Lecture 1 - Windows operating system concepts.pptx

08/10/2024
Class Expectations
• Class participation – Your input is needed for good
discussion
• Keep up with reading material
• Complete assignments and projects on time
• Submit clean, organized, and concise work
• Brush up prior knowledge
• Follow academic integrity code
Iragaba john

08/10/2024 Iragaba john
Lecture Etiquette
• Be on time (if you are late enter the class quietly)
• Your ring-tone is not that great! (cell phones off or
muted)
• You can do without Facebook / YouTube / twitter for
2-3hrs - If you have to, don’t disturb your peers
• Interrupt for questions – there is no dumb question

Key to Success
• Attendance
– Pay attention to lecturers and keep extra notes
– Ask questions
• Effort
– Do homework on your own. It’s ok to ask others, but make your
own effort
– Read extra material on your own. Wealth of information available
(library books, online articles, research papers)
• Consistency
– Keep up with the class pace

INTRODUCTION TO
OPERATING SYSTEMS

Overview of a computer
• A computer is an electronic device that
manipulates information, or "data." It has the
ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
You can use a computer to type documents,
send email, and surf the Internet. You can also
use it to handle spreadsheets, accounting,
database management, presentations, games,
and more.

Overview Cont’d
Whether you realize it or not, computers play an important role
in our lives;
When you withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the
store, or use a calculator, you're using a type of computer.
All types of computers consist of two basic parts:
• Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical
structure, such as the computer monitor or keyboard.
• Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what
to do. It is what guides the hardware and tells it how to
accomplish each task. Some examples of software are web
• browsers, games, and word processors.

Overview Cont’d
Software is grouped into:
User software
 User applications
 Editors
 Compilers
 Shells
System Software
 Operating System

What is an Operating System?
An operating system is a program that acts as an intermediary
between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.
• It is a software program that manages the hardware and
software resources of a computer.
• The purpose of an operating system is to provide an
environment in which a user can execute programs in a
convenient and efficient manner.
• The operating system must ensure the correct operation of the
computer system.

What is an Operating System? Cont’d
Operating systems have been developed over
the past 45 years for two main purposes.
First, the operating system attempts to schedule
computational activities to ensure good
performance of the computing system.
Second, it provides a convenient environment
for the development and execution of programs

The History of Operating Systems
• The first computers did not have operating systems. However,
software tools for managing the system and simplifying the
use of hardware appeared very quickly afterwards, and
gradually expanded in scope.
• “Preparing ENIAC for a series of runs was an incredibly
involved process. First, detailed instructions had to be written
defining the problem and a procedure for solving it.
• These instructions were programmed by adjusting switches
manually and inserting thousands of cables into as many as
forty large plug boards.
• A team of five operators might work several days on the
external wiring and many more days searching for errors and
correcting them.”

History Cont’d
• By the early 1960s, commercial computer vendors were
supplying quite extensive tools for streamlining the
development, scheduling, and execution of jobs on batch
processing systems.
Examples were produced by UNIVAC and Control Data
Corporation, amongst others.
• Through the 1960s, several major concepts were developed,
driving the development of operating systems. The
development of the IBM System/360 produced a family of
mainframe computers available in widely differing capacities
and price points, for which a single operating system OS/360
was planned

History Cont’d
• Another key development was the concept of time-sharing: the idea of
sharing the resources of expensive computers amongst multiple computer
users interacting in real time with the system. Time sharing allowed all of
the users to have the illusion of having exclusive access to the machine;
the Multics timesharing system was the most famous of a number of new
operating systems developed to take advantage of the concept.
• Multics, particularly, was an inspiration to a number of operating systems
developed in the 1970s, notably Unix. Another commercially-popular
minicomputer operating system was VMS.
• The first microcomputers did not have the capacity or need for the
elaborate operating systems that had been developed for mainframes and
minis; minimalistic operating systems were developed.
• One notable early operating system was CP/M, which was supported on
many early microcomputers and was largely cloned in creating MS-DOS,
which became wildly popular as the operating system chosen for the IBM
PC

History Cont’d
• By the 1990s, the microcomputer had evolved to the point where, as well as extensive
GUI facilities, the robustness and flexibility of operating systems of larger computers
became increasingly desirable.
• Microsoft's response to this change was the development of Windows NT, which
served as the basis for Microsoft's entire operating system line starting in 1999.
• Apple rebuilt their operating system on top of a Unix core as Mac OS X, released in
2001.
• Hobbyist-developed reimplementations of Unix, assembled with the tools from the
GNU project, also became popular; versions based on the Linux kernel are by far the
most popular, with the BSD derived UNIXes holding a small portion of the server
market.
Today
• Command line interface (or CLI) operating systems can operate using only the keyboard
for input.
• Modern OS's use a mouse for input with a graphical user interface (GUI) sometimes
implemented as a shell. The appropriate OS may depend on the hardware architecture,
specifically the CPU, with only Linux and BSD running on almost any CPU

Types of operating systems
The 2 major types of operating systems are :
 Standalone OS / Desktop OS
 Single user OS which are generally used by personal
users for desktop applications, e.g. DOS, Windows 3x,
Windows 9x, Windows xp, windows 7, etc.
 Network OS
 They are multi-user and time-sharing OS. The entire
network operating system support multiprocessing and
multitasking features, e.g. UNIX, Novell, Windows NT,
Windows 2000/2003/2005/2008 server, etc.

