Fundamentals of Computers
- 1. Fundamentals of Computers By- Gyanika Shukla
- 2. Generations of Computer Generation Technology Year Example Adv Disadv First Vacuum tube 1946-1959 ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM- 701, IBM- 650, EDVAC calculate in milliseconds Costly, large sized, weighted, require constant cooling, large energy and maintenance, very less efficiency Second Transistor 1959-1965 Honeywell 400, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, UNIVAC 1108 Better than first generation constant cooling, large energy and maintenance
- 3. Generations of Computer Generation Technology Year Example Adv Disadv Third Integrated circuits 1965-1971 PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360, IBM 370 Better than second generation difficult to maintain, highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips, Air conditioning is required Fourth Microprocesso r 1971-1980 IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000, PUP 11 Fastest, heat generation was negligible, smaller in size, less maintenance required Microprocesso r design and fabrication are very complex
- 4. Generations of Computers Generation Technology Year Example Adv Disadv Fifth Ultra scale microprocesso rs 1980-till now Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook More reliable, efficient, cost- effective, require less space None specifically Sixth Artificial Intelligence Present Robots enables the devices to think and take actions on their own Can be a threat to humans in future
- 6. Input and Output Devices of Computer Input • (1) Keyboard . • (2) Mouse : • (3) Scanner : • (4) Track Ball : • (5) Light Pen : • (6) Bar Code Reader : • (7) Voice Input Systems : Output • Monitor • Printer • Speaker
- 7. DIFFERENCE RAM ROM Data retention RAM is a volatile memory which could store the data as long as the power is supplied. ROM is a non-volatile memory which could retain the data even when power is turned off. Working type Data stored in RAM can be retrieved and altered. Data stored in ROM can only be read. Use Used to store the data that has to be currently processed by CPU temporarily. It stores the instructions required during bootstrap of the computer. Speed It is a high-speed memory. It is much slower than the RAM. CPU Interaction The CPU can access the data stored on it. The CPU can not access the data stored on Size and Capacity Large size with higher capacity. Small size with less capacity. Used as/in CPU Cache, Primary memory. Secondary memory Accessibility The data stored is easily accessible The data stored is not as easily accessible as in RAM
- 8. Key LAN MAN WAN Definition LAN stands for Local Area Network. MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. WAN stands for Wide Area Network. Ownership LAN is often owned by private organizations. MAN ownership can be private or public. WAN ownership can be private or public. Speed LAN speed is quiet high. MAN speed is average. WAN speed is lower than that of LAN. Delay Network Propagation Delay is short in LAN. Network Propagation Delay is moderate in MAN. Network Propagation Delay is longer in WAN. Congestion LAN has low congestion as compared to WAN. MAN has higher congestion than LAN. WAN has higher congestion than both MAN and LAN. Fault Tolerance Fault Tolerance of LAN is higher than WAN. Fault Tolerance of MAN is lower than LAN. Fault Tolerance of WAN is lower than both LAN and MAN. Maintenan ce Designing and maintaining LAN is easy and less costly than WAN. Designing and maintaining WAN is complex and more costly than LAN. Designing and maintaining WAN is complex and more costly than both LAN and MAN.
- 9. Operating System • An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. • Types: DOS, linux, windows
- 10. DISK OPERATING SYSTEM • DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS) is a system software, which is closely associated with the computer hardware and provides the interface between the user and resources of the computer. • As DOS was written by Microsoft Corporation, usually it is called MS-DOS. IBM has been licensed to use and sell the same DOS with their computer.
- 11. There are many functions performed by DOS, few of them are listed below. • 1. Coordinates the input/output devices such as monitor, printers, plotters, disk drivers, etc. • 2. Configures the computer hardware for required purposes. • 3. Maintains an orderly system of files on the disk. • 4. Customizes for international use (you can change the keyboard layout, character set and even the language according to your choice within a given set). • 5. Manages computer’s memory. • 6. Enables the user to load and execute the programs.
- 12. • DOS was a single-user and single-tasking operating system, which meant that only one program could be run at a time by a single user. • Microsoft DOS (Disk Operating System) is a command line user interface (means - there was no mouse, no menus, or any graphical components).
- 13. INTERNAL COMMANDS • COMMAND.COM is a command processor, which works as an interface between the user and DOS. It basically interprets what user has typed at the DOS prompt and processes them. • 1. BREAK Sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking. • 2. CD Displays the name of or changes the current directory. • 3. CLS Clears the screen. • 4. COPY Copies one or more files to another location. • 5. DATE Displays or sets the date. • 6. DEL Deletes one or more files. • 7. DIR Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory. • 8. EXIT Quits the COMMAND.COM program (command interpreter). • 9. VOL Displays a disk volume label and serial number.
- 14. • Advantages: • 1. Will run on a much smaller system. (ENTIRE OS can be placed on a SINGLE MODERN ROM chip!) • 2. Gives more "direct" control of the processes. • 3. Because of smaller size will "boot" much faster than ANY windows version. • 4. Is easier to write "special purpose" programs for, so long as they don't require "fancy" graphics. • 5. Allows to make use of the "old, slow" system hid in the closet when you bought the "new" one. • Disadvantages: • 1. Very few "new" programs available, therefore need to be able to write programs in many cases. • 2. Not nearly as fancy in the graphics department. • 3. Not compatible with current "browsers" and most internet
- 15. Operating System - Linux • It is open source as its source code is freely available. It is free to use. Linux was designed considering UNIX compatibility. Its functionality list is quite similar to that of UNIX.
- 16. Components of Linux System • Kernel − It is the core component of Operating System, interacts directly with hardware, provides low level services to upper layer components. • Shell − An interface to kernel, hiding complexity of kernel's functions from users. The shell takes commands from the user and executes kernel's functions. • Utilities − Utility programs that provide the user most of the functionalities of an operating systems.
- 17. Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System. Portable − Portability means software can works on different types of hardware in same way. Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform. Open Source − Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams work in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving. Multi-User − Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time. Multiprogramming − Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time. Hierarchical File System − Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/ user files are arranged. Shell − Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call application programs. etc. Security − Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.
- 18. Windows (Graphical User Interface) Windows Version Year Features Windows 1 1985 It was notable because it relied heavily on use of a mouse Windows 2 1987 introduced the ability to minimise or maximise windows Microsoft Word and Excel also made their first appearances Windows 3 1990 introduced the ability to run MS?DOS programmes in windows Windows 3.1 1992 introduced TrueType fonts Minesweeper game also made its first appearance Window 95 1995 brought the first ever Start button and Start menu connect a peripheral and the operating system finds the appropriate drivers
- 19. Windows 7, 8, 10, 13, 16 Windows Version Year Features Windows 98 1998 Outlook Express, Windows Address Book, Microsoft Chat and NetShow Player Windows XP 2001 Very much user friendly but had security problems
- 20. Microsoft word • Business and workplace use of Microsoft Word • MS word uses in Education • Home based uses of Microsoft Word • Microsoft Word helps you to get a job • Help to create resumes, notes, and assignments • You can create books, articles, and newsletters • Used to create edit, transcribe, and convert PDF documents • You can start an offline/online business after learning the Microsoft word
- 21. Microsoft Excel • Analyzing and storing data • Excel tools make your work easier • Data recovery and spreadsheets • Mathematical formulas of MS Excel make things easier • Add sophistication to data presentations • Helps businessmen in developing future strategy
- 22. Microsoft Power Point • Education • Business • House-hold purposes
- 23. Statistical Packages • SPSS (Statistical Packages for social sciences) • SAS (Statistical Analysis Software)