Atmosphere environment
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This document explores the atmosphere's significance, composition, and layers, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It details the interactive nature of Earth's systems—atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere—and discusses weather and climate factors such as temperature, humidity, and air pressure. Additionally, it highlights the mechanisms of heat transfer and the role of gases in shaping weather and climate patterns.
Atmosphere environment
- 2. The Atmosphere Environment O This chapter discusses: 1. The significance of the Atmosphere 2. The composition of the Atmosphere 3. The layers of the atmosphere 4. The Atmospheric Circulation
- 3. Importance O Atmosphere – a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around Earth. O It keeps Earth’s temperature in a range that can support life. O It also care for life-forms from some of the Sun’s harmful rays.
- 4. The Composition of Atmosphere Earth’s systems Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere Geosphere water life land/rockAir/gases
- 5. The Atmosphere ** layer of gas that surrounds Earth more commonly known as “air”.
- 6. Atmosphere. How do you know its there O Is this “air” that surrounds us considered matter? Does it weigh anything? How do you know? O Think about it and decide on an answer. O Talk in groups with the person who sits by you O Be ready to tell the class what you decided and why.
- 8. Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases. O Are some atoms bigger than others? O Are their atomic weights all the same?
- 10. The Composition of Atmosphere o The Atmosphere o Mostly Nitrogen and Oxygen o Water vapor is responsible for clouds and precipitation o Has layers o Protects us from meteors and comets, x-rays, gamma rays, ultra violet light o The Hydrosphere o The Biosphere o The Geosphere
- 11. Layers of the Atmosphere Atmosphere Exosphere-- Thermosphere-- Mesosphere-- Stratosphere-- Troposphere
- 12. Composition of the Earth’s Atmosphere O Earth Has 4 main systems that interact: O The Atmosphere O Troposphere O Stratosphere O Mesosphere O Thermosphere O Exosphere O The Hydrosphere O The Biosphere O The Geosphere
- 15. Composition of Earth’s atmosphere O Earth Has 4 main systems that interact: O The Atmosphere O Troposphere O Contains most clouds and weather. O Temperature cools as you go higher50% of sun’s energy passes through, 50% is reflected back. O Most of the troposphere’s heat is from Earth (convection) O Stratosphere O Mesosphere O Thermosphere O The Hydrosphere O The Biosphere O The Geosphere
- 16. Atmosphere Exosphere-- Thermosphere-- Mesosphere-- Stratosphere-- Troposphere Contains most clouds and weather. Temperature cools as you go higher50% of sun’s energy passes through, 50% is reflected back. Most of the troposphere’s heat is from Earth (convection)
- 17. Troposphere and Clouds O Among other gases there is water vapor in the troposphere. O Clouds—form when air rises, cools to its dew point, and becomes saturated (moist).
- 20. Water Cycle Demo
- 21. Precipitation Ofalling water in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail
- 22. Earth’s Weather Troposphere O Weather—the atmosphere’s condition in terms of temperature, cloud cover, wind speed and direction, humidity, and air pressure. O What are different types of weather? ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ____________
- 23. Earth’s Weather Troposphere O Temperature—a measure of how fast air molecules are moving. O When molecules are moving rapidly, temperature is high. O Celsius and Fahrenheit thermometers measure air temperature.
- 24. Earth’s Weather Troposphere O Energy is transferred between fast-moving molecules and slower-moving molecules. O Conduction—transfer of energy when molecules collide. O Give an example of something heating up due to conduction: __________________________________ O Convection occurs when warm air rises and cool air sinks. O Give an example of something heating up due to convection: ___________________________________
- 25. Earth’s Weather Troposphere O Air pressure— air weight that varies over Earth’s surface. O Warmer air is less dense and exerts less pressure. O Cooler air is more dense and exerts more pressure.
- 26. Earth’s Weather Troposphere O Humidity— the amount of water vapor in the air O Temperature affects how much moisture is in the air. O Dew point—when the air is holding as much water vapor as it can O Relative humidity— a measure of the amount of water vapor present compared to the amount that could be held at a specific temperature.
