Attachment In Orphans

Attachment In Orphans
Based on statistics from 2015, there are currently 400,000 orphans within the United States's foster
system. An orphan would be described as a child whose parents or guardians are deceased. For the
young orphan that face the traumatic experience of having or perhaps even watching their parents
die, may possibly possess serious psychological problems. Throughout this research paper, there
will be several descriptions of common disorders or mental illnesses that an orphan may experience
from being separated from their birth parents or guardians. The first disorder common in orphan
children and young adults is attachment disorder. Attachment disorder can be described as an
psychological illness found in children that have issues with attachment.
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Attachment Styles : Secure Attachment Style
Attachments Styles
Secure Attachment Style. People who refer to this category have a positive view of themselves and
of the other people also. I suppose this category could fit Daniel Cleaver from "Bridget Jones`s
Diary". That is because they are true optimists and it is their life philosophy to trust people and not
only those who they love (Harms, 2011). They consider a person as such who deserves being treated
kindly and respectfully. They feel secure about people and do not get ready to defend themselves
because they do not put themselves in a position of defense from the outside world. They are open to
the world. Moreover, they know there might be difficulties and conflicts, but still they do not afraid
of them. In the adult life, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An avoidant adult will avoid forming longtime relationships because they simply find it "isn`t worth
the effort" ("Attachment Styles: Overcoming Fear, Embracing Intimacy At Last", 2012). They tend
to believe that longtime relationships are hardly reachable so they are rather pessimistic than
optimistic in terms of forming and keeping relationships through lifetime. In the other word, the
relationships through a lifetime are not about the avoidant category. Living "on the own terms" is
secure and that is how it is possible to be confident in future ("Attachment Styles: Overcoming Fear,
Embracing Intimacy At Last", 2012). If a secure type is rather confident in relationships, an avoidant
type will be secure in the absence of these relationships. Unlike to a secure type, avoidant adults do
not tend to get attached too much to another person because they feel unsure whether this person is
reliable or not. The avoidant people do not want to get attached because it is unsecure.
Anxious/Preoccupied Attachment Style. Anxious adults would be preoccupied with the idea that the
other person is not as attached as he/she is and would think what the reasons are and would be
anxious about this situation. I suppose Bridget Jones from "Bridget Jones`s Diary" fit this category.
High anxiety and low avoidance are typical for this category ("Attachment Styles: Overcoming Fear,
Embracing Intimacy At Last", 2012). Sometimes, they think they would scary

Attachment Vs. Attachment Theory
This essay will comprise, firstly, of past research looking into what attachment/ attachment theory
is, focusing on Bowlby's (1973) research into why an infant's first attachment is so important.
Followed, by the work of Ainsworth et al (1978) bringing to light the findings from the strange
situation, and how the research can explain mental illness. From this and in–depth discussion
looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research have an effect on two particular
disorders, depression and anxiety; while keeping a holistic approach considering other variables
within attachment theory which have been linked with the development of these disorders.
Through–out, the implications of knowing about this potential link between attachment and mental
health will also be discussed. Finally, a conclusion will be made to whether there is a strong link
with attachment and mental illness.
Attachment theory has proven to be one of the most beneficial frameworks for understanding risk
and protection factors within developmental psychology stated by Bowlby (1973). Bowlby (1982)
suggested that children form mental representations of relationships based on their interactions with
their primary care giver. Which form a cognitive structure of embodying memories based on these
daily interactions with their attachment figure (Bretherton et al, 1990). This is more commonly
known as the internal working model, and has been used to explain how infants used this existing
representation, to

Early Emotional Attachment On Attachment Parenting
People can and do get the [attachment] theory confused with attachment parenting. The result of this
may be that some parents, thinking that attachment parenting is too consuming and also because
western society has a need for independence and separation, may then look for alternative methods
that do not involve any form of attachment "methods". The purpose of researching these theories is
to gather information about attachment theory for those involved to make informed decisions that do
not involve a speciﬁc parenting philosophy that may not suit their family's needs.
Attachment is the method through which people acquire specific positive and close emotional bonds
with others. In mature relationships, people may be equal attachment figures. However, this is not
the case in a relationship between the child and parent. The child–parent attachment is a tie based on
a need for safety, security and protection, paramount during infancy and childhood when the
developing individual is undeveloped and weak. As a result, infants unconsciously attach to their
caregivers. This paper will further discuss the importance of early emotional attachment in
development as well as progressive concepts and empirical foundations.
Infant Attachment
The earliest derivation of attachment theory is found in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of
development. Freud was the first to suggest a theory of human developmental stages. Oral stage, the
first step of his theory, sees infants become attached

The Attachment Theory and Factors Damaging to Attachment
Attachment Theory
Relationships are the building block for personality and are significant in children's ability to grow
into substantial individuals who can thrive in an often harsh world. Constructing lasting and
fulfilling relationships is an integral part to development as the interpersonal bonds forged are not
only highly sought after but also set the ground work for all upcoming expressive interactions.
Relationships and attachment go hand in hand as attachment is the strong and lasting linkage
established between a child and his or her caregiver. Moreover, attachment significantly influences a
large capacity of ones make up as it these first relationships that teaches morals, builds self–esteem,
and develops a support system. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These included Secure attachment, Avoidant, and resistant patterns . Also furthering the work of her
predecessors, Mary Main a student of both Ainsworth and Bowlby provided additional categories of
attachment which included the disorganized disoriented pattern. Many children growing up in
homes plagued by substance use of any nature struggle the most when into adulthood and as a result
of poor attachments often develop negative relational patterns. Children in these households often
develop what is known as an avoidant attachment style in which they have not maintained trust with
caregivers early on thus lending to behaviors of mistrust later in life as they weren't provided
stability early on.
Culture and Attachment Attachment theory is a great model for understanding the maladaptive
patterns of behavior many adults may present later in life. As relationship and relational patterns are
developed early in life the way in which people view themselves and the world are greatly
influenced by their experiences with attachment figures. Though attachment theory wishes to look at
the universal inner workings of child development and attachment organization it does not fully
discuss the cultural contexts. Attachment theory instead looks to universally categorize the survival
needs of all infants but does not take into consideration cultural, racial, and socio–economic
elements that may affect the differential attachment

