AUTOMOBILE INTRODUCTION in automobile engineering
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- 7. 1. The Basic Structure 2. The Engine 3. The Transmission System 4. The Auxiliaries (Electrical System). 5. The Controls (steering , Brakes) 6. The Super structure (The Body) Components of an Automobile
- 8. Main Components of an Automobile
- 9. Classification of Automobiles 1. Purpose (Passenger, Goods, Special Purpose) 2. Load Carrying Capacity (LMV,MMV,HCV) 3. No. Wheels on the Axle (Two to Six wheelers) 4. Fuel Used 5. Suspension Used ( Rigid axle, Independent) 6. Types Of Body Used (Two door Sedan, Four Door Sedan, Limousine , Hard Top, Station Wagon, Van , Bus, Truck) 7. Drive of the Vehicle ( Right Hand, Left Hand Drive, Front , Rear wheel drive, Single, Two , Four , Six wheel drives)
- 10. Types of Automobile Bodies
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- 12. Layouts of Automobiles 1) Front Engine Front Wheel Drive 2) Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive 3) Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive 4) Front Engine Four Wheel Drive
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- 24. Articulated vehicles Articulated vehicles • Articulated vehicles with small steering radius and positive maneuverability are extensively used in mining, construction, forestry, emergency rescue, and other fields . • Articulated vehicles consist of two separate front and rear vehicles and an articulated steering device connecting the both vehicles. This particular form of construction and steering results in underdeveloped stability, specifically at high speed, and the snaking instability phenomenon will occur . • This situation increases the operating burden and danger for drivers and limits the speed and efficiency of articulated vehicles. Therefore, the factors influencing the stability and snaking instability of articulated vehicles should be studied.
- 28. Articulated Vehicle ( Road Train)
- 29. Articulated Trucks used in Mining Articulated Trucks used in Mining
- 30. Articulated Trucks used in Mining Articulated Trucks used in Mining
- 33. In-line engine In-line engine This is the most common in an automobile engine. This type of engine arrangement has only one cylinder bank. ie all cylinders of engine arranged in linearly, and all of them transmit power to a single crankshaft. Inline engine with four and six cylinders is popular in automotive industries. Advantages inline engine Design of engine block simple, cheaper. Running of four-cylinder inline engine is smoother than the one or two cylinder engines. Inline engine design does not need heavy counterweights. Why inline engine arrangement not popular for high power cars? Because of simplicity, inline engine is popular in economy cars. However, it suffers secondary imbalance and causes minor vibration in the smaller engine. This vibration also increases as the size and power of increases. For this reason, the powerful engine does not adopt inline arrangement
- 35. V engine V engine • V engines have two cylinder banks and one crankshaft. It is literally the assembly of two inline engine arrangement (appear to be in "V" shape). This arrangement reduces the overall engine length, height and weight compared to the equivalent inline arrangement. Two cylinder banks inclined at an angle to each other and also each of them inclined to crankshaft. • The angle between two cylinder banks is known as bank angle. In narrow bank angle V engines, cylinders are combined into a single cylinder block. • Engine with more than six cylinder usually adopts this cylinder arrangement. Most high powered automobile use eight cylinder v engine (four engine is in inline on each side of V).
- 37. Radial Engine Radial Engine • In a radial engine, the cylinders arranged in equally spaced around the one crankshaft. Ie the cylinders are arranged radially in a circle. Pistons of these cylinders are coupled to the same crankshaft. • The radial arrangement is widely used in large air crafts until gas turbine engines became predominant. • In air cooled aircraft engine with 3, 5, 7 or 9 cylinders are used radial arrangement. For the higher capacity of engine multi-row radial engine is used.
- 38. Opposed cylinder engine/ Flat Opposed cylinder engine/ Flat engine/ Boxer engine engine/ Boxer engine
- 39. • In this type of arrangement two cylinder banks (or two inline-engines) in the same plane but opposite side of the crankshaft. One of the advantages of an opposed cylinder engine is that it inherently well balanced. The type of engine arrangement found application in small aircraft. Opposed cylinder engine/ Flat Opposed cylinder engine/ Flat engine/ Boxer engine engine/ Boxer engine
- 40. Opposed piston engine Opposed piston engine
- 41. Opposed piston engine Opposed piston engine • In this type of arrangement, single engine cylinder houses two piston and has no cylinder head. Each piston drives two separate crankshafts. The movement of piston made synchronized by coupling this two crankshaft. The type engine usually working on the principle of two-stroke engine. The advantages opposed piston includes, it get rid heavy cylinder head, and it is a well balanced arrangement. The opposed piston engine is used in large diesel plants.
- 42. Delta type engine/ Napier Deltic engine • t is a combination of three opposed piston engine. The piston of this engine is coupled to three interlinked crankshafts.
- 43. X engine X engine • This is a variation of V type with four banks of cylinder attached to the single crankshaft. This twinned V block engine has four banks and appeared as X shape. X type arrangement is extremely uncommon because of its complexity and weight.
- 44. H engine • In this type two opposed cylinder type is connected to two separate but interconnected crankshaft. It shows excellent mechanical balance.
- 45. U type engine U type engine • In u type engine, two separate straight engine joined by using gears or chains. It appears in the shape of U. This cylinder arrangement is uncommon as it is heavier than the similar V engine.
- 46. W engine W engine • It is similar to V engine but it has three or four cylinder bank engine banks.
