Automatic load sharing of transformer using atmega 328
- 1. Introduction • The transformers are an essential component of the power grid system, which plays a crucial role in the distribution of power. • The transformers are used to step up or step down the voltage levels of the electrical power, which makes it possible to transmit power over long distances efficiently. • Transformers have a limited capacity and they can get overloaded if the load on them exceeds their capacity. This can lead to transformer failures, power outages, and other problems. • To prevent transformer from overloading we use microcontroller such as Atmega 328 to monitor each transformer load and communicate with other transformer in case of overloading.
- 2. Literature Review SL NO Paper Title Author Journal name/year Remarks 1. Automatic Load Sharing Of Transformers Ashish R. Ambalkar, Nitesh M. Bhoyar, Vivek B. Bathe. International Journal for Scientific Research and Development volume 2, Issue 12 , 2015. • The main aim of this work is to provide an uninterrupted power supply to the energy consumers by means of power shading. 2. Automatic Load Sharing of Transformer using Arduino Akshata Desai, Deepa Patted, Pavangouda Jakkanagoudar, Kandagal S.S International Journal of Engineering Research And Management Volume 7, Issue 07, 2020 • The main motive is to operate two transformers in parallel to share the load automatically with help of change over relay and relay driver circuit. Thus, the two transformers are protected from overloading as well as overheating. 3. Load Sharing of Transformers Automatically by using Arduino with GSM Krushna K. Tormad Dhiraj A. Nikalje Ishwar H. Patil Dhanashree A. Gayakhe Auto Control of a standby transformer using microcontroller”, International Journal of Advances in Engineering Research, Vol. 2, Issue 5, 2011 • This system is also provide alternating switching to the transformer and because of this it can be cooled by natural method. • Due to this power supply is provided without any interruption.
- 3. SL NO Paper Title Author Journal name/year Remarks 4. Automatic Load Sharing of Distribution Transformer for Overload Protection Abraham Hizkiel Nebey Overload control in smart transformer-fed grid, 2017 • The work was all about how to supply power intelligently manage an overload condition. • The system automatically connects and disconnects switch to share the transformer loads. 5. Automatic Load Sharing of Transformers Using Microcontroller Akshata Desai, Deepa Patted, Pavangouda Jakkanagoudar, Kandagal S.S International Journal Of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, Volume 4, 2015 • If load on one transformer is increases then the relay will sense the change in current & microcontroller operates & slave transformers comes automatically in operation to share the load. 6. Load Sharing of Transformers Based on Microcontroller Piprotar Khyati , Sakariya Dimpal , Thummar Bhumika , Bodar Geeta International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Emerging Technologies, Mar. 2017 • It provides the reliable power to the consumer by using the load sharing of the transformer with another transformer. • it increases the efficiency of the system.
- 4. Why Load Sharing is Important? • When demand exceeds capacity. • Transportation is easy with parallel operation especially in hilly areas. • It improves the reliability of supply. • Improve efficiency. • Improve system stability.
- 5. Objectives • To design and implement an automatic load sharing system for transformers using Atmega 328 microcontroller. • To protect transformers from overloading. • To improve the efficiency and reliability of power distribution systems. • Implement a real-time load monitoring system using Arduino to measure the current and voltage of each transformer.
- 6. Problem Statements 1.Problem – Load imbalancement. Solution – Implement Intelligent load sharing mechanism. 2.Problem - Scalability Solution - modular load sharing system with standardized interfaces for easy expansion. 3.Problem - Synchronization Issues. Solution - Use automatic synchronization equipment to synchronize.
- 7. Block Diagram Fig. 01 – block diagram of simulation 5v Relay 5v Relay Current Sensor
- 8. Components to be Used • Single phase transformer ( 12VA , 230/12V ) – 2pcs • Arduino Uno ( Atmega 328 ) – 1pcs • LCD ( LM016L ) – 1pcs • Relay ( 5v ) – 2pcs • Current sensor ( ACS712ELCTR-05B-T )- 1pcs • Resistive Load (50 ohm,5W) – 4pcs
- 9. Single Phase Transformer (12VA ,230/12V) • A single-phase transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit using the principle of Electromagnetic Induction. • There are two main types of single-phase transformers: step-up transformers and step- down transformers. • Single-phase transformers are widely used in various applications, including: Power distribution, Appliance power, Isolation transformers, Control circuits etc. Arduino Uno (Atmega 328) • Transfers signals between circuits using light, providing electrical isolation. • Internal parts: LED (light emitter) & Photodetector (light receiver). • Protects circuits from high voltage/ground loops. • Reduces electrical noise. • Enables signal level conversion (AC/DC, voltage levels). • Used in power supplies, industrial controls, medical equipment, data acquisition systems.