Attachments In Relationships
Many people think that attachment is something that only toddlers experience. But, after the
research I did and asking people specific questions, I saw that even adults display different types of
attachments in relationships. Four different forms of attachment were developed because of the
strange situation experiment. Those being: secure attachment, insecure–avoidant, insecure–resistant
and disoriented–disorganized. I wanted to see if I could specifically place an adult into one of these
categories by forming a rating scale based on a couple of statements that were related to each type of
attachment. I asked two people that are very close to me to take the survey I developed: My
boyfriend Nick, and a co–worker Donna. So, each of the statements

Attachment Theory
Attachment theory examines the mannerisms of the infant and caregiver, how they relate to each
other, and how they reinforce each others' behaviors. Touching, tickling, holding, picking up,
vocalizing, looking, and both proto–imperative and proto–declarative pointing are all part of those
behaviors. A safe haven is generally the physical location about the caregiver where the infant feels
safe while a safe harbor is the area around the caregiver where the infant feels comfortable to
explore their world. Through the Strange Situation test, Ainsworth and Mains determined four
categories or styles of attachment, which have been both praised and criticized through the years but
remain generally consistent, even when performed in multiple cultures: ... Show more content on
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Non–genetic factors account for about 25% of congenital hearing loss (American Speech–
Language–Hearing Association) and causes include maternal infection or disease (rubella, herpes
simplex, diabetes, etc.), low birth weight, injuries during the birthing process, or toxins including
alcohol and drugs consumed by the mother during pregnancy. Genetic factors "are thought to cause
more than 50% of all hearing loss." If both parents carry the recessive gene and pass it along to the
child, parents are often surprised to discover their child has a hearing loss because they are not
aware that they are carrying a defective gene. This type of inheritance pattern accounts for about
70% of all genetic hearing loss. If one parent passes an abnormal gene, the parent who is carrying
the dominant gene may also have hearing loss as well as other signs and symptoms that make up a
genetic syndrome. This type of inheritance pattern accounts for 15% of all genetic hearing loss
cases. Hearing loss may not be total, and it may not be bi–lateral. For the purposes of this paper, we
are only looking at cases of complete, bi–lateral hearing loss, commonly called "deafness," though
those with hearing loss may self–identify as "deaf" even if they do not have 100% hearing loss. In
addition, "identification with the Deaf community is a personal choice and is usually made
independent of the individual's hearing

Attachment Theories: Are Early Attachments Really Necessary?
Attachment theory concerns the psychological, evolutionary and ethological ideas that help us
understand relationships between people. Theorists believe that a child has a need to form
attachments with an adult care giver to ensure adequate growth and social and emotional
development. This 'bond' has to be maintained by the care giver and mostly uninterrupted to ensure
a child grows into a happy and confident, adapted adult.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory has heavily influenced research into attachment, underpinning the
importance of the mother/child bond on future child development. Bowlby (1969) and others
recognised this in their research and results, but some found it did not specifically have to be the
mother– a general loving care ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the child is now mobile we can see the attachment. The child will begin to use the caregiver as a
safe base from which to explore. Only when a separation is continued for a period of time, a baby's
reaction will turn from upset to angry. Bowlby, 1973, 1980, called this the 'protest' stage. Next, a
child will become slightly depressed (the despair stage) until eventually seeming to overcome the
separation and becoming responsive again. (the stage of detachment) this was not necessarily a
recovery, but possibly a repression of feelings towards the caregiver. Many factors in a separation
seem to come into play when determining the fate of the child's wellbeing going into adulthood after
detachment. A lack of appropriate attachment forming in a child can lead to 'reactive attachment
disorder'.
Bowlby's Ideas
John Bowlby was a child psychiatrist researching theories on attachment. Bowlby studies many
children and their reactions to separation from their attachment (usually the mother).
Robertson and Bowlby (1952) observed that there were three progressive reactions to separation.
Protest, despair and detachment. They studied children aged 1 to 4 who had been placed in
residential nurseries, mostly because of the mother's hospitalisation. After the detachment the
children generally became more interested in their surroundings and became more alert again. But
the study found when the mothers returned they were greeted with lack of interest and often anger
by

Attachment Theory
Attachment Theory John Bowlby was a psychoanalyst and has developed his knowledge and
understanding into the theory of Attachment. Bowlby believed that children have been born
programmed to form attachments which will help them survive; this is known as evolutionary
attachments. Bowlby believed that all attachments are instinctive, he said that attachments are
shown when the child is under conditions of feeling threatened, such as: separation, fear and
insecurity. In 1969 and 1988 Bowlby suggested that fear of strangers was an important survival
mechanism; he said that babies display natural behaviours, such as: crying, laughing, smiling and
crawling, this ensures the baby to feel in close contact with the mother. Attachment is an ... Show
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Children with attachment disorders will have a lack of self–esteem and trust, and will fears forming
a bond with people. Attachment disorder will most likely to result in emotional and behavioural
problems, such as: a child displaying aggressive behaviour to attract negative attention. It is also
said that child suffering Mary Ainsworth, a psychologist, was most famous for her research and
explanations of the differences between attachments. Mary Ainsworth made an assessment called
'Strange Situations Classification;' this was used to investigate how attachments vary. This
assessment was used to observe the variety of attachment forms displayed between mothers and
their child. The assessment is set up in a small room with one way glass so the behaviour of the
infant can be observed. Infants were aged between 12 and 18 months. The sample comprised about
100 middle class American families. The assessment was observed for seven, three minute episodes,
which are: 1) Parent and infant alone. 2) Stranger joins parent and infant. 3) Parent leaves infant and
stranger alone. 4) Parent returns and stranger leaves. 5) Parent leaves; infant left completely alone.
6) Stranger returns. 7) Parent returns and stranger leaves. During these episodes the child was
observed for: separation anxiety, the infants' willingness to explore, stranger anxiety and

Stages Of Attachment Of The Infant 's Attachment
Stages of attachment. Another of Bowlby's contributions is his proposal that the infant's attachment
to caregiver develops in stages attuned to the infant's cognitive and emotional development. As
described by Broderick & Blewitt (2015), a bond emerges from the affect between mother and child
in the first two months as the infant signals their needs by clinging, smiling, and crying. During this
stage infants are not yet attached to anyone and do not discriminate between caregivers. Between
their second and eighth month, infants become increasingly preferential of one caregiver, most often
the mother. The primary indicator of the emerging attachment is whether or not the 7–8 month–old
infant protests when separated from their caregiver, and whether they greet the caregivers return
with happiness. Soon thereafter, the infant should begin to develop additional attachments with their
fathers, grandparents, babysitters etc. By 18 months most infants are attached to multiple caregivers
(Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p. 135).
Attachment is a system. As mentioned previously, Bowlby also argued that attachment is a system.
Expanding on this, Bowlby proposed that the system serves three purposes; 1) It maintains
proximity between infant and caregiver, nurturing the emotional bond – In attachment theory this is
known as proximity maintenance, 2) It provides the potential for on–going protection – known as a
secure base, 3) It creates a haven for the infant when distressed –

