Bab 1 fundamental of os

PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP

COURSE ASSESSMENT

I- CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT (PB) = 50%

a) Quiz = min 7 (15%)
b) Assignment =min 5 (25%)
c) Lab work = min 10 (20%) Will be converted to 50%
d) Theory Test = min 2 (40%)

II- FINAL EXAMINATION = 50%


CHAPTERS IN FUNDAMENTALS OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM
2.0 BASIC OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPT MANAGEMENT
3.0 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
4.0 FILE MANAGEMENT
5.0 WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM


CHAPTER 1.0
INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM


INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM ?
OS IS THE SOUL
♦ a program that acts as an intermediary between a user OF
and the computer hardware THE COMPUTER

♦ An operating system, or OS, is a software program that
enables the computer hardware to communicate and
operate with the computer software. Without a computer
operating system, a computer would be useless

♦ Operating systems can also be considered to be
managers of the resources. An
operating system determines which computer
resources will be utilized for solving which
problem and the order in which they will be used

♦ Software controlling the overall operation of a multipurpose computer
system, including such tasks as memory allocation, input and output
distribution, interrupt processing, and job scheduling.


MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES OF OS
Three (3) main responsibilities of operating system :
♦ Perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input
from the keyboard, sending output to the display
screen, keeping track of files and directories on
the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as
disk drives and printers.
♦ Ensure that different programs and users running
at the same time do not interfere with each other.
♦ Provide a software platform on top of which other
programs (i.e., application software) can run.


COMPUTER SOFTWARE
♦Computer software can be divided into two main
categories :
a) application software :consists of the programs for performing
tasks particular on behalf of user .Examples: spreadsheets, database
systems, desktop publishing systems, program development
software, and games

b) system software : designed to operate the computer
hardware and to provide and maintain a platform for running
application software. Divided into two categories which are operating
system (MS Windows, Linux,Mac)and utilities (eq:
antivirus software, clean disk, disk defragment).


HISTORY OF OS : GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

1st GENERATION 2nd GENERATION

GENERATIONS OF
3rd GENERATION COMPUTER
5 th GENERATION

4 th GENERATION


1st GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER : VACUUM TUBES & PLUG BOARDS
(1945-1955)

1. Use of vacuum tubes
2. Big & Clumsy
3. High Electricity Consumption
4. Programming in Mechanical Language
5. Larger AC were needed
6. Lot of electricity failure occurred


2nd GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER : TRANSISTORS & BATCH SYSTEMS, (1955-1965)
1. Transistors were used
2. Core Memory was developed
3. Faster than First Generation computers
4. First Operating System was developed
5. Programming was in Machine Language &
Assembly Language
6. Magnetic tapes & discs were used
7. Computers became smaller in size than the
First Generation computers
8. Computers consumed less heat & consumed
less electricity


3 rd GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER : ICs & MULTIPROGRAMMING (1965-1980)

1. Integrated circuits developed
2. Power consumption was low
3. SSI & MSI Technology was used
4. High level languages were used


4 th GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER : PERSONAL COMPUTERS, (1980-Present)
1. LSI & VLSI Technology used
2. Development of Portable Computers
3. RAID Technology of data storage
4. Used in virtual reality, multimedia,
simulation
5. Computers started in use for Data
Communication
6. Different types of memories with very high
accessing speed & storage capacity


5 th GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER (Present)

1. Used in parallel processing
2. Used superconductors
3. Used in speech recognition
4. Used in intelligent robots
5. Used in artificial intelligence


VARIOUS TYPES OF OS STRATEGY
♦Batch Operating System
- This strategy involves reading a series of jobs (called a batch) into the
machine and then executing the programs for each job in the batch. This approach
does not allow users to interact with programs while they operate.

♦Multiprogramming Operating System
- The ability to do more than one job is called multiprogramming. The system
separates the memory out into several pieces and lets each one of the pieces be a
different job that the computer was running. The ability to do multiprogramming
speed the computers up tremendously.
- When one job idled to wait for input or output, the operating system could
automatically switch to another job that was ready.

♦Distributed Operating System
- An operating system that manages a group of independent computers and
makes them appear to be a single computer
- Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine
- When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed
system.