- 10. LCD ( LM016L ) • Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) are ubiquitous in our daily lives. From our computer screens and televisions to our smartphones and calculators, LCDs provide a thin, lightweight, and energy-efficient way to display information. • An LCD is made up of several thin layers sandwiched together. The basic key components are: Polarizer filters, Liquid crystal layer, Electrodes, Backlight. Relay ( 5v ) • A relay is an electromagnetic switch. It has two main parts: • Control side: This side consists of a coil and a low- power circuit. When current flows through the coil, it generates a magnetic field. • Power side: This side has contacts that control the flow of current in a separate, higher-power circuit. The magnetic field from the coil triggers the opening or closing of these contacts.
- 11. Current Sensor ( ACS712ELCTR-05B-T ) • Current Sensor detects the electric current flowing through a conductor and converts it into a measurable signal, typically voltage or current output. • Current sensors operate based on two principles: Magnetic Field-Based Sensors and Current Shunt Resistors. Resistive Load (50 ohm,5W) • A Resistive Load offers resistance to the flow of electric current. • This resistance causes the electrical energy to be dissipated as heat. Common examples are incandescent light bulbs, heating elements, and resistors.
- 12. Simulation Diagram Fig. 02 – pre overload circuit diagram
- 13. During Load Sharing Fig. 03 – post overload circuit diagram
- 15. With Single Load X axis- Time Y axis- Current - Load Current - T1 Current - T2 Current
- 16. With Full Load X axis- Time Y axis- Current - Load Current - T1 Current - T2 Current
- 17. For load shared by individual transformer. Sa* = Sl* ( Zb/Za + Zb ) Sb* = Sl* ( Za/Za + Zb ) Where Sa*-- conjugate apparent power of transformer A Sb*-- conjugate apparent power of transformer B Sl*-- conjugate apparent power of load demand Za, Zb are per unit impedances with a common base Equations Involved For Parallel Operation Maximum load shared by sum total transformer in a substation. Sl(max) = Sa + Sb ( Za / Zb ) + Sc ( Za / Zc )+……. Where : Za(pu) < Zb(pu) & Za(pu) < Zc(pu)
- 18. Result Load Load Current Relay 1 Relay 2 Transformer Current 1 Transformer Current 2 1 0.24 0 0 0.22 0 2 0.43 0 0 0.36 0 3 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 4 0.6 1 1 0.32 0.28
- 19. Conclusion • By employing Arduino for automatic load sharing, transformers can operate efficiently and reliably. • This system ensures even distribution of load, preventing overload and damage to transformers. • Improved efficiency leads to reduced energy consumption and costs. • Enhanced reliability minimizes disruptions and maintains power supply.
- 20. Future Scope • Utilize temperature sensors, such as thermocouples or thermistors, to continuously monitor the temperature of each transformer. • Develop fault detection mechanisms to identify transformers that are experiencing overheating due to internal issues, such as insulation degradation or winding faults.
- 21. Reference • Antony, S. J. (2018). Automatic Load Sharing of Transformers using Microcontroller. International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering, 6(2), 408-410. • Kumar, A., & Jain, S. (2016). Design and Implementation of Automatic Load Sharing System using Microcontroller. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 5(11), 891-894. • Pragati Priya1, L S Titare2 “Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Large Interconnected Distribution System with Voltage Security Consideration” International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE) Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp: (26-32), Month: October - December 2014 • Tamboli Mehulkumar Kishorbhai1, Prof. Mangroliya Divyeshkumar G.2 “Recent Trades in Distribution System” International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development Volume 2,Issue 3, March -2015 • S. R. Balan, P. Sivanesan, R. Ramprakash, B. Anantha Thakannan and K. MithinSubash, “GSM based Automatic Substation Load Shedding and Sharing Using Programmable Switching Control” , Journal of Selected Areas in Microelectronics, Volume 6, Issue 2, pp. 59-61, 2014 • Deaver BJ, Radtke WO. System and method for detecting distribution transformer overload. ed: Google Patents. 2010 • Ambalkar AR, Bhoyar NM, Badarkhe VV, Bathe VB. Automatic load sharing of transformers. Int J Sci Res Dev. 2015 • Aziz S, Wang Hz, Peng JC, Ruan JQ. Power sharing of transformer. In: 2018 international conference on power system technology (POWERCON). New York: IEEE; 2018
- 22. Thank you…..