The Attachment Theory
From my standpoint, the concept of love is puzzling and we have struggled to understand it for
many years. My own definition of love is an opening to our hearts and mind which causes an
emotion that holds the most happiness. Over the years, researchers have developed theories and
perspectives of love. According to Family and Personal Development it stated, "Attachment theory
focuses on how children develop attachment to their caregivers, usually their parents, in infancy."
(265) Although this theory is a child development theory, it has been applied to adult attachment
since the late 1980s. Also including, the development of intimate and love relationships. Attachment
starts at a young age, beginning with parents, followed by peers, close friends,

Attachment, The Key Factor That Promote The Attachment Essay
This essay will explain the definition of attachment, the key factor that promote the attachment and
discuss the theory of attachment, including deprivation and privation. Attachment is an emotional
and affectional tie or bonds that one person or animal forms between himself and another specific
one. Children`s attachment is mostly based on the children`s sensitivity and understanding of the
mother`s honesty in providing comfort, support and security. In addition, behaviours of the child
that build up attachment and give the opportunity for showing contact between mother and child can
include breastfeeding, which means relaxing the baby and independent, co–sleeping, kangaroo care,
smelly mother, talking, and smiling to baby, physical touching and hugging, and playing with baby.
(Simply Psychology) The important attachment factor is oxytocin between mother and baby. The
nipple stimulation that happens when baby causes a hormone called oxytocin to be free in the
mother, which in turns trigger milk let–down. The oxytocin makes mother to become intimate with
her newborn baby and makes them to attach to each other. Babies can similarly imprint on their
mother, deriving feelings of peace and pain reduction along with mother. Similarly, Freud believed
that baby's instinctive needs such as food and security are pleases by mother, who then becomes
desire in her own right. Behaviourists also see babies as becoming attached to those who satisfy
their needs. However, caregivers act as

Attachment Reflection
The results I obtained from the questionnaire were classified into three different graphs; my results
correspond to three attachment–related states which are security, anxiety, and avoidance. Those
graphs contrasted my scores with scores of people who took the surveys before me, and those scores
ranged from 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest. The questionnaire described my attachment
style under the security state as 3.3, which is my highest score. A section below the result graphs
mentioned that people with high scores under this state tend to feel that others are more available
and responsible for them. This situation made me wonder, this is the reason why is relatively easy
for me interact with people. However, as we read on chapter ... Show more content on
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As we contemplated on chapter 10 "Individuals who are securely attached have a well–integrated
sense of self–acceptance, self–steam, and self–efficacy" (348). I grew up in a harmonic
environment, in which my parents always emphasized me the importance of being secure about
myself and never be afraid of expressing my ideas and thoughts. I grew up with a family that
motivates me to always obtain my own goals; my parents fomented in me the idea that I have to try
the best of me in order to accomplish my goals and my personal success. My parents have always
educated me in an affectionate environment, they always express to my sisters and me how
important we are and they encourage us to always be independent. One of most important things
that my parents taught to my sisters and I was to always be proud of ourselves and never be scared
of the times we fall. They always encouraged my sisters and me to focus on our goals and not matter
how far or close we are from them. Sincerely, I think that the amount of attention and affection that
we receive from our parents influence and design the person we become in the future. Honestly, I
am so thankful with my parents because the way in which they educated me to play a really
important role on structure and development of my self–steam, my personality, and mainly in the
way I interact with

Attachment Anxiety
It is thought that marriages are made in heaven and celebrated on Earth, but how long can they be
celebrated for? The question that continues to stump people today, is how a marriage can last for
years and even decades at a time. To understand a long–lasting marriage and what makes one
prosper, one must first look at the steps it takes to create the foundation of a healthy marriage. The
ability to understand extremes is where researchers define the spectrum of normalcy. To begin with,
one must figure out what it is that terminates a marriage. Michelle Russel, in the department of
psychology at Florida State University, conducted an observational experiment along with her
colleagues Levi Baker and James McNulty, on the ongoing question of ... Show more content on
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Of course, physical affection plays a large role in connection to a partner, but the underlying glue for
a strong relationship lies in the mindset behind it. Maria Fatima and M. Asir Ajmal, who both
research clinical psychology, undertook a qualitative study and used Interpretive Phenomenological
Analysis (IPA) as a research method. There is not any pre–existing theories or hypothesis surmised
upon in using the IPA research method. However, there can be a great deal of bias because all of the
information gathered can be subjective towards the interviewee. In Maria and Asir's experiment,
they interviewed a woman that was happily married and asked her direct questions about the
influencers of a long marriage. The interview questions asked were formulated from what one needs
as an individual, to how it can work in a relationship as well. "The interviewee stated, "Happiness
and satisfaction go side by side. Satisfaction level determines your level of happiness and a satisfied
life is a happy life"." (Maria 39). There were 16 categories to a life–long marriage that presented
themselves within this research, and satisfaction was one of the most important. Each category could
potentially be subjective to the one woman interviewed, and if the experiment is replicated, it could
be possible for another person to have the same categories. One cannot aspire to share, forgive, or
love,

