Assignment
- 1. GESTOSANI, SANIEJOIE A. BSBA- FM 1 What is an Adverb? Adverb - modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause. - indicate manner, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as how, when, where, how much (*modify- means to add to or change the meaning of a word) Modify a verb Examples: Loudly, Locally John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?) Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?) Modifies an adjective Examples: Really, Very He is really handsome. (How handsome is he?) He drove a very fast car. (How fast was his car?) Modifies an adverb Examples: Incredibly, Quite She drives incredibly slowly. (How slowly does she drive?) She moved quite slowly down the aisle. (How slowly did she move?) Adverb Form - We make many adverbs by adding – ly to an adjectives. Example: Beautiful (adjective) > beautifully (adverb) Basic rules about spelling for -ly adverbs adjective ending do this adjective adverb most adjectives add -ly quick nice sole careful quickly nicely solely carefully
- 2. adjective ending do this adjective adverb -able or -ible change -e to -y regrettable horrible regrettably horribly -y change -y to -ily happy happily -ic change -ic to - ically economic economically le change -e to -y gentle gently * Not all words that end in ly are adverbs Example: Friendly, Lovely, Lonely, Neighborly (All are adjectives) * Some adverbs have no particular form Example: Well, Fast, Very, Never, Always, Often, Still Kinds of Adverbs Adverb of Manner - Tells us the manner or way in which something happens - They answer the question “HOW” - Mainly modifies verbs Examples: He speaks slowly. (How does he speak?) They helped us cheerfully. (How did they help us?)
- 3. Adverb of Place - Tells us the place where something happens - They answer the question “WHERE” - Modify verbs Examples: Please sit here. (Where should I sit?) They looked everywhere. (Where did they look?) Adverb of Time - Tells us something about the time that something happens - Answer the question “WHEN” - Modify verbs Examples: He came yesterday. (When did he come?) I want it now. (When do I want it?) Adverb of Frequency - Are adverbs of time - Answer the question “HOW FREQUENTLY” or “HOW OFTEN” - Tells us how often something happens Definite Frequency- tells us exactly how often Examples: Daily, Weekly, Yearly Indefinite Frequency- gives us an idea about frequency but doesn’t tell exactly Examples: Often, Sometimes, Rarely * We separate them in two groups because they normally go in different positions in the sentence. Adverb of Degree or Quantity - Tells us the degree or extent to which something happens - Answer the question “TO WHAT DEGREE” - Can modify verbs, adjective and other adverbs Examples: She entirely agrees with him. (How much does she agree with him?) Mary is very beautiful. (To what degree is Mary beautiful? How beautiful is Mary?)
- 4. Adverb Position When an adverb modifies a verb, there are usually 3 possible positions within the sentence or clause. 1. FRONT- before subject Now I read a book. 2. MID- between subject + verb I often read books. 3. END- after verb/ object I read books carefully. When an adverb modifies an adjective or another adverb, it usually goes in front of the word that it modifies, for example: adverb adjective She gave him a really dirty look. adverb adverb We quite often Study English. The position of an adverb often depends on the kind of adverb (manner, place, time, degree). The following tables give you some guidelines for the placement based on the kind of adverb. Kind of adverb Mainly modifies Sentence Usual positionadverb Manner verbs She spoke gently. END Place verbs He lived here. END Time/Frequency Definite I’ll do it today. END Indefinite We often go to Paris. MID Degree Verbs, adjective, and adverb I nearly died. MID It was terribly funny. before adjective He works really fast. before adjective *guidelines only and there are many exceptions. 3 Degrees of Adverbs 1. Positive Adverbs - Qualify the modified word without comparing it to anything else. Example: softly 2. Comparative Adverbs - Are used to compare two qualities Example: more softly
- 5. 3. Superlative Adverbs - Are used to indicate that one modified word has quality to a greater or lesser degree than two or more other. Example: most softly Forming of Comparative and Superlative Adverbs Adverbs ending in –ly take the forms of comparative and superlative. Example: I arrived early. - Positive He arrived earlier than me. - Comparative She arrived earliest of all of us. - Superlative Comparative adverbs of two or more syllables use more or less. Example: I finished quickly. – Positive He finished more quickly. – Comparative She finished most quickly of all of us. – Superlative Word Form Examples Comparative Rule Examples Superlative Rule Examples One syllable adverbs Late Soon Hard Fast Add “r” or “er” Later Sooner Harder Faster Add “st” or “est” Latest Soonest Hardest Fastest Adverbs with two or more syllables Often seldom Do not change the word Add the word “more” before the adverb More often More seldom Do not change the word Add the word “most” before the adverb Most often Most seldom Some two syllable adverbs ending in “y” early Change the “y” to “i” and add the suffix “er” earlier Change the “y” to “i” and add the suffix “est” Earliest Adverbs that end in “ly” Wisely Quietly Sweetly Do not change the word Add the word “more” before the adverb More quietly More sweetly Do not change the word Add the word “most” before the adverb Most wisely Most quietly Most sweetly