- 47. Tractive Efforts and Vehicle Tractive Efforts and Vehicle Performance Performance
- 48. Performance of an Automobile When the fuel burns in the cylinder, pressures are developed. These pressures are transmitted to the crankshaft by the piston and connecting rod and torque is produced which sets the crankshaft in motion. The torque produced by the engine is transmitted through the drive line to the road , gearbox, propeller shaft, differential and axle shafts. The Torque is measured in Nm, The actual power developed by an Engine is known as Brake Power (Pe) Pe = 2πNTe/60*1000 kW
- 50. Tractive efforts developed by Tractive efforts developed by Different Gears Different Gears
- 52. Resistances offered to a moving Vehicle Resistances offered to a moving Vehicle
- 53. Resistances for A moving Vehicle Resistances for A moving Vehicle
- 55. Tractive Efforts to overcome resistances Tractive Efforts to overcome resistances
- 56. Clutch Clutch
- 57. CLUTCH Functions of Clutch 1) Permit smooth engagement or disengagement of gear when vehicle is stationary and engine is running. 2) Transmit the engine power to the road wheels without any jolt or shock. 3) Permit engagement or disengagement of gears when vehicle is in motion. A Clutch is a mechanism which connects and disconnects the Transmission system from the power plant ie Engine as per the wish of the operator.
- 58. Qualities Clutch must Have 1) It should consume minimum Physical effort during working cycle. 2) It should be free from slip. 3) The wearing surfaces must have long life. 4) There must be adequate arrangement for adjusting the ply, due to wear and tear. 5) Its must have in built noise reducing mechanism. 6) It must be dynamically balanced & light . 7) It must be open to dissipate away the heat generated
- 59. Types of Clutches 1) Cone Clutch 2) Single Plate Clutch 3) Diaphragm Clutch 4) Multiplate Clutch Wet Type Clutch Dry Type Clutch 5) Centrifugal Clutch 6) Semi Centrifugal Clutch
- 61. Cone Clutch 3D view
- 62. Cone Clutches Applications • Cone clutches are now only used in low peripheral speed applications although they were once very common in Automobiles and other combustion engine transmissions, They are usually now confined to very specialist transmissions in Racing , Rallying or in extreme off-road vehicles although they are very common in Power Boats.
- 65. CLUTCH COMPONENTS CLUTCH COMPONENTS 1) CLUTCH PLATE 2) CLUTCH FACING 3) PRESSURE PLATE 4) SPRINGS 5) BEARINGS
- 66. Exploded view of a single plate Clutch
- 67. Diaphragm Clutch
- 68. Diaphragm Clutch
- 69. Exploded view of a Diaphragm Clutch
- 71. Exploded view of Multiplate Clutch
- 72. Single & MultiPlate Clutch Applications 1) Single Plate Clutch is used in almost All motor vehicles where Manual Transmission is used. 2)Multi plate Clutches are used in Extreme car Racing and in Automatic transmission gearboxes
- 75. Applications of centrifugal cluthes 1) Centrifugal clutch is used on a Petrol powered Lawn mover, which operates at very higher speeds. 2) Small mopeds also use centrifugal clutch, at higher speeds it engages and at lower speeds it disengages.
- 78. CLUTCH FACING PROPERTIES OF CLUTCH FACING A) GOOD WEAR PROPERTIES I) Rubbing speed (should not be more than 30m/sec) II) Intensity of pressure (should not be more than 100kpa) B) Presence of good binding. C) Cheap and easy to manufacture. D) High coefficient of friction. E) High resistance to heat
- 79. CLUTCH FACING MATERIALS MATERIAL COFFIECIENT OF FRICTION (μ) LEATHER 0.27 CORK 0.32 FABRIC 0.4 ASBESTOS 0.2 REYBESTOS OR FERODO 0.35 NON-ASBESTOS (SW3-F) 0.28 HWK 200 0.39 AT(NT) & 0.4 AT (HT)
- 80. CLUTCH TROUBLE SHOOTING 1.CLUTCH SLIP It means that clutch slips during engagement ,resulting in improper torque transmission further resulting in high amount heat generation and wearing out of clutch and flywheel faces. This may be caused due to a) Incorrect linkage adjustment causing insufficient free pedal play. b) Leakage of oil or grease from crankcase or gear box due to excessive lubrication ,may cause glazing of friction face resulting in slippage. c) Weak or broken springs. d) Worn out faces.
- 81. CLUTCH TROUBLESHOOTING 2. CLUTCH DRAG OR SPIN Incomplete disengagement of clutch resulting in difficulty in gear change is called clutch drag. FACTORS CAUSUNG CLUTCH DRAG a) Excessive free pedal play. b) Oil or grease on friction faces. c) Pressure plate wrapped or damaged. d) Clutch plate cracked or buckled. e) Clutch plate seized on clutch shaft splines.
- 82. CLUTCH TROUBLESHOOTING 3. CLUTCH JUDDER Vibration or judder produced during engagement. Possible Causes a) Loose or worn out clutch facing. b) Loose rivets. c) Distorted clutch plate. d) Misalignment . e) Flywheel may be loose. f) Bent splined clutch shaft.
- 83. CLUTCH TROUBLESHOOTING • KNOCK Knocking takes place when the engine is idling and when the clutch is engaged. Causes : a) Worn out splines of clutch plate hub. b)Wearing out of spigot bearing in the flywheel.
- 84. CLUTCH TROUBLESHOOTING • PULSATION OF THE CLUTCH PEDAL CAUSES a)Due to misalignment of engine and gearbox. b)Wobbling flywheel , mostly due to improper mounting on the engine crankshaft.