Attachment In Adolescents
Adolescence that have secured connections to their caregivers are by large less inclined to have
mental issues. Rice,(1990) discovered confirmation that protected connection in immaturity is
related with higher self–regard, upgraded social fitness, more grounded inner self character and
better psychosocial change This suggests that caregivers are used primarily as a springboard to
further enhance psychosocial adjustment in adolescence. Rice (1990) research was a narrative and
meta–analysis of attachment in adolescence which showed that the association between the strength
of parental attachment and various measures of self–esteem waxes and wanes over the course of
adolescence and young adulthood in just such a manner and may therefore indicates ... Show more
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This goes hand in hand with infants and the exploratory system. Adolescents are exploring the ideas
of being independent, but when independency becomes too overwhelming, they can turn to their
parents, the secure base, for help. Adolescents who exhibit seeking types of behaviour usually have
a positive relationship with their parents, indicating that they feel comfortable exploring because
they know their caregivers will be there for them. Interestingly, Haan, (1981) thought that it Is the
self–regard of people in the later periods of adolescence that would be a greater support to make
adolescences more established as they continue to grow with the family, which gives conditions that
serve to deliver self–improvement and advancement as adolescence is a period of life that would
require; self–awareness to merge their new personalities. This exhibits that, adolescents use utilize
their caregivers as subconscious boundaries as it gives them strength to realize that they are
physically secure. However, there are also traits of their emotionally connections which makes them
aware for the need to understand their thoughts and feeling during this crucial period to regulate
their self–regulation whether they are at home, school or starting new relationships to be able to gain
deeper understanding as to who they are, their secure base and most importantly what they are
capable

Bowlby And Attachment Theory And The Theory Of The...
It was this Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis (1953; 1969) that sought to bring Bowlby and
attachment theory its strongest criticism (Rutter 1981; Clarke & Clarke 1998) The theory that if a
child is deprived of its mother, or mother–substitute at a key point (approx. 6 months to 3 years) for
work purposes, or even for the purpose of hospitalisation, the child's social and cognitive
development would suffer as a result. The critiques have gone from levelling criticism, to the
Hypothesis itself being largely discredited (Smith et al 2011) Importantly, regardless of whether or
not the theory was believed, it is known to have had a profound effect on a generation of mothers.
There has been much controversy regarding childminding and crèche based child care and
attachment theory. Early research in the 1950s and 1960s (including the writings of Bowlby)
suggested caution when considering alternative child day care ... Show more content on
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However, the major function of attachment theory is to guide further research (Attachments and
other affectional bonds across the life cycle, Mary D. Salter Ainsworth, 1991, p. 48)
Engaging in parenthood is playing for high stakes. Furthermore, because successful parenting is a
principal key to the mental health of the next generation, we need to know all we can both about its
nature and about the manifold social and psychological conditions that influence its development for
better or worse.
Lecture 1 – Caring for children – Clinical applications of Attachment Theory; A Secure Base, John
Bowlby, 1988, p1.
Studies continually show that well adjusted, self reliant, contented adolescents and young adults are
the result of a stable environment where both parents offer significant time and attention to the

The Attachment Of Monkeys
Attachment is defined in the book as a close emotional bond between two people, they focus on the
bonds between parents and children, as well as, bonds between intimate couples. There are
numerous theories on why children become attached to their parents. For instance, Freud believed
that the attachment was attributed to the oral satisfaction of being fed. However, Harry Harlow
conducted an experiment with monkeys that showed the infant monkeys sought out a clothed
"mother" over a wire "mother" which indicated that their attachment was driven from security and
comfort more than just being fed since both fed the monkeys. Erikson seemed to agree with Harlow
since his first phase includes comfort from parents being essential in building trust.

Attachment Survey
The formation of attachment begins at birth with the child forming some type or form of attachment
with their parents or primary caregiver. Hopefully, the child is able to form a proper or secure
attachment with their parent or primary caregivers because the attachment formed between the
parents or primary caregiver acts the foundation for how well the child will be able to form
attachments with others outside the immediate family (Gullone, Ollendick, King,2006).This is
because the type or level of attachment the child was able to form with his or her parent generally
predicts the type or level of attachment the child will form with others outside their intermediate
family. However, as the individual interacts with the outside world more and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
One method I have for interacting or socializing with individuals outside my group of family and
friends is to look for individuals who appear to be similar to myself in traits, characteristics, and
personality. For example, when I first started working at Wal–Mart I tended to avoid the other
workers who were loud and outgoing. Instead, the first friend I made at Wal–Mart was a female who
seemed to be shy, quiet and like to hang back from the other employees. After interacting with the
female more, I was pleased to discover that we did in fact, have a lot of the same characteristics,
traits, and a similar personality. According to Mercer and DeRosier (2010) selecting friends based
on similarities is fairly common and generally relationships based on the two members' similarities
are more rewarding. I believe relationships between two people brought together by similarities are
more rewarding because the two individuals in the relationship realize the other person will be more
understanding and less likely to judge them harshly. For example, I did not experience a healthy or
even normal childhood, with that being said, some of my best friends are those who have also
experienced some type or aspect of trauma in their life. With these friends, I am usually more open
and more willing to share the real Katie with them. For me to interact or socialize with an individual
I

Attachment Theory
This essay will discuss how parents and carers can support the early emotional needs of their child.
Parents or carers are usually defined as the primary caregivers for the child (e.g. biological parents,
foster carers) and they have a considerable influence on the child's emotional development. This
discussion will focus on the role of the mother in meeting a child's early emotional needs and will
draw on maternal sensitivity and responsiveness, attachment theory and factors that can affect the
quality of attachment. It will also briefly discuss the role of fathers.
Adequate support for a child's emotional needs start from birth. Key features of this include
maternal sensitivity and responsiveness. Maternal sensitivity is the mother's innate ... Show more
Bowlby defined a secure attachment figure as being reliable and consistent (responsive) and this
provides the emotional security for the child to go out and explore the world and be able to return to
their mother when seeking comfort. In contrast, an insecure attachment may be developed through a
lack of maternal responsiveness and as a result of this infants 'may explore their environment less
and even avoid their parents altogether, and show no signs of distress when they leave the
room'(Farrington–Flint, 2014).
Although the initial attachment is usually formed with the mother, Bowlby (1969) recognised that
attachments could be formed with other important individuals, including fathers (Bowlby, 1969,
cited in Farrington–Flint, 2014). Some recent studies have demonstrated that there is a difference in
quality between mother–infant and father–infant attachments. Those children with a secure father–
infant attachment generally have greater developmental outcomes, such as fewer behavioural
problems, and higher levels of self–control (Bretherton, 2010 cited in Farrington–Flint,

