Baseline survey report 2013 final

Baseline study for the
Climate Change, Agriculture and Poverty
Alleviation (CCAP) initiative

William Nambiza

Version: 19th March 2013

Executive summary
The Climate Change, Agriculture and Poverty alleviation initiative is a project being implemented through a
partnership between ActionAid MJUMITA, MVIWATA, TOAM and TFCG with site-level activities in Kilosa
and Chamwino Districts. The objective of the project is for Tanzania to be implementing policies and
strategies that prioritise support to small-scale farmers to enable them to improve their livelihoods through
the adoption of climate smart agriculture and sustainable land and natural resources management. The
project is planned to operate for 27 months between 1st October 2012 and 31st December 2014. The
project is financed through the Accountability in Tanzania climate change funding window.

This baseline study was conducted from 14th of December 2012 to 14th of February 2013 in 8 villages in
Chamwino and Kilosa Districts as well as amongst district and national-level stakeholders. The survey
aimed to document a baseline with regards to the status of project indicators and stakeholders’ progress
markers and to assess the current uptake of climate-smart, small-scale (C3S) agricultural practices. The
survey was carried out by a consultant, William Nambiza.

Survey methods included: structured and semi structured interviews; key informant interviews; direct
observations and reviewing of reports and documents.

The study found that: the level of understanding on climate smart, small-scale agriculture is low amongst
most stakeholders; and few farmers in the project villages have adopted climate smart agricultural
techniques. Support by the district authority for C3S agriculture is also low in the project villages. Instead
the district targets ‘modernising’ projects that benefit a few villages each year. MJUMITA and MVIWATA
strategic plans and the District Agricultural Development Plans in both districts have not integrated C3S
agriculture. The survey also found that the National Climate Change Steering Committee does not see that
its role is to promote policy harmonisation in relation to C3S agriculture.

In relation to communicating effectively about C3S agriculture, the study found that most stakeholders
expressed a preference for meetings as a way of communicating C3S agriculture and related activities.

The study recommends that there is a need to use multiple methods of communication in order to reach the
different stakeholders and that the development of a communication strategy for the project is highly
recommended.

Summary table on baseline status of project indicators
Indicators Status at project start
Intermediate objective Tanzania has developed and is implementing policies and strategies that prioritise
support to small-scale farmers to enable them to improve their livelihoods through the adoption of climate
smart agriculture and sustainable land and natural resources management.
Intermediate Objective Indicator 1: Currently both districts receive and provide support to small-scale
Districts are receiving and distributing farmers through their DADP budget from the government and
resources to support small-scale from the private sector. Support includes: provision of drought
farmers to adopt more climate smart resistant seeds and fertilizers. Less support has been directed to
agriculture. supporting farmers to adopt C3S agriculture practices.
Immediate Objective 1: Small-scale farmers and other stakeholders are demanding the integration of
climate smart, small-scale agriculture and sustainable land and natural resources management in national
policy and policy implementation.
Immediate Objective 1 Indicator 1. MJUMITA and MVIWATA have made demands for increased
MJUMITA and MVIWATA Networks support for C3S agriculture through meetings, especially during
make demands at local, national and annual general meetings, where journalists are welcomed.
international level through media and Information from the meetings are believed to be communicated
meetings for increased support for back to the local and general public by those media. Neither
C3S agriculture and improved natural network has organised more deliberate media campaigns on C3S
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resources governance. agriculture.
Immediate objective 2. Government, private sector and civil society are cooperating to support Small-
scale farmers to benefit from climate smart agriculture and sustainable land and natural resources
management.
Immediate Objective 2 Indicator 1. Both Kilosa and Chamwino districts are currently involving
Two districts demonstrate multi- different stakeholders; especially in agricultural activities planning.
stakeholder coordination in support of This has been done through district agriculture stakeholder
C3S agriculture meetings. Both Districts are collaborating with the private sector
and there is one example of this linking to strategies aimed at
increasing resilience to climate change.
Output 1: Two national networks of community groups are advocating for climate smart agricultural land
management at national and local levels.
Output Indicator 1.1 MJUMITA and MJUMITA strategic plan does not currently state explicit support
MVIWATA institutional strategies for small-scale farmers. The plan does state a commitment to
integrate small-scale farmers and integrate communities living adjacent to forest reserves to fully
climate change mitigation and participate and equitably benefit from forest management. In
adaptation. terms of climate change, the MJUMITA strategy focuses on
assisting communities to engage in REDD. The MVIWATA
strategic plan integrates small-scale farmers through lobbying and
advocacy for their rights and by helping them to access improved
value chains (markets). To integrate climate change, mitigation
and adaptation, the plan envisages mainstreaming climate
change in MVIWATA programmes and creating adequate
awareness to members. Details on how communities will be
helped to mitigate and adapt to climate change are not specified.
Output Indicator 1.2 At least 500 In the two MJUMITA networks in the study area, 35% of members
network members and network had participated in C3S agriculture training.
leaders trained in C3S agriculture and In the two MVIWATA groups available in the study area, 38% of
climate change mitigation and members reported that they have participated in C3S agriculture
adaptation. training.
The national MJUMITA chairman has participated in some of the
C3S agriculture practices training. He had also participated in
some climate change mitigation and adaptation training. The
national MJUMITA secretary has not participated in C3S
agriculture training but has attended seminars and workshops
with some C3S agriculture practices and climate change
mitigation and adaptation.
The national MVIWATA chairperson has participated in C3S
agriculture training and on climate change mitigation and
adaptation.
Output 3: Small-scale farmers in three agro-ecological zones provide a forum for learning and knowledge
exchange on best practice in terms of climate-smart agriculture and support for C3S agriculture is
integrated in District plans.
Output Indicator 3.1 360 farmers are 21% of small-scale farmers are implementing at least 1 C3S
modelling best practice in climate agricultural practice in the 3 Kilosa study villages; and 27% in the
smart, small-scale agriculture by end Chamwino study villages
of Y3
Output Indicator 3.2 10,000 farmers 10% of the small-scale farmers have participated in C3S
have learned at first-hand about C3S agriculture trainings in Kilosa study villages. No farmers had
agriculture and are integrating key participated in C3S agriculture training in Chamwino study
elements of C3S agriculture on their villages. However, 21% of farmers in Kilosa and 27% in
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farms. Chamwino are integrating some of the C3S agriculture on their
farms.
Output Indicator 3.3 Farmers in 6 No farmers in any of the study villages stated that they have
villages have improved access to accessed agriculture credit for adding value to his/her agriculture
agricultural credit and support for produce.
adding value to their agricultural
produce.
Output Indicator 3.4 5 million 20% of small-scale farmers in Chamwino and 17% in Kilosa study
farmers have received practical villages stated that they have received practical information on
information on measures that they measures to improve their resilience to climate change.
can take to improve their resilience to
climate change.
Output Indicator 3.5 45 community There are 11 community based trainers in the Kilosa study
trainers trained on C3S agriculture. villages that have been trained on C3S agriculture. There are no
community trainers in Chamwino study villages that have been
trained on C3S agriculture.