VARIOUS PRODUCT /TYPES OF OS IN TODAY’S MARKET

SUN / SOLARIS

MICROSOFT WINDOWS

LINUX

MAC OS


VERSION S OF WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

WINDOWS 95
WINDOWS 98 WINDOWS 2000 WINDOWS ME

WINDOWS 7
WINDOWS XP WINDOWS VISTA


DISTRIBUTIONS OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

UBUNTU LINUX SUSE LINUX
RED HAT LINUX
CENTOS LINUX

TURBO LINUX
FEDORA LINUX
DEBIAN LINUX


MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

VISTA BUSINESS
EDITION


MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR INSTALLATION OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

UBUNTU LINUX

Processor: Intel: Pentium 1-4 or Xeon; AMD: Duron, Athlon,
Athlon XP, Athlon MP, Athlon 64, Sempron or Opteron
256 MB of RAM (512 MB recommended)
500 MB of disk space (800 MB to 2 GB often required when
including a basic set of applications)
GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR LINUX


OPEN SOURCE VS CLOSED SOURCE OS

OPEN SOURCE

♦ means the source code is available to the end-user. The user can
use,change,modify and improve the software, to redistribute it in
modified or unmodified forms . Eq: Linux OS

CLOSED SOURCE

♦ means that the source code is held by the developer, and only they can
make any changes or study it. Eq: Windows OS.


MENU-DRIVEN SYSTEM

A program that obtains input from a user by displaying a list of options – the menu – from
which the user indicates his/her choice. Eq: ATM Machine, automatic washing machine.

SHELL PROGRAM

The shell is used to issue commands, start processes, control jobs, redirect input and
output, and other mundane things that you do on a modern computer. Not only that, the
shell is a pretty complete programming language.

FULLY GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

Type of user interface item that allows people to interact with programs in more ways
than typing that uses windows, icons and menus and which can be manipulated by a
mouse such as computers; hand-held devices such as MP3 Players, Portable Media
Players or Gaming devices;


NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
♦Coordinate the activities of multiple computers across a network. The network
operating system acts as a director to keep the network running smoothly

♦Operating system that contains components and programs that allow a computer on a
network to serve requests from other computer for data and provide access to other
resources such as printer and file systems.

♦Network operating systems typically are used to run computers that act as servers.
They provide the capabilities required for network operation.

♦The two major types of network operating systems are:
- Peer-to-Peer
- Client/Server

♦ Some of the Network services such as File Sharing, Print sharing, User administration
& Backing up data


TERMINOLOGIES IN OS

Cooperative Multitasking:
♦ A form of multitasking where it is the responsibility of the currently running task to
give up the processor to allow other tasks to run.

♦A type of multitasking in which the process currently controlling the CPU must
offer control to other processes. It is called cooperative because all programs must
cooperate for it to work. If one program does not cooperate, it can stop the CPU.

Preemptive multitasking:
♦A method of running more than one program on a computer at a time, in which control of the
processor is decided by the operating system, which allocates each program a recurring time
segment.

♦is task in which a computer operating system uses some criteria to decide how long to allocate
to any one task before giving another task a turn to use the operating system. The act of taking
control of the operating system from one task and giving it to another task is called preempting.

Multithreading:
♦Multi-Threading is the ability of a CPU to execute several threads of execution apparently at
the same time. CPUs are very fast at executing instructions. Modern PCs can execute nearly a
billion instructions every second. Instead of running the same program for one second, the CPU
will run one program for perhaps a few hundred microseconds then switch to another and run it
for a short while and so on.


OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE
1) MONOLITHIC SYSTEM

♦ This system considered as “ The big mess” because this structure is no structure actually
♦ The components of monolithic system are unorganized
♦ Any module can call any other module without any reservation.
♦ Does not enforce data hiding . Every procedure is visible to every other procedure.
It delivered better application performance but extending such a system can be difficult
Work because modifying a procedure can introduce bugs in unrelated parts of the system.
♦ Example system : CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) & MS-DOS


Figure 1: Monolithic Operating System

♦When a user –mode program calls a system service, the processor traps the call and then
switches the calling thread to kernel mode. Completion of system service, switches the
thread back to the user mode, by the operating system and allows the caller to continue.


Figure 2: A simple structuring model for a monolithic system

♦A main program that invokes the requested service procedure.
♦A set of service procedures that carry out the system calls.
♦ A set of utility procedures that help the services procedures.


2) LAYERED SYSTEM

♦The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built on top of lower
layers.
♦This system had 6 layers.