Attachment Theory Of Attachment
INTRODUCTION The theory of attachment is a postulation in developmental psychology that
emphasises on the significance of attachment regarding personal development. This theory claimed
that individuals have the ability to form an emotional and physical attachment to another person to
give them a sense of stability and security. This is vital for an individual's personal development in
terms of risk – taking, branching and growing as a whole. This theory started off with the context of
children and parents in the '60s and '70s. However, it later expanded to cover for adult romantic
relationships in the late 1980s. This term was first coined by Psychologist, John Bowlby and
developed by Mary Ainsworth, who based her research on pre – existing ... Show more content on
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Individuals who were victims of abuse; physical or sexual, usually exhibit a fearful – avoidant
attachment style. These individuals have mixed feelings about close relationships. They have the
need and the desire to be in an intimate relationship with another person and at the same time, have
an uncontrollable uneasiness at the idea of being emotionally close to another individual. This is
sometimes linked to their often pessimistic views on themselves and their partners. They may view
themselves as someone who is unworthy of responsiveness from their partners or they may think
that their partners have malicious intentions towards them. As a result, these individuals may
develop trust issues and makes their relationship more difficult as the burden to prove that they are
adequate lays on their significant others. Similar to fearful – avoidant attachment styles, these
individuals seek less intimacy from partners and frequently suppress and in a constant denial about
their

Theories Of Attachment
This essay will explain the definition of attachment, the key factor that promote the attachment and
discuss the theory of attachment, including deprivation and privation. Attachment is an emotional
and affectional tie or bonds that one person or animal forms between himself and another specific
one.
Children`s attachment is mostly based on the children`s sensitivity and understanding of the
mother`s honesty in providing comfort, support and security. In addition, behaviours of the child
that build up attachment and give the opportunity for showing contact between mother and child can
include breastfeeding, which means relaxing the baby and independent, co–sleeping, kangaroo care,
smelly mother, talking, and smiling to baby, physical touching ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis probably came from his Freudian training i.e. the baby
may be disadvantaged from positive physical gratifications during development and this may lead to
a long–term fixation. Bowlby's attachment theory in 1969 was made on ethologists work and used
principles of evolution and natural selection to explain the behaviours they observed. Bowlby
argued that babies had one special attachment. The importance of this relationship lies in the fact
that it acts as a model for all future relationships. Konrad Lorenz (1935) supports Bowlby's maternal
deprivation hypothesis, as the attachment process of imprinting is an innate

Bowlby's Attachment Theory And Attachment
According to Simply Psychology, Bowlby's attachment theory says an individual can have an
attachment with someone that is not shared. Attachment is characterized by behaviors in children
such as seeking proximity with their attachment figure when upset. Bowlby's experiments led him to
see the importance of a child and mother relationship. (Saul McLeod, 2009) With more research
later came four phases of attachment. Phase one is from birth to two months, this stage is where
babies seek comfort, and can attach to anyone. Phase two is from two months to seven months.
Babies start to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar faces. Also, they can tell between
primary and secondary caregivers. Phase three is seven to 24 months old. This phase is when babies
have the knowledge of who their caregiver is, which causes separation anxiety when the caregiver
has to leave. Phase four is from 24 months and after, which is when the child can reciprocate the
relationship. (Maianu, 2015) Growing up I spent most of my time with my mom, and grandma.
Since my mom was a single mom I feel that I did not get an equal balance of the top and bottom of
the circle very well. I would say that my mom would let me explore but not to the fullest, and my
grandma would let me explore as much as I wanted. My mom would either put too much of a
restriction on the exploration or stay to close. When I was with my grandma, she would let me go
off and explore and check in on me every so often. There were a few

Theories Of Attachment
Attachment is defined as an emotional bond that is formed between a child and an individual that is
developed throughout the child's development. As a human, it is common for us to form emotional
bonds with people we are close with especially to our parents. Most of the studies conducted on the
attachment theory mainly focuses on the attachment between infants and their parents, although
attachments between adults can also occur. Attachment behaviour is not only observed in humans
but also in animals, which is also referred to as imprinting by biologists. This essay will examine the
attachment theory, explore Ainsworth strange situation experiments and discuss how infant
attachment styles affect later development. Early studies on attachment were conducted on animals
and one of the earliest ones was carried out by Konrad Lorenz. His studies eventually led to the
discovery of imprinting, which is defined as the behaviour that takes place during a critical period
and involves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Learning theory of attachment proposes that infants form attachments based on the provision of
food. In other words, an infant will form attachments to whoever who feeds it. This theory also
involves the processes of classical and operant conditioning because infants form attachments by
learning that some people provide comforts and responses. The more widely accepted evolutionary
theory of attachment states that humans and biologically set to form attachments with others to
ensure survival. The theory also claims that it is care and responsiveness which forms attachment
instead of food. To explain, the greater the response towards an infant's signal, such as crying,
smiling and clinging, the more likely it is to form an attachment with the infant. With complex series
of interactions, full attachment may be formed between the caregiver and the

The attachment theory is a theory by Bowlby that refers to the joint mutual relationship that babies
experience and develop with their primary caregiver (Bowlby, 1982). This theory is not supported
by research in various sceneries. However, even though the attachment theory began as an initiative,
the clinical application to the daily clinical understanding of adult mental health complications has
penned red behind the current available research. I believe that the theory can give valuable insight
into both the developing nature of recognized psychiatric disorders as well as in the development of
the therapeutic relationship in adults. My position provides an overview of (a) the application of
attachment theory to diverse psychopathologies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The remaining data available so far suggest that attachment insecurity indeed serves as a risk factor.
Secondly, on the other hand (Dozier et al, 1999) due to differences in attachment conceptualization
and measurement on one side and in how psychiatric disorders are diagnosed, results across studies
can readily be compared. This may in part explain some of the contradictory findings. Nevertheless,
one broad generalisation is emerging on the basis of the distinction between seizure strategies that '
reduce ' and ' maximise ' attachment needs and behaviours (approximately corresponds with
attachment preoccupation and dismissal respectively) (Dozier et al, 1999). Externalising
psychopathology (which may involve misconduct behaviour, e.g. eating disorders) are to be
associated with hypothesised (or something) strategies, while's psychopathology (e.g. depression,
anxiety and plate line personality disorder) would transform with (or hyper active) associated
strategies. As indicated above, this generalisation has not been consistently supported. Finally, one
can expect that the higher the load for a genetic disorder, less the contribution social and/or
environmental factors (including