Status of progress markers for priority stakeholders at project baseline

Progress Marker Status of progress marker at baseline
Small-scale farmers
Expect to see
Small-scale farmers participate in 6% of small scale farmers in Kilosa and 3% of farmers in
training and awareness raising events Chamwino stated that they have participated in climate
related to climate change, climate change training. 10% (all from Kilosa) of respondents stated
smart agriculture, land tenure, micro- that they have participated in C3S agriculture training. 4% of
finance and REDD+. small-scale farmers in Chamwino and 2% in Kilosa stated that
they have participated in land tenure training. 5% of small-
scale farmers stated that they have participated in
microfinance training and 6% of respondents from the Kilosa
study villages stated that they have received REDD trainings.
Farmers in project villages implement There are farm field schools in Kisongwe, Lunenzi and Ibingu
C3S agriculture in their farm field villages in Kilosa. These were established by the TFCG and
schools and communicate results to MJUMITA REDD project. 0 farmer field schools were reported
other farmers during farmers’ days to be in existence in the Chamwino study villages. 0
and with local and national media respondents reported any communication of C3S agriculture
where organised by the project. practices results to other farmers during farmer’s days and
with local media.
Farmers in project villages are Farmers in Kisongwe and Ibingu villages are displaying C3S
displaying information about climate agriculture, land tenure and REDD information through
change, C3S agriculture, land tenure posters. There is no displayed information with regards to the
and REDD. above issues in Lunenzi and Lumbiji village. Land tenure and
agroforestry information was being displayed in Nzali and
Chinangali I respectively.
Like to see
Small-scale farmers including both 8% of women and 9% of men in the study villages are
women and men in the project applying on-farm and off-farm climate-smart techniques to
villagers are applying on-farm and off- their own livelihood activities.
farm climate-smart techniques to their
own livelihood activities including
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farmers not involved in the project-
supported training events.
Small-scale farmers in project villages 16% of the small-scale farmers stated that they are advocating
are advocating elected elected representatives and government officers for
representatives and government improvements in governance in relation to land, natural
officers for improvements in resource and agriculture. Some of the strategies that were
governance in relation to land, natural described by respondents include: reporting those who misuse
resources and agriculture. their offices to the higher authorities, not electing them in the
forthcoming elections and removing them from their post.
Small-scale farmers from project 15% of farmers are building capacities of farmers in other
villages are building the capacity of villages on C3S agriculture and sustainable land and natural
farmers from other villages and resource management. 0 farmers reported that they are
districts on C3S agriculture, REDD+ building the capacity of other farmers in other villages on
and sustainable land and natural REDD. Respondents mentioned the following strategies to
resources management. share information on C3S agriculture with farmers in other
villages: informal meetings and visiting other farmers at home
and on their farms.
Love to see
Small-scale farmers from non-project 0 farmers in the non-project village reported that they had
villages adopt climate smart adopted C3S agricultural technologies using the experience
agricultural technologies using the and guidelines shared by the CCAP project.
experiences and guidelines shared by
the project.
Small-scale farmers from non-project Small scale farmers in the non-project villages are not actively
villages actively advocate at village, advocating at village, district and national level for more
district and national level for more sustainable land and natural resources management.
sustainable land and natural
resources management.
Small-scale farmers actively engage 5% per cent of small-scale farmers are involved with the
with their local MJUMITA and MJUMITA network; and 5% of farmers are engaging with
MVIWATA networks to lobby for more MVIWATA groups to lobby for more support for C3S
support for C3S agriculture, REDD agriculture, REDD and sustainable land and natural resources
and sustainable land and natural management.
MJUMITA and MVIWATA Community networks
Expect to see
National-level community network Both MJUMITA and MVIWATA national leaders are aware of
leaders have a firm understanding of the linkage that exists between climate change, C3S
the linkages between climate change, agriculture and sustainable land and natural resource
C3S agriculture and sustainable land management. Their descriptions generally focus on how
and natural resources management. climate change affects agriculture; how forests are affected by
low agricultural yields and how reduced conservation effort
results in climate changes and low agricultural yields.
National-level community network MJUMITA national network leaders are currently providing
leaders are providing information to information through their zonal members in areas where
their members on the linkages MJUMITA has projects. Currently C3S has been
between climate change, C3S communicated by the national leaders to 9 networks in
agriculture and sustainable land and Usambara and Kilosa. MVIWATA shares information on
natural resources management. climate change through their field officers. 34 MVIWATA
groups in Kyela, Arusha, Monduli, Rudewa and in Mvomero