- 27. O Lets cover the other layers briefly. O Go back up to the graphic organizer at the top of your notes and fill in info about each layer. THAT WAS ALL ABOUT THE TROPOSPHERE!!! Atmosphere Exosphere-- Thermosphere-- Mesosphere-- Stratosphere-- Troposphere
- 28. O Earth Has 4 main systems that interact: O The Atmosphere O Troposphere O Stratosphere O 10 km to 50 km O contains ozone that absorbs much of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. O Gets warmer as you go up. O Mesosphere O Thermosphere O The Hydrosphere O The Biosphere O The Geosphere The Composition of Atmosphere
- 29. Atmosphere Exosphere-- Thermosphere-- Mesosphere- Stratosphere--10 km to 50 km , contains ozone that absorbs much of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. , Gets warmer as you go up. Troposphere--Contains most clouds and weather. Most of the troposphere’s heat is from Earth Temperature cools about 6.5 degrees Celsius per kilometer of altitude.
- 30. The Composition of Atmosphere O Earth Has 4 main systems that interact: O The Atmosphere O Troposphere O Stratosphere O Mesosphere O 50-85 km O The coldest part of the atmosphere. It can get down to -90°C in the mesosphere. O Thermosphere O The Hydrosphere O The Biosphere O The Geosphere
- 31. Atmosphere Exosphere-- Thermosphere-- Mesosphere- 50-85 km, The coldest part of the atmosphere. It can get down to -90°C in the mesosphere. - Stratosphere--10 km to 50 km , contains ozone that absorbs much of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. , Gets warmer as you go up. Troposphere--Contains most clouds and weather. Most of the troposphere’s heat is from Earth Temperature cools about 6.5 degrees Celsius per kilometer of altitude.
- 32. The Composition of Atmosphere O Earth Has 4 main systems that interact: O The Atmosphere O Troposphere O Stratosphere O Mesosphere O Thermosphere O 80-500 km O Temperatures increase up to 1,700°C O Filters out x-rays and gamma rays from the sun. O This is an image of the space shuttle as it is orbiting around the Earth. The space shuttle orbits in the thermosphere of the Earth. O The Hydrosphere O The Biosphere O The Geosphere
- 33. Atmosphere Exosphere-- Thermosphere-- 80-500 km, Temperatures increase up to 1,700°C, Filters out x-rays and gamma rays from the sun. , This is an image of the space shuttle as it is orbiting around the Earth. The space shuttle orbits in the thermosphere of the Earth. Mesosphere--The temperature drops when you go higher, like it does in the troposphere. Coldest part of the atmosphere Stratosphere--from 10 km to 50 km above Earth’s surface, this layer contains ozone that absorbs much of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. Troposphere--Contains most clouds and weather., Most of the troposphere’s heat is from Earth, Temperature cools about 6.5 degrees Celsius per kilometer of altitude.
- 34. The Composition of Atmosphere O Earth Has 4 main systems that interact: O The Atmosphere O Troposphere O Stratosphere O Mesosphere O Thermosphere O Exosphere Extends to 10,000 km above the Earth’s Surface Is the upper most layer of the atmosphere. In exosphere, an upward travelling molecule can escape to space. The exosphere is the highest layer of the atomosphere O The Hydrosphere O The Biosphere O The Geosphere
- 35. Atmosphere Exosphere--The last layer of the atmosphere, Difficult to tell where it stops and space begins, Very few atoms in this layer of the atmosphere Thermosphere-- The air is really thin that high up. The temperature changes with the solar activity. If the sun is active, temperatures in the thermosphere can get up to 1,500°C or higher! Mesosphere--The temperature drops when you go higher, like it does in the troposphere. Coldest part of the atmosphere Stratosphere--from 10 km to 50 km above Earth’s surface, this layer contains ozone that absorbs much of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. Troposphere--Contains most clouds and weather., Most of the troposphere’s heat is from Earth, Temperature cools about 6.5 degrees Celsius per kilometer of altitude.
- 36. Wind System
- 37. A non-rotating earth • Convection Cells: This is the term used to describe the process of warm air rising, travelling laterally, cooling and sinking and returning to the source region along the surface. • If there was no land on earth, we would have two big convection cells, one in each hemisphere • Remember, air moves from hot to cold and high to low pressure • Convection cells would operate from the equator (heat surplus) to the poles(net deficit) with air flowing upwards at the equator, cooling at the top of the troposphere and descending when cool at the poles.