Childhood Attachment
A child's ability to function and comply with society's rules and regulations rely on a healthy early
childhood attachment. Attachment is the biological instinct for infant to seek closeness to their
caregiver. A secure attachment develops through consistent and positive, interactions between the
caregiver and the child. A child's physical development, mental development, social development,
and ability to form daily living skills, all begin to develop through that secure development but
continues to develop through continued nurture throughout that child's life. Children who fail to
receive a secure attachment will most likely struggle with self–regulation making it hard to control
behaviors and impulses. These children may also engage in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The components of the juvenile processes are "arrest, detainment, petitions, hearings, adjudications,
dispositions, placement, probation, and reentry. The juvenile justice process operates on the belief
that juvenile offenders are different from adults, in terms of level of responsibility and ability to be
rehabilitated. The main goals for the juvenile justice system is developing new skills, rehabilitation,
assessing possible treatment needs, and successful reentry into the community while maintaining
public safety. As with any system, there are risks and benefits to the cliental. During our course, I
gained a better understanding of the programs designed to help rehabilitate the child or adolescent.
Many programs were designed to develop coping skills, learn new trades, and teach new skills, so
that the child/adolescent would be better equipped to survive on the outside without having to return
to the delinquent behavior that landed them in the system. The trade off to the system would include
learning worse behaviors from other inmates, the effects of being labeled as a delinquent and being
separated from family and community. Minorities are at an even higher risk experiencing
discrimination, being houses with adult inmates who can take advantage of the youth, teach worse
behaviors, and build relationships that carry over into the outside world, increasing the chance that
the youth will become an adult offender. Due to the risks, professional helpers have an opportunity
to intervene and provide alternative interventions throughout the entire juvenile justice

Attachment Theory And Attachment Theories
To begin with attachment theory, first everyone should understand what the attachment is.
According to attachment means bonding between a child and caregiver or vice versa. The
attachment theory is the theory that describes the long term interpersonal relationship between the
humans. Also, it can be defined as the strong bond between parent and child, and later in peer and
romantic relationship (Metzger, Erdman, Ng 85). It generates a specific fact that how the humans
react in relationships when they get hurt, separated from loved ones and perceiving a threat.
Basically the two main types of attachment are secure and insecure. Secure attachment is the
attachments where mother and father are available for their child and during that time child
demonstrates his or her stress and reestablish the connection (Metzger, Erdman, Ng 87). Insecure
attachment is the attachment where parents are not regularly in touch with their children or they
ignore their child which built a failed emotion communication (Metzger, Erdman, Ng 87). Also, it
may be repeated from one generation to another until it is not recovered. However, as a result of
attachment theory, it is so important for children to know about it and there are also several
emotional effects on children when their parents leave to go to another county due to their
connections or bond between them. The children have to understand the importance of attachment
theory because, it may help them to solve many

Example Of Attachment
There were many classic studies that were taught through out the video.
When it comes to attachment, it is said that it is the basis for human relationships in all societies.
Attachment is the emotional touch between two people. In the video, to study the experiment of
attachment, they used the example of an infant and its mother. The infant and mother were taken
into a room, the mother sat down and let the child explore and check out the room. A stranger then
comes in the room, starts interacting with the child and the mom leaves the room. During that first
separation between the mother and child, the child stopped playing, realized her mother was no
longer in the room and then felt the need of attachment. The child ran to the door, crying. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The next round of separation happens and the mother just walks out of the room this time, leaving
the child alone for a short time. The child starts crying and runs to the door. The stranger returns and
tries to calm the child. The mother returns again for the second reunion, picks up the child and the
child is calmed down again, due to attachment. During this study, the way the child reacted, is a way
that any child would typically act if this were to happen because attachment is physical and
emotional. When the mother leaves, the child has emotional attachment to her and wants her back,
the child has no attachment to the stranger so she isn't calmed down by the stranger. John Bowlby,
the founder of attachment, says that secure attachment is vital for good psychological development.
The experiment that is used for this study is unnecessary emotional stress the study would be putting
on the child, which could also lead to lack of trust between the mother and child. Having the mother
and child participate in this research is right as long as they have full disclosure on what the study is
that they are going to be participating in. They should be able to quit at any time if they wanted to.
They

The attachment theory is an evolutionary, ethological, and psychological theory that gives people
the explanatory/descriptive framework of understanding interpersonal relationship between people
in society (Wikipedia). British psychologist/psychoanalyst, John Bowlby, stated that the importance
of the theory that infants needed to develop a relationship with their main primary caregiver which
would be beneficial for emotional and social development to progress normally for a child
(McLeod). Bowlby's idea of the theory was that when infants became attached to the adults who are
more responsive/sensitive during the social interactions and form and maintained Caregiving
relationship during the 6 months to 3 years of life (McLeod). This development ... Show more
Freud was known as an id psychologist, whereas Erikson more of the ego psychologist. Psychologist
Erikson had believed that a person's ego is develop through resolved situations that turn successful
and allows us to be social (McLeod). His theory on the development of the attachment theory is
psychological because it focused on the primary stages of development from infancy to maturity and
the ego. His theory was that there are seven psychological stages that are

The Attachment Of Attachment Behavioral Systems
but are quickly soothed upon reunion. The anxious–ambivalent and disorganized infants are
characterized with thrilling anxiety during separation and strive for closeness to their attachment
figure upon reunion. The anxious–avoidant children appear content during the absence of their
attachment figure and not predominantly engrossed in seeking juxtaposition and soothing upon
reunion. These children are anxious during separation and they learned to suppress their emotions
(Berzoff, 2011). Disorganized children are particularly ambivalent upon reunion with their
attachment figure, both synchronously approaching and avoiding contact. Most of the infants
display a collapse of attachment strategies which results to dissociated ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Bowlby's theory is fundamentally, based on scientific findings on early attachment development
from childhood to adulthood (Fischer, 2006). He observed that infants separated from their parents
or caregivers are emotionally distressed. Bowlby believed that individual's behavior could be
naturally well understood through the analysis of characteristic exploration that is connected with
psychodynamic affiliation. Bowlby's exodus from the traditional psychoanalytic theory at that time,
earned him many years of hatred by his pears. It was after his death in 1990 that the British analytic
community issued a formal apology to his family for their negative action against him (Fischer,
2006). Culture/Diversity: According to Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health,
approximately 20% of African Americans are more likely to experience serious mental health
problems than the general population (Census, 2016). This is due to exposure to violent environment
and homelessness which can increase anxiety, post–traumatic stress disorder, depression etc., (Ward,
2013). African Americans are more likely to be victims of violent crime which are influenced by the
risk for developing a mental health issue. Such as; Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicide,
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The belief and stigma of mental health as a bad
reflection on the African American family could be seen as a