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have received information on climate change from their
national leaders
Like to see
At national level, community networks Climate change issues are reflected in the MJUMITA and
have integrated climate change MVIWATA strategies. The MJUMITA strategy is primarily
issues in their institutional strategies focused on mitigation. The MVIWATA strategy is primarily
and are providing training, user- focused on adaptation. Both networks have provided training
friendly guides and other support to to a few of their members on climate change in general.
their members to adopt C3S MJUMITA have provided more detailed training to some of its
agriculture, REDD+ and other climate members on REDD.
smart strategies.
Local level community networks are 25% of MJUMITA network members and 16 % of MVIWATA
aware of climate change, C3S members in the study area are aware of climate change. 30
agriculture and are sharing this % of MJUMITA members and 37 % of MVIWATA members
information with others in their stated that they were aware of C3S agriculture. 65 % of
communities. MJUMITA members and 5 % of MVIWATA members in the
study villages share this information with other farmers.
Community networks are regularly MJUMITA and MVIWATA leaders are currently not regularly
consulted by policy makers on climate consulted by policy makers to provide recommendation to
change related issues and provide Kilimo Kwanza ASDP and SAGCOT
recommendations to Kilimo Kwanza,
ASDP and SAGCOT
Community networks are advocating MJUMITA and MVIWATA members have not demanded
at local, national and international support for C3S agriculture, community-oriented REDD and
level through media, meetings and other climate smart strategies through the media. However
other forums for more support for C3S demands have been made in their annual general meetings
agriculture, community-oriented but this has been on C3S agriculture and none of the farmers
REDD and other climate smart interviewed had made demand for REDD. However at
strategies. national level MJUMITA have been active in working with the
media to advocate for an equitable approach to REDD.
Love to see
Community networks are recognised MJUMITA were invited to participate in the National REDD
as leaders in climate change Task Force’s technical working group on REDD standards;
adaptation and mitigation and are and MVIWATA have been invited to participate in consultation
invited to participate in policy on the draft Agricultural Strategy.
formulation, monitoring and
evaluation forums at national and
international level.
Community networks hold elected 50% of MJUMITA network members and 11% of MVIWATA
representatives at local and national group members reported that they are holding elected
level accountable for the quality of the representatives at local level accountable for the quality of the
support that network members are support that the network members are receiving for climate
receiving for climate change change adaptation and mitigation.
adaptation and mitigation.
Community networks in Tanzania No evidence of this was recorded.
share their knowledge on appropriate,
climate change adaptation and
mitigation strategies with communities
in other countries.

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District Officials
Expect to see
District Officials participate in The Chamwino District Executive Director, the District Forest
awareness raising events about Officer, the District Livestock and Fisheries Officer have not
Climate Change, REDD and participated in climate change and REDD awareness raising
Agriculture. events. The District Agriculture and Cooperative Societies
Officer have participated in climate change awareness raising
events but not in REDD events. All of the District staff
interviewed, with the exception of the Forest Officer, stated
that they have participated in agriculture awareness raising
events and said that it is part and parcel of their work

The Kilosa District Agriculture Officer and the District
Executive Director stated that they have not participated in
climate change awareness raising events. The agriculture
officer has participated in REDD awareness raising events
organised by the TFCG and MJUMITA REDD project. Both the
agriculture officer and the district executive director have
participated in agriculture awareness raising events. The
District Forest Officer has participated in both climate change
and REDD awareness raising events.
In all districts, district officials are willing to participate in
awareness raising events about Climate Change, REDD and
Agriculture.
District officials integrate climate Kilosa is not integrating climate friendly agriculture in their
friendly agriculture in their DADPs DADPs although they have been participating in the
where external support is provided. conservation agriculture training provided by TFCG as part of
the TFCG and MJUMITA REDD project.

Chamwino have been generating drought resistant sorghum
based on a project receiving FAO support.
District Officials support integration of Community plans are supposed to be integrated in DADPs by
community plans in DADPs where using the O&OD (opportunity and obstacle to development)
external support is provided. methods however the formulation of these plans rarely follows
the participatory approach intended and the budget does not
always reflect the priorities cited by the communities.

Like to see
District Government are providing In both district there are delays in the delivery of DADP
DADP guidelines that include issues guidelines to ward and village level. This is caused by delays
of climate-friendly agriculture and in the delivery of funds from the government.
gender to all wards and villages in a
timely manner; are ensuring that the Gender is considered in agriculture related training, projects,
ward and village level facilitation planning, decision-making and implementation.
teams are developing plans that
adequately support climate friendly In both Chamwino and Kilosa, district officials stated that it is
agriculture; and these are properly through environmental and social management frameworks
reflected in the District level plans and that the environmental impact of their DADPs projects are
are then implemented. assessed. However, the ESMF does not cover small-scale
initiatives

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District government are raising In Chamwino, District Officials organise village assembly
awareness about climate change, meetings that cover agriculture, environmental conservation
climate-friendly agriculture and and good animal husbandry.
gender amongst communities in their
districts. In Kilosa, through the land, environment and natural resource
committee, District Officials have been raising awareness
about climate change and climate friendly agriculture, however
this has been conducted in line with other issue in the villages
and there have not been specific awareness raising events on
climate change and climate smart, small-scale agriculture.

Love to see
Support for best practices in terms of No evidence of this was recorded in either District.
supporting climate change resilient
and low GHG agriculture are
integrated in DADPs and adequate
funds are disbursed for their
implementation.
District government are supporting In Chamwino, the District have supported tree planting (6000
communities to implement actions trees were planted in 2012); and are enforcing laws to protect
that will reduce deforestation and are reserves from deforestation for agriculture.
assisting communities to access
REDD finance. Kilosa district officials stated that they have been conducting
patrols in forest reserves and providing education to forest
adjacent communities on the impact of deforestation and
bushfire. On helping communities to access REDD finance,
they are collaborating with TFCG/MJUMITA in their REDD
project to learn the process and perhaps start running and
claiming for REDD finances to the needy communities

District government take action There have been efforts to address corruption issues in the
against individuals engaging in two districts. Some Village Executive Officers have been fired
corrupt practices that undermine and charged in the court of law for misusing public funds in
efforts to promote pro-poor, climate- Chamwino and Kilosa. The two districts are also working in
friendly agriculture. close collaboration with the Prevention and Combating of
Corruption Bureau (PCCB) to address corruption in the district.