The Structure of the THE ()operating system


♦ Layer 0 dealt with allocation of the processor, switching between processes when
interrupts occurred or timers expired. Layer 0 provided the basic multiprogramming
of the CPU.

♦ Layer 1 did the memory management. It allocated space for processes in main
memory and on a 512k word drum used for holding parts of processes (pages)for
which there was no room in main memory. The layer 1 software took care of making
sure pages were brought into memory whenever they were needed.

♦Layer 2 handled communication between each process and the operator console.
Above this layer each process effectively had its own operator console.

♦ Layer 3 took care of managing the I/O devices and buffering the information
streams to and from them.

♦Layer 4 was where the user programs were found. They did not have to worry
about process, memory, console, or I/O management.

♦The system operator process was located in layer 5.

♦Example system: VAX /VMS, MULTICS, UNIX

3) VIRTUAL MACHINES

♦The heart of the system, known as the virtual machine monitor, runs on the bare
hardware and does the multiprogramming, providing not one, but several virtual
machines to the next layer up.

♦ Each virtual machine is identical to the true hardware, each one can run any
operating system that will run directly on the hard ware.

♦Different virtual machines can, and usually do, run different operating systems.
Some run one of the descendants of OF/360 for batch processing, while other ones run
a single-user, interactive system called CMS (conversational Monitor System)
for timesharing users.


Virtual Machine Model System


4) CLIENT-SERVER MODEL

♦All the kernel does is handle the communication between clients and servers

♦By splitting the operating system up into parts, each of which only handles one
fact of the system, such as file service, process service, Terminal service, or
memory service, each part becomes small and manageable.

♦ Another advantage of the client-server model is its adaptability to use in
distributed system. If a client communicates with a server by sending it messages,
the client need not know whether the message is handled locally in its own
machine, or whether it was sent across a network to a server on a remote machine.
As far as the client is concerned, the same thing happens in both cases: a request
was sent and a reply came back.


The client-server model

A distributed OS


MAJOR SUBSYSTEM IN OS

1) PROCESS MANAGEMENT

♦ A process is a program in execution

♦ A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files, and I/O
devices, to accomplish its task.

♦ A process is an active entity whereas a program is a passive entity.

♦ OS process management activities:
- Process creation and deletion.
- Process suspension and resumption.
- Process synchronization. -
- Process communication.
- Process deadlock handling


2) FILE MANAGEMENT

♦ The OS provides a uniform logical view of information storage. (Many different types of
physical media.)

♦ A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. File contents, file
formats, file structures, file attributes.

♦ Files are organized into directories.

♦ OS file management activities
- File creation and deletion.
- Directory creation and deletion.
- Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories.
- Mapping files onto secondary storage.
- File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.


3) MEMORY MANAGEMENT

♦Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address.

♦Memory is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.

♦ Main memory is a volatile storage device. It loses its contents in the case of system failure.

♦OS memory management activities:

- Keep track of which parts of memory are used and by whom.
- Decide which processes are to be loaded when memory space becomes available.
- Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.


SYSTEM CALLS
inition: ♦ Provide an interface between Operating System and it’s application
program.
♦ Generally available as assembly-language instructions.
♦ Languages defined to replace assembly language for systems
programming allow system calls to be made directly (e.g., C, C++, Perl)

Types Of System Calls:

1) Process control
2) File management
3) Device management
4) Information maintenance
5) Communications


1) PROCESS CONTROL

♦ Create and terminate processes: fork,
exit.
♦ Execute processes: exec.
♦ Get/set process attributes.
♦ Abort, end processes.
♦ Wait for time, wait for event, signal event.
♦ Allocate and free memory.
2) FILE MANAGEMENT

♦ Create file, delete file.
♦ Open, close.
♦ Read, write, reposition.
♦ Get/set file attributes.
♦ Similar operations for directories.


3) DEVICE MANAGEMENT

♦ Request/release device.
♦ Read, write, reposition.
♦ Get/set device attributes.
♦ Logically attach or detach
devices.
4) INFORMATION MAINTENANCE

♦Get time or date, set time or date.
♦ Get system data, set system data.
♦ Get process, file or device attributes.
♦ Set process, file or device attributes.


5) COMMUNICATION

♦ Create, delete communication connection.
♦ Send, receive messages.
♦ Transfer status information.
♦ Attach or detach remote devices.


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