Questions On Attachment Theory And Attachment Parenting
Introduction
People can and do get the [attachment] theory confused with attachment parenting. The result of this
may be that some parents, thinking that attachment parenting is too consuming and also because
western society has a need for independence and separation, may then look for alternative methods
that do not involve any form of attachment "methods". The purpose of researching these theories is
to gather information about attachment theory for those involved to make informed decisions that do
not involve a speciﬁc parenting philosophy that may not suit their family's needs.
Attachment is the method through which people acquire specific positive and close emotional bonds
with others. In mature relationships, people may be equal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Freud believed that infants develop maternal relationships because mothers feed them and satisfy
their hunger. However, animal studies have provided evidence that feeding does not necessarily
explain the attachment. In fact, experiments have found that infant rhesus monkeys raised in an
isolated environment preferred the contact with a comfortable cloth–covered surrogate mother, even
while feeding from the nourishing wire surrogate mother, demonstrating that the basis for
attachment relationships does not reside solely in feeding. These experiments also found that the
ones raised by simulated mothers were scared when placed alone in foreign situations.
Another expert, Erik Erikson, proposed an eight–stage psychosocial development process. In his
theory, each stage involves a task that must be completed if infants are to successfully move to the
next stage. The initial stage of "Trust versus mistrust" in psychosocial development arises in the first
year of life. During this stage infants need to develop a sense of trust in themselves and in the world
around them. The infant depends on the parents, with an emphasis on the mother, for nourishment.
Their relative interpretation of world and society stems from the parent–child interaction. If the
parents expose the child to consistency, and steady affection, the child 's perception will be that of
trust. However, if parents fail to provide a safe environment that meets

Attachment Theory
Attachment Theory
The Attachment theory is focused on the relationships and bonds between people, particularly long–
term relationships including those between a parent and child and between romantic partners.
Attachment is an emotional bond to another person. Psychologist John Bowlby (1969, 1988) was the
first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between
human beings." Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers
have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. He suggested attachment also serves to
keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child 's chances of survival. The central
theme of attachment theory is that primary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The infant produces innate 'social releaser' behaviours such as crying and smiling that stimulate care
giving from adults. The determinant of attachment is not food but care and responsiveness. Bowlby
suggested that a child would initially form only one attachment and that the attachment figure acted
as a secure base for exploring the world. The attachment relationship acts as a prototype for all
future social relationships so disrupting it can have severe consequences. Although Bowlby did not
rule out the possibility of other attachment figures for a child, he did believe that there should be a
primary bond which was much more important than any other (usually the mother). Bowlby
believes that this attachment is different in kind (qualitatively different) from any subsequent
attachments. Bowlby argues that the relationship with the mother is somehow different altogether
from other relationships. Essentially, Bowlby suggested that the nature of monotropy (attachment
conceptualized as being a vital and close bond with just one attachment figure) meant that a failure
to initiate, or a breakdown of, the maternal attachment would lead to serious negative consequences,
possibly including affectionless psychopathy. He believes that the long term consequences of
maternal deprivation might include the following: delinquency, reduced intelligence, increased
aggression, depression

Attachment In Psychology
In Essentials of Psychology, attachment is a term that is defined as the intense emotional connection
shared between a child and their predominant caretaker. Attachment can be classified into two
different types: secure or insecure attachment. If the bond shared between both the the predominant
caregiver and child is secure, then the child believes that they are worthy of the love they receive
and they are able to trust their caregivers as a result. On the other hand, if the bond formed is an
insecure attachment, then the child feels as though they do not deserve the love they are be given
and they can't trust anyone. I agree with the concept that is attachment because I believe that the
relationships children form early on impact the way

The Theory of Attachment and Attachment Styles Essay examples
Attachment is the emotional bond between humans, which is based on our relationship with a parent
or early caregiver during the years of childhood. There are four different attachment styles – secure,
preoccupied, dismissive, and fearful – each describing a different way in which individuals interact
with others, approach social and romantic relationships, and deal with life.
Each attachment style is divided along two dimensions – the fear of abandonment and the fear of
closeness. Bartholomew and Horowitz define fear of abandonment as the model of self which
describes the belief of an individual to be either "worthy of love and support or not" (1991). They
also define fear of closeness as the model of other which describes an individual's ... Show more
The preoccupied attachment style is characterized by low fear of closeness and high fear of
abandonment. Individuals classified as preoccupied have a negative model of themselves. Because
preoccupies see themselves as unworthy of love and unsupportive, they tend to "strive for self–
acceptance by gaining the acceptance of valued others" (Bartholomew, 227) and would do
everything to keep people in their life; Preoccupied individuals try to avoid any kind of conflict in
order to make themselves loveable and others happy. Despite the fact that preoccupies often see
others as trustworthy and available, they also feel that others do not care about them as much as they
care about others.
Somebody I would classify as preoccupied would be my ex–boyfriend. He always felt that other
people around him would not care as much about him as he cared about them. He was worried that I
would not love him as much as he loved me and that I would not return his love. Whenever I broke
up with him, he became upset; he talked to my parents and friends, texted me every day and tried to
convince me to go back to him.
My ex–boyfriend tried to avoid any kind of conflict – not just with me, but also with his parents –
just to keep us happy. However, every time we had a conflict, he either agreed with me or felt bad
afterwards and was afraid that I would not love him anymore.

Attachment Stereotypes
The authors are trying to understand how language used in emotion regulation processes relate to
attachment styles. Attachment classifications are known to be associated with psychosocial
outcomes. Similarly, language use is also associated with psychiatric diagnoses. It will be interesting
to see if language use differs across attachment styles in regards to emotion regulation and also if the
findings can be valid for clinical as well as non–clinical contexts. In this study the authors asked
whether the language people use to describe their attachment history would explain the variability in
emotional distress after controlling for attachment classification. They hypothesize that people with
Autonomous attachment will use more affect words, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The authors found significant differences in emotion language use between the attachment
classification groups. The findings provided cross–method validation of distinct patterns of emotion
regulation for varying attachment styles. Despite clinical applications suggested by the authors, the
pattern of language use can also be applied to a variety of contexts. From organizations to dating
websites, analyzing pattern of language use can be very beneficial in maintaining good relationship
with clients, employees, employers and significant