Elected representatives
Expect to see
Elected representatives participate in In Chamwino District, the Chilonwa ward councillor stated that
awareness raising days and he has not participated in any awareness raising events or
stakeholder meetings on small-scale stakeholder meetings on small-scale agriculture and climate
agriculture and climate change when change but he underscored that he is willing to participate as it
external support is provided. is one of his responsibilities to cooperate with development
partners in the area of his jurisdiction.

In Kilosa, both the Lumbiji and Lumuma ward councillors have
participated in agriculture and climate related awareness
raising events and meetings organised by REDD project in
Kilosa. Both Kilosa and Chilonwa Members of Parliaments
have not participated in awareness raising days and

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stakeholder meetings on climate change issue but have been
participating in agriculture awareness raising events. They are
willing to participate in awareness raising events.
Elected representatives make No evidence of this was recorded in either District.
statements to the media to demand
more support for small scale farmers
and sustainable land and natural

Like to see
MPs raise questions about climate No evidence of this was recorded in either District.
change steering committee
effectiveness and the integration of
support for small-scale farmers in
current agricultural policies (DADPs,
SAGCOT, Kilimo Kwanza) including
references to Tanzania’s
commitments under the Maputo
Declaration.
Ward Councillors and Village council No evidence of this was recorded in either District.
members push for DADPs to integrate
support for small scale, climate smart
agriculture.
Ward councillors push District Both Wards stated that they have pushed for timely support for
Officials to expedite and prioritise their electorate in relation to DADPs.
support for small-scale farmers in the
implementation of DADPs.
Love to see
MPs make changes to national CC No evidence of this was recorded
related policies to reflect the interests
of communities and Small-scale
farmers
Elected leaders monitor and follow up No evidence of this was recorded
on the implementation of national
policies and laws relating to small-
scale farmers and climate change
adaptation and mitigation.

National Climate Change Steering Committee and National Climate Change Technical
Committee
Expect to see
The NCCSC and the NCCTC meet at NCCSC and the NCCTC had two (2) meetings in 2012,
least twice per year including three (3) meetings in 2011 and one (1) in 2010. It was
representatives from MNRT, PMO further revealed that the NCCSC and NCCTC are
RALG, MAFS and VPO DoE; civil designated to hold their meetings concurrently, whereby the
society organisations; research NCCTC sits first and thereafter inform the NCCSC in its
institutions and private sector. meeting
Representatives from NCCSC / TC NCCSC/TC does not organize any media events to
participate in media events on climate promote climate friendly agriculture. However, NCCSC/TC
friendly agriculture. has been participating in media events through sending its

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experts upon invitation to various media events

Like to See
NCCSC representatives participate in NCCSC is willing to send representatives to the events
civil society events related to linkages related to linkage between small-scale agriculture, climate
between Small-scale agriculture, climate change and REDD. NCCST/SC representatives
change and REDD. participated in the IUCN hosted workshop to develop a
national strategy on gender and climate change was
conducted in September 2011.
NCCSC and NCCTC consider policy No evidence of this was recorded
harmonisation in relation to CC
mitigation and adaptation including
issues around Small-scale agriculture
and REDD.
NCCSC host meetings for communities, Development of national REDD+ involved a series of
civil society, local government, research awareness meetings and consultation meetings in different
institutions and private sector to provide areas in Tanzania from local level, district level, and
inputs on the National Climate Change regional level and at national level where different
strategy, NAPA and REDD + strategies. stakeholders were consulted for their inputs.

Consultation meetings for the national climate change
strategy were held in the Lake and Southern Highland
zones.
Gender issues are well covered in key The national REDD+ strategy emphasizes gender to be
plans including the National REDD+ considered in its implementation.
strategy and NCCS.
NCCTC advise MAFS on measures NCCTC is structured to provide technical assistance to
needed to ensure that the ASDP individual sectors and in most cases the NCCTC advises
effectively promotes pro-poor, climate those sectors (including agriculture sector) through different
change mitigation and adaptation. strategies (e.g. national climate change strategy) and
guidelines.
NCCTC approves information resources NCCTC has not approved any information as this is done
on climate friendly agriculture for through the Policy and Regulatory framework in the
distribution to Local Government with the agriculture sector. The agriculture ministry is implementing
DADP guidelines. the Environmental Management Act - Implementation
Support Programme (EMA-ISP) through its environmental
management unit where this approval is channelled.

Love to see
The NCCSC is demanding the allocation No evidence of this was recorded. It was stated that this
of 10 % of the national budget for would be inappropriate behaviour for the NCCSC.
climate-friendly agriculture in ways that
directly contribute to achieving MDGs.
The NCCSC is supporting the NCCFP to The NCCSC has not supported the national climate change
be a role model for other countries in the focal point to be a role model for other countries in the
integration of climate friendly agriculture integration of climate friendly agriculture in national
in NAMAs, NAPAs and REDD appropriate mitigation actions, national adaptation
programme for action and reduction of emission from
deforestation and degradation

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Table of contents

Executive summary ............................................................................................................................................... i

Table of contents ................................................................................................................................................. x

List of figures ..................................................................................................................................................... xii

List of tables ..................................................................................................................................................... xiv

Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................................ xv

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background information ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives of the study ...................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 Data collection .................................................................................................................................................. 2
2.2 Sampling strategies ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Data analysis ..................................................................................................................................................... 5