Compare Operating Systems
Terms often used when comparing operating systems:
• Multi-user – Two or more users can work with programs and
share peripheral devices, such as printers, at the same time.
• Multi-tasking – The computer is capable of operating multiple
applications at the same time.
• Multi-processing – The computer can have two or more central
processing units (CPUs) that programs share.
• Multi-threading – A program can be broken into smaller parts
that can be loaded as needed by the operating system. Multi-
threading allows individual programs to be multi-tasked.

Compare Operating Systems Cont’d
Desktop Operating
System
• Supports a single user
• Runs single-user
applications
• Shares files and folders
• Shares peripherals
• Used on a small network
• Supports multiple users
• Runs multi-user
applications
• Is robust and redundant
• Provides increased security
• Used on a network
Network Operating
System

Standalone / Desktop OS
• Desktop operating systems:
– Microsoft Windows: Windows XP
– Macintosh: Mac OS X
– Linux: Fedora, Ubuntu, and others
– UNIX : free BSD
• A desktop OS has the following
characteristics:
– Supports a single user
– Runs single-user applications
– Shares files and folders on a small
network with limited security

Network Operating Systems (NOS)
• Common NOS include:
– Novell Netware
– Microsoft Windows Server
– Linux
– UNIX
• A network OS has the following
characteristics:
– Supports multiple users
– Runs multi-user applications
– Is robust and redundant
– Provides increased security compared to
desktop operating systems

Roles of an Operating System
• All computers rely on an operating system (OS) to
provide the interface for interaction between users,
applications, and hardware.
• The operating system boots the computer and manages
the file system.
• Almost all modern operating systems can support more
than one user, task, or CPU.
• The operating system has four main roles:
– Control hardware access
– Manage files and folders
– Provide user interface
– Manage applications

Roles of an Operating System Cont’d
• Control hardware access - The operating system manages the interaction between
applications and the hardware. To access and communicate with the hardware, the
operating system installs a device driver for each hardware component. A device
driver is a small program written by the hardware manufacturer and supplied with
the hardware component. The process of assigning system resources and installing
drivers can be performed with Plug and Play (PnP). The operating system
automatically detects the PnP-compatible hardware and installs the driver for that
component. The operating system then configures the device and updates the
registry, which is a database that contains all the information about the computer.
• NOTE: The registry contains information about applications, users, hardware,
network settings, and file types.
• Manage files and folders - The operating system creates a file structure on the
hard disk drive to allow data to be stored. A file is a block of related data that is
given a single name and treated as a single unit. Program and data files are
grouped together in a directory. The files and directories are organized for easy
retrieval and use. Directories can be kept inside other directories. These nested
directories are referred to as subdirectories. Directories are called folders in
Windows operating systems, and subdirectories are called subfolders.

Roles of an Operating System Cont’d
• User interface - The operating system enables the user to interact with
software and hardware. There are two types of user interfaces:
– Command Line Interface (CLI) – The user types commands at a
prompt.
– Graphical User Interface (GUI) – The user interacts with menus and
icons.
• Most operating systems, such as Windows 2000 and Windows XP, include
both a GUI and a CLI.
• Application management - The operating system manages all programs to
ensure that the correct resources are allocated to the applications. The
operating system locates an application and loads it into the RAM of the
computer. Applications are software programs, such as word processors,
databases, spreadsheets, games, and many other applications. The
operating system ensures that each application has adequate system
resources. Application programming interface (API) is a set of guidelines
used by programmers to ensure that the application they are developing is
compatible with an operating system.

Characteristics of Operating Systems
• Control hardware access
– OS automatically discovers and configures the PnP hardware
• File and folder management
• User interface
– Command line interface (CLI)
– Graphical user interface (GUI)
• Application management
– Open Graphics Library (OpenGL)
– DirectX

Types of Operating System Interfaces
• Graphical User Interface (GUI): The
user interacts with menus and
icons.
 Command Line Interface (CLI): The
user types commands at a prompt.
Most operating systems include both a GUI and a CLI.
The User Interface (UI) is the component of the OS that the user interacts with.
The UI is like an interpreter, translating user keystrokes, mouse clicks, or other
input for the appropriate programs.

Operating systems requirements
• Operating systems require a certain amount of hardware resources.
These resources are specified by the manufacturer and include such
things as:
• Amount of RAM
• Hard disk space required
• Processor type and speed
• Video resolution
• Manufacturers often specify both a minimum and recommended
level of hardware resources.
• System performance at the minimum specified hardware
configuration is usually poor and only sufficient to support the OS
and no other functionality. The recommended configuration is
usually the better option and is more likely to support standard
additional applications and resources.

End of Lecture 1
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Lecture 1 - Windows operating system concepts.pptx

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