Reactive Attachment
Development is an essential and mandatory constituent of human life that operates on multiple
levels. It is a precise process, and there are a number of factors that affect its effectiveness. In
particular, the development of a child is determinant of the adolescent behaviors, uniqueness and
intelligence. Therefore, a considerable degree of weight is placed on the components that lead to the
maturity of the child. In the development of a child, one of the key principles is called attachment.
Just as safe attachment between the caregiver and the child can result in successful physical, mental
and social development, vulnerable attachment can yield damaging consequences for the child in
these areas (DeMulder, Denham, Schmidt, & Mitchell, 2000). Reactive attachment disorder is a
likely outcome of unsafe attachment that eventually restricts the child's capacity to emotionally and
socially connect with other individuals, while destroying the cognitive ability as well (Crosson–
Tower, 2013). This paper presents a detailed discussion on the attachment disorder in children and
its impact on child development. Reactive Attachment Disorder The term "attachment" refers to the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While improper attachment between the care provider and the child may put the latter at risk of
developing psychosocial problems, not every child with unsafe attachment develops reactive
attachment disorder (Kennedy & Kennedy, 2004). A couple of variants of reactive attachment
disorder have been discovered. Restrained reactive attachment disorder develops in a child who is
aloof and socially and emotionally detached, shows resistance towards love and holds back the
emotions. Unrestrained reactive attachment disorder involves the child showing impartial sociability
and expressing more friendliness towards unknown persons than the primary care

Attachment Theory
Longitudinal studies would be useful to determine if attachment styles are continuous throughout
life. Attachment is seen as universal, but it does not take account for different cultures, which can
lead to different types of child rearing. Also with that idea, attachment theory focuses mostly on
maternal bond with the infant. Some families all around the world can have a different caregiver
than the traditional western society. Grandparents can help raise a child due to both parents working
or the father can rear a child due to divorce or death of a mother. Anyone who takes care of a child's
needs could develop a strong bond with the child. In the article written by Hazen and Shaver (1994),
it states that the type of temperament an infant

Attachment Problems
Attachment problems can be caused by several different factors and it may actually be difficult to
assess causality in some cases where the client history is incomplete or contradictory in places
depending on the source. Ainsworth (1992) aptly summarized the attachment equation. First babies
of sensitive mothers were more likely to be securely attached, while those who had less sensitive
mothers were more likely to be insecurely attached. These insecurely attached children had more
difficulty forming new skills and interests because of their lack of a secure base from which to work.
Psychosocial factors that could contribute to attachment problems in childhood include problems
with the infant, including a difficult temperament or physical ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A full physical, mental, and social history of the family, and the child, should be taken with careful
attention paid to any trauma that may have occurred to the parent(s), the child, or the family as a
whole and any history of substance abuse within the family or those with whom the child had
frequent contact. Questions should be asked about the beginnings of the symptoms, however, in
some situations the family may be a foster or adoptive family that is trying to figure out the behavior
of a child and has never seen any different behavior from the child and may not have a full history
of them. When possible, physicians, former caretakers, former caseworkers, and others who might
know the child's history in the case of a foster or adopted child should be contacted and as much
information should be gathered as possible. A Marschak Interaction Method Behavior Rating
System may be useful here, for the current caretaker and child, if there is a trained clinician
available to observe the mother–child dyad and complete the assessment. It has been observed that
high parental stress may inhibit ideal parent–child interactions as well (McKay, Pickens, & Stewart,
1996) and because of this the clinician may want to provide an assessment to the parent(s) that
evaluates this such as the Parenting Stress

Feldman Attachments
In his book Development Across the Life Span Robert Feldman gives the following definition for
attachment, "Attachment is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a
particular, special individual."(pg.186) Attachments between parents and children are very
important. They make the child to feel secure, loved, and help to ensure that the child's basic needs
are met. In an ideal world all parents and children would develop secure, healthy attachments,
unfortunately, this is not always the case. A theorist named Mary Ainsworth did extensive studies
into the different types of attachments that parents and children form. Through her research, she
came up with three different types of attachment that form between children and parents particularly
mothers. This first type is called the Secure Attachment Pattern. These babies have a healthy
attachment to their mothers. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Babies in this category want to be near their mothers and show distress when she leaves but are
comforted when she returns. ( Feldman pg. 187) The second type of attachment is the Avoidant
Attachment Pattern. These babies do not have a secure attachment to their mothers. They do not
seek contact with their mother and are indifferent to her comings and goings.(Feldman pg.187) The
last type of attachment is the Ambivalent Attachment Pattern. These babies also do not have a secure
attachment to their mothers but they exhibit it in a different way. These babies want to be near there
mother constantly and rarely explore their environment. When the mother leaves they show great
distress and upon her return, they initially hurry to her but then show angry behavior by hitting or
kicking the mother. (Feldman pg.

Attachment Theory
THEORY OF ATTACHMENT Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby presents a set of
organizing principles for understanding various facets of human psychological aspects. The theory
offers a wide spectrum, which encompasses comprehensive theoretical paradigm for understanding
diversities amongst relationships. Bowlby rejecting the old theories of attachment highlighted that
attachment is not merely an internal drive to satisfy some need. This paper will focus on the seminal
work and the principles on which the attachment theory is based. A spin–off theory derived from the
original concept is also presented at the end. Social work is illustrated is engaging in psychosocial
evaluation and intervention through various means like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At first it would entail recognition of the problem through the acceptance of the findings of
psychological science and then providing necessary training of child–care to all members of the
society. The attachment theory has helped in initiation of large number of models for social
development from childhood till adulthood. Pietromonaco & Feldman Barrett (2000) elaborate on
the underlying components and organization of these working models and offer new perspectives
that contribute in organizing and sustaining relationship knowledge. They also focus specifically on
evaluating the concept of internal working models of attachment. The topics with longitudinal
attachment–based studies of families with depression, of families with maltreatment, and of clinical
interventions in families with low social support and with behavior–problem children were the hard
back to Bowlby's seminal ideas since 1930s. Value and authoritativeness of attachment theory is
evident from the Bowlby's focus on parent–child relationship which captivated the attention of
developmental psychologists, and his assertion that attachment processes operate across the life span
paved the way for social and personality psychologists to study attachment in adult relationships.
Furthermore, the assumption that attachment mechanisms are intrinsic has led to exploration of their
neurobiological basis (Pietromonaco & Barrett, 2000). Bowlby (1988) describing

Attachment In Orphans

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