3. Results ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 General information on village-level surveys .................................................................................................... 6
3.1.1 Age composition of respondents in Kilosa and Chamwino study villages ..................................... 6
3.1.2 Education level of respondents ............................................................................................................ 7
3.1.3 Respondents’ economic activities ...................................................................................................... 10
3.1.4 Main crops grown by small-scale farmers ........................................................................................ 11
3.2 Baseline situation of project’s indicators and priority stakeholder progress markers .................................... 14
3.2.1 Baseline situation of project indicators .............................................................................................. 14
3.2.2 Baseline situation of project stakeholder progress markers .......................................................... 28
3.2.2.1 Small - Scale Farmers ..................................................................................................................... 28
3.2.2.2 MVIWATA and MJUMITA members .............................................................................................. 39
3.2.2.3 District Officials ................................................................................................................................. 50
3.2.2.4 Ward councillors and Members of Parliament ............................................................................. 53
3.2.2.5 Nation Climate Steering Committee and National Climate Change Technical Committee
(NCCSC/NCCTC) ............................................................................................................................................. 55
3.2.2.6 Village council members ................................................................................................................. 57
3.3 Current knowledge of and uptake of climate smart, small-scale agriculture and other livelihood initiatives 64
3.4 Communication preference for the project’s priority stakeholders ................................................................ 65

4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................. 68

References......................................................................................................................................................... 69

Activity report ................................................................................................................................................... 70

Appendices ........................................................................................................................................................ 71
Appendix i: Terms of Reference................................................................................................................................... 71
Appendix ii. Small-scale farmers’s questionnaires ...................................................................................................... 74

x

Appendix iii. MJUMITA local areas network members’ questionnaire ....................................................................... 82
Appendix iv. MVIWATA members’ questionnaire ....................................................................................................... 86
Appendix v. Village Council members’ questionnaire ................................................................................................. 90
Appendix vi. Ward councillors and Members of Parliament checklist questions ........................................................ 94
Appendix vii. Checklist questions for District Officials................................................................................................. 95
Appendix viii. Checklist for National MJUMITA and MVIWATA leaders ..................................................................... 96
Appendix ix. Checklist questions for National Climate Change Technical and Steering Committee Chairperson ...... 97
Appendix x. Checklist questions for community trainers ............................................................................................ 98
Appendix xi. Village profiles ........................................................................................................................................ 99
Appendix xii. The list of respondents interviewed and administered questionnaires ............................................... 105
Appendix xiii. Wealth ranking indicators .................................................................................................................. 110

xi

List of figures
Figure 1. Map showing location of Chamwino district in Dodoma and Kilosa District in Morogoro Region. .... 2
Figure 2. Map of Chamwino District showing location of Mahama, Nzali, Manchali and Chinangali I villages3
Figure 3. Map of Kilosa district showing location of Kisongwe, Lumbiji, Lunenzi and Ibingu villages .............. 3
Figure 4. Age composition of respondents in Chamwino study villages (n = 89)................................................. 6
Figure 5. Age composition of respondents in Kilosa study villages (n = 110) ...................................................... 6
Figure 6. Education composition of the respondents in Chamwino study villages (n = 89) ............................... 7
Figure 7. Education compositions of the respondents in Kilosa study villages (n = 110) ................................... 7
Figure 8. Education level of the interviewed female in Chamwino study villages (n = 42) ................................. 8
Figure 9. Education level of the interviewed women in Kilosa study villages (n = 50) ........................................ 9
Figure 10. Education level to the interviewed male in Kilosa study villages (n = 59) .......................................... 9
Figure 11.Education level of the interviewed male in Chamwino study villages (n = 48) ................................. 10
Figure 12 Economic activities of respondents in Chamwino study villages (n = 90) ......................................... 10
Figure 13. Economic activities of the respondents in Kilosa study villages (n = 109) ....................................... 11
Figure 14. Crops grown by farmers in Kilosa study villages (n = 40) ................................................................... 12
Figure 15. Crops grown by farmers in Chamwino study villages (n = 40) ........................................................... 12
Figure 16. Agro-Ecological Zones of Tanzania (Source: Blinker, 2006).............................................................. 13
Figure 17. Kilosa and Chamwino village leaders' responses on whether they have received any support for
C3S agriculture from the District ........................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 18. Kinds of supports reported to be provided by the Kilosa and Chamwino districts to the village
leaders in the study villages................................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 19. Support received by the village leaders at village level to adopt climate smart agriculture ........... 17
Figure 20. Small-scale farmers’ responses on whether they have received support from the district to adopt
more C3S agriculture in Kilosa and Chamwino study villages ...................................................................... 17
Figure 21. Small-scale farmers who received support from the district to support adoption of C3S
agriculture .............................................................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 22. Small scale farmers' responses on whether they have participated in C3S training in Kilosa and
Chamwino study villages ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 23. Current C3S agriculture practices at a village level ............................................................................. 25
Figure 24. Current C3S agriculture practices at a village level ............................................................................. 26
Figure 25. Small scale farmers' responses on whether they have received practical information for climate
change resilience.................................................................................................................................................. 27
Figure 26. Small scale farmers’ responses on whether they have received practical information to take to
increase their resilient to climate change ......................................................................................................... 27
Figure 27. Farmers’ responses on whether they participated in training or awareness raising about climate
change in Kilosa and Chamwino study villages (n=80) .................................................................................. 28
Figure 28. Farmers who have participated and not participated in land tenure training and awareness
raising meetings (n=80) ....................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 29. Farmers who reported to have and not have attended trainings and awareness meetings on
microfinance .......................................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 30. Women’s responses on implementation of C3S agriculture practices in the study villages .......... 33
Figure 31. Men’s responses on implementation of C3S agriculture practices in the study villages ................ 33
Figure 32. Small-scale farmers' responses on whether they have made any effort to address good
governance from their elected representatives ............................................................................................... 34
Figure 33. MJUMITA members’ response on whether they have heard climate change (n = 20) .................. 40
Figure 34. MVIWATA members’ response on whether they have heard climate change (n= 19) .................. 40
Figure 35. UMILUI and UMIKIM members’ responses on whether they have heard climate change (n=10 for
each network) ....................................................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 36. JUHUDI and MSHIKAMANO group members’ response on whether they have heard about
climate change ...................................................................................................................................................... 41
xii

