automatic control, Basic Definitions, Classification of Control systems, Requirements of an ideal Control system
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The document discusses the importance of automatic control systems in various fields, highlighting their role in engineering, manufacturing, and industrial processes. Key topics include definitions of system components, classifications of control systems, and the functions and requirements of an ideal control system, such as accuracy, stability, and speed. Additionally, it emphasizes how automatic controls optimize performance and manage critical process variables through manipulation and measurement.
automatic control, Basic Definitions, Classification of Control systems, Requirements of an ideal Control system
- 1. Topics 1. Why automaticcontrols is required 2. Process Variables controlled variable, manipulated variable 3. Functions of Automatic Control – Measurement – Comparison – Computation – Correction 4.Basic Definitions System, Plant, Process, Controller, input, output, disturbance 5. Classification of Control systems Natural, Manmade & Automatic control system Open-Loop, Close-Loop control System Linear VsNonlinear System Time invariant vs Time variant Continuous Data VsDiscrete Data System Deterministic vs Stochastic System 6. Requirements of an ideal Control system Accuracy, Sensitivity, noise, Bandwidth, Speed, Oscillations
- 2. Why automatic controls is required? • Automatic control has played a vital role in the advance of engineering and science. • It is more important in space-vehicle systems, missile- guidance systems, robotic systems, modern manufacturing and industrial processes. • For example, – Numerical control of machine tools in the manufacturing industries. – Design of autopilot systems in the aerospace industries – Design of cars and trucks in the automobile industries. – Speed Governors
- 3. Why automatic controls is required? • It is also essential in industrial operations as – controlling pressure, – temperature, – humidity, – viscosity, and – flow in the process industries. • Automatic control helps in attaining optimal performance of dynamic systems, improving productivity, relieving the drudgery of many routine repetitive manual operations.
- 4. Automatic water lever controller
- 5. Process Variables • An automatic control system has two process variables associated with it: – a controlled variable – a manipulated variable. • A controlled variable is the process variable that is maintained at a specified value or within a specified range. • In the previous example, the storage tank level is the controlled variable. • A manipulated variable is the process variable that is acted on by the control system to maintain the controlled variable at the specified value or within the specified range. • The flow rate of the water supplied to the tank is the manipulated variable.
- 6. Functions of Automatic Control • In any automatic control system, the four basic functions that occur are: – Measurement – Comparison – Computation – Correction
- 7. Basic Definitions 1. System : A system is a combination or an arrangement of different physical components which act together as a entire unit to achieve certain objective. – A classroom is a physical system. A room along with the combination of benches, blackboard, fans, lighting arrangement etc. can be called as a classroom which acts as elementary system.
- 8. Basic Definitions 2. Plant : – The portion of a system which is to be controlled or regulated is called as the plant. – A plant may be a piece of equipment, perhaps just a set of machine parts. – The purpose of plant is to perform a particular operation. – E.g., mechanical device, a heating furnace, a chemical reactor, or a spacecraft.
- 9. Basic Definitions 3. Process: – Any operation to be controlled is called a process. – Examples are chemical, economic, and biological processes
- 10. Basic Definitions 4. Controller – The element of the system itself or external to the system which controls the plant or the process is called as controller. – E.g., ON/OFF switch to control bulb.
- 11. Basic Definitions 5. Input : – It is an applied signal or an excitation signal applied to control system from an external energy source in order to produce a specified output. – For each system, there must be excitation and system accepts it as an input 6. Output : – It is the particular signal of interest or the actual response obtained from a control system when input is applied to it. – for analysing the behaviour of system for such input, it is necessary to define the output of a system.
- 12. Basic Definitions 7. Disturbances – Disturbance is a signal which tends to adversely affect the value of the output of a system. – Disturbances are undesirable and unavoidable effects. – If such a disturbance is generated within the system itself, it is called as internal disturbance. – The disturbance generated outside the system acting as an extra input to the system in addition to its normal input, affecting the output adversely is called as an external disturbance. – The presence of the disturbance is one of the main reasons of using control.
- 13. Classification of control systems Natural control System Manmade control System Automatic control System Open-Loop control System Close-Loop control System Linear Vs Nonlinear System Time invariant vs Time variant Continuous Data Vs Discrete Data System Deterministic vs Stochastic System
- 14. Classifications of control Systems 1) Natural control System -Universe -Human Body 2) Manmade System -Vehicles -Aeroplanes -Room Temperature regulation Via Electric Fan Water Level control 3) Automatic System -Room Temperature regulation Via A.C -Human Body Temperature
- 15. Classifications of control Systems 5) Open-Loop control System – Toaster – Traffic light controller
- 16. Classifications of control Systems 6) Closed-loop control System – Human Being(book reading example) – Manual speed
- 17. Classifications of control Systems Manual speed control (close loop)
- 18. Classifications of control Systems 6)Linear Vs Nonlinear control System A System in which output varies linearly with the input is called a linear control system.
- 19. Classifications of control Systems 8) Time invariant vs Time variant – When the characteristics of the system do not depend upon time itself then the system is said to time invariant system. – Time varying system is a system in which one or more parameters vary with time. 9) Continuous Data Vs Discrete Data System – In continuous data system all system variables are function of a continuous time t. – A discrete time system involves one or more variables that are known only at discrete time intervals. 10) Deterministic vs Stochastic System – A System is deterministic if the response to input is predictable and repeatable. – If not, the system is a stochastic system.
- 20. Classifications of control Systems
- 21. Requirements of Ideal control System 1. Accuracy – A good system must be highly accurate. – The openloop systems are generally less accurate and hence feedback is introduced to reduce the error in the system. 2. Sensitivity : – A good system should be very insensitive to environmental changes, age etc. But, must be sensitive to the input commands. – The performance should not be affected by small changes in the certain parameters of the system.
- 22. Requirements of Ideal control System 3. External disturbance or noise – All the physical systems are subjected to external disturbances and noise signals during operation. – A requirement of a good system is that system is insensitive to noise and external disturbances but sensitive to the input commands 4. Stability – A concept of stability means output of system must follow reference input and must produced bounded output for bounded input. – A good system is one which is stable in nature.
- 23. Requirements of Ideal control System 5. Bandwidth – This requirementis related to the frequency response of the system. – For the input frequency range, it should give satisfactory output 6. Speed : – A system should have good speed. This means output of the system should approach to its desired value as quickly as possible. – System should settled down to its final, value as quickly as possible
- 24. Requirements of Ideal control System 7. Oscillations : – The system should exhibits suitable damping i.e. the led output should follow the changes in the reference input without unduly large oscillations or overshoots.