- 6. Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adverbs There are few adverbs that don’t play by the rules. These are the most common adverb exceptions. Word Comparative form Superlative form Badly Worse Worst Little Less Least Much More Most Well Better Best Far Farther Farthest Far Further Furthest *(farther/farthest- distance only) * (further/furthest- distance, sequence & time) Adverbial Phrase/Adverb Phrase - Contains no subject or predicate - Functions like adverbs. They can tell when, how, where, and to what extent or purpose. Adverb phrase can start with a preposition. *Preposition- Is a word governing, usually coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or elements. Examples: He lived in the north of Germany. He acts like he owns the place. She went to the movie every month. I went to bed after I finished my homework. An adverb or adverb phrase is a workhorse in the world of grammar, changing and enhancing the meaning of their partner verbs. Adverbial Clause/ Adverb Clause - Is a group of words which plays the role of an adverb; that is, the entire clause modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. As with all clauses, it contains a subject and predicate, although the subject as well as the (predicate) verb may sometimes be omitted and implied. Properties of an Adverbial Clause An adverbial clause is an adjunct. This means it can be removed without the sentence being grammatically wrong. An adverbial clause is a dependent clause. This means it cannot stand alone as meaningful sentence in its own right. An adverbial clause usually starts with a subordinating conjunction (e.g. although, because, if , until, when) An adverbial clause will contain a subject and a verb. (This is what makes it a clause as opposed to phrase.)
- 7. *Subordinating conjunction - joins subordinate clause (also known as dependent clause) to the main clause (also known as independent clause) Examples: After, Although, As, Because, Before, How, If, Once, Since, That, etc. * Conjunction- Is a word that joins. It joins two parts of a sentence. Examples: And, But, Or, No, For, Yes, So, Unless, Than, Till, Until, When, etc. * Independent Clause- Can express a complete thought (and can standalone sentence) Example: Tara ate a cheese roll after she watched the news. (Tara ate cheese roll is an independent clause. It works as a standalone sentence) *Dependent Clause- Is one that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. Example: He literally stitched mail sacks until his fingers bled. (The dependent clause until his fingers bled modifies the verb to stitch.) Types of Adverbial/ Adverb Clauses Type of Clause Common Conjunctions Function Example Time Conjunctions answering the question “when?”, such as: when before, after, since while, as, as long as, till, until, etc.; Or the paired (correlative) conjunctions: Hardly... when, scarcely... when, barely... when, no sooner... when These clauses: Say when something happens by referring to a period or point of time, or to another event. Her goldfish died when she was young. He came after night had fallen. We barely had gotten there when mighty Casey struck out. Condition If, unless, lest Talks about possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards. Purpose In order to, so that, in order that Indicate the purpose of an action They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard. Reason Because, since, as, given Indicate the reason for something I couldn’t feel anger against him because I liked him too much. Concession Although, though, while Make two statements, one of which contrasts the other or makes it seem surprising I used to read a lot although I don’t get much time for books now.
- 8. Place Answering the question “where?”: where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. Talk about the location or position of something He said he was happy where he was. Comparison As... as, than, as State comparison of a skill, size or amount, etc. Johan can speak English as fluently as his teacher. Manner Answering the question, “how?”: as, like, the way Talk about someone’s behaviour or the way something is done I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them. Results So... that, such... that Indicate the result(s) of an act or event My suitcase had become so damaged that the lid would not stay closed.