Figure 37. MJUMITA members response on how they describe climate change (n = 20) ............................... 42
Figure 38. MVIWATA members’ response on how they describe climate change (n =19) .............................. 42
Figure 39. MJUMITA members’ response on the causes of climate change (n =20)........................................ 43
Figure 40. MVIWATA network members’ response on the causes of climate change (n = 19) ...................... 43
Figure 41. MJUMITA members’ response on the impacts of climate change (n = 20) ..................................... 44
Figure 42. MVIWATA members’ response on the impacts of climate change (n = 19) .................................... 44
Figure 43. MJUMITA members’ response on whether they have heard C3S (n=20) ....................................... 44
Figure 44. MVIWATA members’ response on whether they have heard C3S (n=19)....................................... 45
Figure 45. MJUMITA members’ responses on how they describe C3S agriculture .......................................... 45
Figure 46.MJUMITA members’ responses on how they describe C3S agriculture ........................................... 46
Figure 47. MJUMITA members’ responses on whether they share climate change, C3S agriculture
information with others in the communities ...................................................................................................... 46
Figure 48. MVIWATA members’ responses on whether they share climate change, C3S agriculture
information with others in the communities ...................................................................................................... 47
Figure 49. MJUMITA members’ responses on whether there do exist opportunities for them to share
information to communities in other countries ................................................................................................. 50
Figure 50. MVIWATA members’ responses on whether is any opportunity for them to share information to
communities in other countries .......................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 51. Village council members’ responses on whether they have heard about climate change (n=80) 58
Figure 52. Village council members’ response at a village level on whether they have heard about climate
change ................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Figure 53. Village council member’s response of how they describe climate change (n = 80) ....................... 59
Figure 54. Village council member’s responses at village level on how they describe climate change ......... 59
Figure 55. Village council member’s responses on awareness of climate change adaptation in Kilosa and
Chamwino study villages ..................................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 56. Issues that were covered to village council members who reported to have attended C3S
awareness raising in both Kilosa and Chamwino ............................................................................................ 62
Figure 57. Issues that were covered to village council members who attended climate change awareness
meeting in Kilosa and Chamwino study villages ............................................................................................. 63
Figure 58. Communication preference in MJUMITA and MVIWATA ................................................................... 67

xiii

List of tables
Table 1. Comparison of education level of three villages in Chamwino (n = 20 for each village) ........................................ 8
Table 2. Comparison of education level of three villages in Kilosa (n = 25 for each village) ................................................ 8
Table 3. Businesses practiced by respondents in the study villages ..................................................................................... 11
Table 4. MJUMITA members’ on whether they have attended trainings on climate change adaptation .......................... 21
Table 5. Climate smart, small - scale agriculture practices currently applied by small-scale farmers in Kilosa study
villages (n = 40 for each district). ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Table 6. Climate smart, small - scale agriculture practices currently applied by small-scale farmers in Chamwino study
villages (n = 40 for each district). ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Table 7. Farmers who have participated in training or awareness raising about climate change at the village level (n
=10 for each village) .............................................................................................................................................................. 29
Table 8. Small-scale farmers' responses on whether they have participated in C3S agriculture trainings ...................... 29
Table 9. Small scale-farmers' responses on whether they have participated in awareness raising about land tenure in
the study villages (n = 10 for each village) ........................................................................................................................ 30
Table 10. Small-scale farmers' responses on whether they have participated in microfinance training ........................... 31
Table 11. Small-scale farmers' responses on whether they have partcipated in REDD training ....................................... 31
Table 12. Small-scale framers’ responses of information that are displayed by farmers in the study villages ................ 32
Table 13. Small-scale farmers’ responses on whether they have taken any action to address good governance from
their elected representatives ................................................................................................................................................ 34
Table 14. Responses of farmers on building capacity of other farmers in other villages on C3S, REDD and NRM ...... 35
Table 15. Small scale-farmers' responses on whether they are building capacity to farmers in other villages on C3S
agriculture, REDD, and natural resource management ................................................................................................... 35
Table 16. Farmers' current C3S agriculture practices in the control villages ........................................................................ 36
Table 17.Small-scale farmers's responses in the non-project villages on issue that address sustainable land and
natural resources management........................................................................................................................................... 37
Table 18. Small scale farmers' responses on whether they have heard the existence of MJUMITA (n=10 for each
village) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Table 19. Small scale farmers' responses on whether they have heard the existence of MJUMITA (n=10 for each
village) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Table 20. Small-scale farmers' responses on whether they are engaging with local MJUMITA network (n= 10 for each
village) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Table 21. Small-scale farmers' responses on whether they are engaging with local MVIWATA network (= 10 for each
village) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Table 22. MVIWATA group members’ responses on whether they have ever demanded C3S agriculture, community
oriented REDD and natural resource management through media and meetings (n = 19) ....................................... 48
Table 23. MJUMITA network members’ responses on whether they have ever demanded C3S agriculture, community
oriented REDD and natural resource management through media and meetings (n = 20) ....................................... 48
Table 24. MVIWATA members' responses on whether they are holding responsible elected representatives ............... 49
Table 25. MVIWATA members' responses on whether they are holding responsible elected representatives ............... 49
Table 26. Village council member’s responses on the causes of climate change in the study villages............................ 60
Table 27. Village council members’ responses on the impacts of climate change in study villages ................................ 60
Table 28. Village council member’s responses on awareness of climate change adaptation at village level .................. 61
Table 29. Village council member’s response on the link of climate change, agriculture and poverty ............................. 62
Table 30. Issues that were covered to village council members at village level who reported to ...................................... 63
Table 31. Issues that were covered to village council members who attended climate awareness .................................. 64
Table 32. Farm preparation methods to the interviewed farmers ........................................................................................... 65
Table 33. Fire management methods by those who reported to use fire in their farm preparations ................................. 65
Table 34. Small scale farmers’ preference on communication methods ............................................................................... 67

xiv

Acknowledgements
I am grateful to the Accountability in Tanzania (Act) for funding this study. I sincerely thank Nike Doggart for
her constructive criticism and comments when planning the work and during the report write-up. I also
thank Bakari Mongo, the TOAM field project officer in Chamwino and the TFCG REDD project team in
Kilosa namely Mr. Shadrack Yoash Nyungwa, Mr Emmanuel Lyimo, Mr. Enos and Mr Hassan Chikira for
their assistance when carrying out this study.