- 38. The three cells O Unfortunately it is not that simple! The earth is split into three cells in each hemisphere
- 40. Coriolis O This is the effect of the earth spinning. O It affects all large bodies of liquid or gas, ie water and air O Remember the earth spins anticlockwise if you were looking down on the North Pole, as in from west to east O Therefore along the equator, major currents flow from east to west.
- 41. Hadley cells O The helical circulation patterns of which the Trade Winds form the surface expression; the north–south component of this helical circulation is known as the Hadley circulation; the two ‘Hadley cells’ can be seen on either side of the Equator
- 44. Global Heat budget O Excess at the equator O Deficit at the poles O Therefore all air and ocean currents transport heat pole wards O Latitudinal heat balance: O Balance of incoming and outgoing radiation applicable for whole earth is not maintained on latitudes. O At 38°, incoming radiation and outgoing radiation are equal. O Above 38°, the atmosphere loses more radiation. O Below 38°, the atmosphere gains more radiation. O This energy imbalance is what drives winds and ocean currents.
- 45. Mechanisms of Heat Transfer O Conduction: O Conduction is the heat transferred through molecular and electron collisions from one molecule to another. O Metals are good conductors O Convection: O Convection is the heat transferred via movement or circulation of a substance, primarily vertically O Warm air rising creates thermal currents. O Advection describes the primarily horizontal component of convective flow.
- 46. Mechanisms of Heat Transfer ORadiation
- 47. Mechanisms of Heat Transfer OSolar radiation travels through space providing light and heat energy. O Wavelength describes the length of the crest of one radio wave to the next. O Visible light, often referred to as “white light,” actually describes the sensitivity of the human eye to a range of wavelengths. O Infrared radiation cannot be seen by the human eye, but is detected as heat. O Ultraviolet radiation, on the opposite side of the visible range, consists of wavelengths that may cause sunburns.
- 48. Mechanisms of Heat Transfer O Laws of radiation: 1. All objects continually emit radiate energy of a range of wavelengths. 2. Hotter objects radiate more total energy per unit than colder ones. 3. Hotter objects radiate more short wave radiation than cooler ones. 4. Objects that are good absorbers of radiation are also good emitters.
- 49. What Happens to Incoming Solar Radiation? OReflection: O Light bounces back from an object at the same angle and intensity. OScattering: O Scattering produces a large number of weaker rays traveling in different directions. OBackscattering: O Scattering, both backwards and forwards, is known as backscattering.
- 50. What Happens to Incoming Solar Radiation? O Reflection and the Earth’s albedo: O Albedo is the % of radiation reflected by an object. O The albedo for Earth is about 30%. O For the moon, the albedo is about 7%. O Light objects have higher albedos and darker objects have lower albedos.
- 53. What Happens to Incoming Solar Radiation? O Diffused light: O Diffused light is the result of dust particles and gas molecules scatter light in different directions. O This diffusion results in clear days with a bright blue sky. O A red sun on the horizon is the result of the great distance solar radiation must travel before it reaches your eyes.
- 54. The Role of Gases in the Atmosphere O Heating of the atmosphere O When gas molecules absorb radiation, this energy is transformed into internal molecular motion, detected as a rise in temperature
- 55. The Role of Gases in the Atmosphere
- 57. Weather O A local and temporary condition in the air or the atmosphere. O Heat, moisture and the wind in different combinations produce the different atmospheric conditions known as weather
- 59. Climate O Associated with place O Includes daily, seasonal, and yearly variations in the weather
- 60. Elements of Climate 1. Temperature- refers to the quantity of heat present n a particular mass. 2. Precipitation- refers to the descent of all forms of moisture from the atmosphere 3. Humidity- refers to the presence of water vapor in the air 4. Atmospheric Pressure- refers to the mass weight of a column of air above a given point 5. Wind- refers to the air in horizontal motion
- 61. Factors of Climate 1. Latitude 2. Altitude 3. Distribution of Land and Bodies of Water 4. Orographic Barriers 5. Pressure and Wind 6. Ocean Currents 7. Storms
- 64. Reference List O http://www.slideshare.net/201143947/heatin g-of-the-atmosphere O http://www.slideshare.net/phetolo/slide- share-presentation-32038319 O http://www.slideshare.net/pydrex/atmospher e-environmentenvi-sci O http://www.slideshare.net/Alyssa10/atmosph ere-powerpoint O http://www.slideshare.net/katiewilkerosn/atm osphere-151