faster, deeper breathing (an increase in tidal volume) due to a higher need for carbon dioxide to be released and oxygen to be taken in. - During rapid and heavy breathing, exhalation is active via contraction of the internal intercoastal muscles. - Energy required will depend on elastic properties and resistance. - Compliance – how easy to stretch - Elastance – how readily returns to original shape (if low , active) - Emphysema – elastic destroyed
- 3. - Circulatory system = Heart break faster to transport oxygen (in the blood) around to the body cells and expel carbon dioxide from the body cells. - Heart rate increasing : - Norepinephrine released from sympathetic neurons and epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla. - More Na+ and Ca2+ channels open. - Rate of depolarization and frequency Aps increased.
- 4. ● Reached the highest peak (altitude) - Respiratory system = Faster, deeper breathing (a higher tidal volume in the lungs) because of an increase oxygen demand, and carbon dioxide must be expelled. Harder to breath because oxygen stays the same but the atmospheric pressure dcreases. - Circulatory system = Heart beats faster because more oxygen is needed around the body (high altitudes = low oxygen levels), and carbon dioxide expelled.
- 6. Symptoms of high altitude sickness -Altitude sickness occurs when you cannot get enough oxygen from the air at high altitudes. It happens most often when people who are not used to high altitudes go quickly from lower altitudes to 8000 ft (2438 m) or higher. Being male or female and your fitness level play no role in whether you get altitude sickness.
- 7. ● The symptoms of altitude sickness include: -A headache, which is usually throbbing. It gets worse during the night and when you wake up. -Not feeling like eating. -Feeling sick to your stomach. You may vomit. -Feeling weak and lazy. In severe cases, you do not have the energy to eat, dress yourself, or do anything. -Waking up during the night and not sleeping well. -Feeling dizzy.
- 8. -Your symptoms may be mild to severe. They may not start until a day after you have been at a high altitude. Many people say altitude sickness feels like having a hangover. -Altitude sickness can affect your lungs and brain. When this happens, symptoms include being confused, not being able to walk straight (ataxia), feeling faint, and having blue or gray lips or fingernails. When you breathe, you may hear a sound like a paper bag being crumpled. These symptoms mean the condition is severe. It may be deadly.
- 9. High altitude sickness treatment ● ● ● If you start to develop mild symptoms of altitude sickness, stay at your current altitude until your symptoms improve. If your symptoms get worse, immediately descend from your current altitude. Make sure everyone you're travelling with has fully acclimatised before going any higher. ● Try to have a full rest day every three days. ● Keep well hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids. ● Eat a high-calorie diet while at altitude. ● ● Do not smoke, drink alcohol or use medication such as tranquillisers and sleeping pills while you are at altitude. They could make any symptoms of altitude sickness worse. Remember that the risk of sunburn and sunstroke is increased at altitude, so take full precautions to prevent them happening. In particular, make sure you have appropriate eye protection (specialist sunglasses, snow goggles or equivalent) and use them to prevent snowblindness, even if it is hazy.
- 10. ● Medication -There are some medicines that can help prevent altitude sickness as well as treat it. Acetazolamide -To prevent altitude sickness, acetazolamide is taken twice a day. You should begin taking the medication two days before you start to ascend. Continue taking it while you are ascending and for at least two days after you have reached your highest altitude. Dexamethasone -Dexamethasone is usually taken twice a day to help prevent altitude sickness. It is normally taken for about two days, starting when you begin your ascent.
- 11. Would it make any difference if the climber is a female??? ● I think there is no difference if the climber is a female. They will have the same changes in circulatory and respiratory system and same same symptoms if they get high altitude sickness.