More thanks go to Mahama, Nzali, Chinangali I, Manchali A, Kisongwe, Lumbiji, Lunenzi and Ibingu village
councils for allowing me to conduct this study in their villages and to small scale farmers from the same
villages for participating in this study.

Moreover, I acknowledge cooperation from the Chairman of the National Climate Change Committee
(Director of Environment in Vice President Office) Dr. Julius Ningu, the Chamwino Executive Director Mr.
Adrian Jungu, the Kilosa Executive Director Mr. Lameck M. Masembejo, the Kilosa Member of Parliament
Hon. Mustafa Mkulo, Chilonwa Member of Parliament Hon. Ezekiah Chibulunje and Lumbuji, Lumuma, and
Chilonwa Ward Councils.

I received great collaboration from my assistants Mr. David Maleko and Mr. Njabha Lyatura. Assistance in
administering questionnaires that was provided by my enumerators was so supportive to easy the data
collection exercise. Lastly I would like to thank all who participated in this study and to those who in one
way or another helped the completion of the study.

xv

List of acronyms

ASDP Agriculture Sector Development Programme
C3S Climate Smart, Small-Scale Agriculture
CC Climate Change
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CCAP Climate change, Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation
CMA Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
CSO Civil Societies Organizations
DADPs District Agriculture Development Plans
DCT/DSC Diocese of Central Tanganyika
DED District Executive Director
DEMAT Dodoma Environmental Management
DFO District Forest Officer
DFT District Facilitation Team
DoE Division of Environment
DONET Dodoma Environmental Network
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation
GHG Greenhouse Gases
GIS Geographic Information System
INADES INADES Formation Tanzania
IPCC International Panel on Climate Change
ITV Independent Television
MJUMITA Mtandao wa Jamii wa Usimamizi wa Misitu Tanzania
MVIWATA Mtandao wa Vikundi vya Wakulima Tanzania
n Sample size
NAPA National Adaptation Programme for Action
NCCSC National Climate Change Steering Committee
NCCTC National Climate Change Technical Committee
NRM Natural Resource Management
REDD Reducing Emissions of GHG from Deforestation and forest Degradation
RLDC Rural Livelihood Development Company
SO4 Strategic Objective Four
SP Strategic Plan
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science
TAWLAE Tanzania Association for Women Leaders in Agriculture and Environment
TFCG Tanzania Forest Conservation Group
TOAM Tanzania Organic Agriculture Movement
TSH Tanzania Shillings
TV Television
UMIKIM Uhifadhi Misitu Kisongwe na Mfului
UMILUI Uhifadhi Misitu Lunenzi na Ibingu
URT United Republic of Tanzania
VADPs Village Agriculture Development Plans
VEO Village Executive Officer
VPO Vice President Office
WADP Ward Agriculture Development Plan
WFT Ward Facilitation Team
WOWAP Women Wake- Up

xvi

1. Introduction
1.1 Background information

Employing over 70% of Tanzanians, many of them small-scale farmers earning less than US$ 1 per day,
the agriculture sector is particularly vulnerable to climate change. While climate change undermines
agricultural development in low income countries like Tanzania, the fourth assessment report of the
International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that globally, agriculture contributes 14% of the
anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG). Agricultural practices like shifting cultivation; use of fire during
farm preparation; use of synthetic fertilizers; forest clearance; deep tillage and livestock keeping are
examples of agricultural techniques that are commonly practiced in Tanzania and that contribute to GHG
emissions. Climate change is linked with reduced crop yields, exacerbation of poverty and natural resource
conflicts as witnessed in Morogoro region. The National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) for
Tanzania estimated that increases in temperature and reduced rainfall as well as change in rainfall patterns
will reduce the average yield of maize by up to 84% in the central region of Tanzania (URT, 2006).

The Climate Change, Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation (CCAP) project is a partnership between five non-
governmental organisations: Action Aid Tanzania, MJUMITA, MVIWATA, TFCG and TOAM. It includes a
national level advocacy component plus site based demonstration activities in three dry land villages in
Chamwino District and three highland villages in Kilosa District. Funding from AcT has been committed for
the period October 2012 to December 2014.

Project Goal
The goal of the climate change, agriculture and poverty alleviation project (CCAP) is that poverty has been
reduced amongst small-scale farmers in Tanzania and greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture have
been reduced through the widespread adoption of climate resilient, low emission agricultural practices.

Project approach and strategy
The project will achieve its goal by advocating for Tanzania to develop and implement policies and
strategies that prioritise support to small-scale farmers to enable them to improve their livelihoods through
the adoption of climate smart agriculture and sustainable land and natural resources management.

This baseline study was conducted with stakeholders at national, district and village level. The survey
included respondents from all six project villages namely Kisongwe, Ibingu and Lunenzi in Kilosa and
Mahama, Nzali and Manchali A in Chamwino. In order to measure the impact of project interventions in the
project areas, the study selected Chinangali I in Chamwino and Lumbiji in Kilosa as control villages. The
study assessed current knowledge and practices amongst relevant stakeholders and has documented the
situations that exist in relation to project indicators.

This report includes sections on the methodology, results and conclusions and recommendations.

1.2 Objectives of the study

The terms of reference for this work are attached as Appendix I. The three objectives of the study were to:
 Document conditions at the start of the project in relation to the project’s indicators and priority
stakeholder progress markers.
 Document the current knowledge of and uptake of climate smart, small-scale agriculture and other
livelihood initiatives intended to increase resilience to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions in the six project villages.
 Document communication preferences for the project’s priority stakeholders.

1

2. Methodology
2.1 Data collection

The survey used both qualitative and quantitative methods including direct observations and literature
review. The qualitative data was collected through structured and key informant interviews. These involved
administering questionnaires to small-scale farmers (Appendix ii), MJUMITA networks (Appendix iii),
MVIWATA group members (Appendix iv) and Village government members (Appendix v).

Key informant interviews were conducted to ward councillors and Member of Parliaments (Appendix vi ),
Districts officials (Appendix vii) whose works are directly related with climate change, conservation and
agriculture (District Executive Directors, District Natural Resource Officers and District Agriculture and
Livestock Development Officers). Key informant interviews were also conducted to MJUMITA and
MVIWATA National Leaders (Appendix viii), community trainers (appendix x) and to the Director of
Environment in the Vice President’s Office (Appendix ix) who is the Chairperson of the National Climate
Change Technical Committee (NCCTC).

Districts’ Agriculture Development Plans (DADPs), Districts’ annual DADP reports, MJUMITA and
MVIWATA institutional strategies and District social economic profiles were reviewed to understand the
current situation with regards to climate change, climate smart-small scale agriculture, poverty and climate
change adaptation and mitigation in the study areas and their integration in DADPs and in MJUMITA and
MVIWATA institutional strategic plans. Quantitative data were collected from project village governments
using village government members’ questionnaires.

The study began with a review of the strategic plans for MJUMITA and MVIWATA, DADPs and District
Social Economic Profiles. The survey team then collected background information on the eight villages
(Appendix xii) prior to the commencement of data collection through interviews with stakeholders.

The study was conducted in Kilosa and Chamwino Districts (Figure 1) in Morogoro and Dodoma regions
respectively.

Figure 1. Map showing location of
Chamwino district in Dodoma and
Kilosa District in Morogoro Region.

Specifically the study was conducted in
CCAP project villages namely Lunenzi,
Ibingu, and Kisongwe villages in Kilosa
(Figure 2) and Mahama, Nzali,
Manchali A villages in Chamwino
(Figure 3). Lumbiji and Chinangali I
villages were selected as control
villages in Kilosa and Chamwino
respectively (Figure 2 and 3). The
selection of these control villages was
based on the criteria that these villages
are in the same agro-ecological zone
as the project villages and do not have
and will not have the same project
intervention during the lifetime of the
project.

2

Figure 2. Map of Chamwino District showing location of Mahama, Nzali, Manchali and Chinangali I
villages

Figure 3. Map of Kilosa district showing location of Kisongwe, Lumbiji, Lunenzi and Ibingu villages

3

2.2 Sampling strategies

In each village the following sampling strategy was followed:
 10 small-scale farmers;
The selection was stratified in such a way that ten (10) names of small-scale farmers (5 men and 5 women)
were written on separate pieces of paper; mixed in a box; and five names were picked from the box to
represent farmers who came from sub villages that are remotely located. In addition, six names of small-
scale farmers (3 men and 3 women) who were considered to be poor (according to wealth ranking
indicators in Appendix xiii) were written on separate pieces of paper; mixed in a box; and three names
were picked from the box to represent small-scale farmers who came from the lowest wealth rank category.
The same procedure was used for the remaining two farmers where for this case four names (gender was
considered) were used to select the remaining two farmers to make a total of 10 small-scale farmers.
During this exercise, gender was considered to ensure that women constituted 50% of the selected small-
scale farmers to be interviewed. The sampling population includes all farmers in the project villages and
not just those participating in the farmer field schools.

 10 members of the village council (VEO, chairperson/deputy chairperson, chairpersons of two
remotely located sub-villages, and two representatives from three main village committee).
In villages with more than two remotely located sub-villages, in order to select the two the same procedure
was used i.e. names were written on separate pieces of paper; mixed in a box and two names were pulled
out. The study also selected the chairperson and secretary of the three village sub-committees. When
they were not present, two members from these committees were selected by using the same procedures
as above.

 10 members of MVIWATA and MJUMITA local area networks and groups (Chairperson, Secretary
and 8 members of each network or groups) respectively, where such networks or groups had been
established;
As described above, the names of all members of the networks were placed in a box and the name of eight
(8) MVIWATA and MJUMITA members were pulled out.

With those criteria and sampling strategy, the study administered 199 questionnaires as follows:
80 questionnaires to village council members (35 female and 45 male);
80 questionnaires to small-scale farmers (39 female and 41 Male);
20 questionnaires to MJUMITA networks’ members (10 female and 10 Male);
and the remaining 19 questionnaires to MVIWATA groups’ members (8 female and 11 male).

MJUMITA network members came from UMILUI (Uhifadhi Misitu Lunenzi na Ibingu) and UMIKIM (Uhifadhi
Misitu Kisongwe na Mfului) MJUMITA networks both in Kilosa. There were no MJUMITA networks in the
study villages in Chamwino District. MVIWATA members belonged to Juhudi and Mshikamano groups in
Kilosa and Chamwino Districts respectively. Juhudi group was composed of five members from Kisongwe
and five members from Lumbiji village whereas in the case of the Mshikamano group, all 10 members
came from Nzali village in Chamwino District as all members are in Nzali village.

Overall the study interviewed 89 respondents from Chamwino and 110 from Kilosa of whom 92 were
women and 107 were men. The list of respondents interviewed and administered questionnaires are
attached in Appendix xii.

The study also compiled a profile of all of the participating villages including information on population;
number of sub-villages; public services available; languages spoken; radio stations available; history;
economic activities; presence of micro-finance institutions; and CSO and private sector initiatives active in
the respective village (Appendix xi).
4

The study also documented other observations relating to activities or communication materials in the study
villages related to small-scale agriculture, climate change and current agriculture practices.

Stakeholders at District and National level were selected on the basis of their positions.

2.3 Data analysis

Data analysis involved the development of data entry templates in Statistical Package for Social Science
(SPSS), which are essentially, versions of the data collection questionnaires. Data entry was done using
SPSS software and Microsoft Excel Spread Sheet as well as Geographic Information System (GIS)
software. On completion of data entry, an in-depth analysis of the data obtained from questionnaires was
undertaken using SPSS software and excel to establish the project baseline in the study areas. Maps were
drawn using GIS.

5

3. Results
3.1 General information on village-level surveys

3.1.1 Age composition of respondents in Kilosa and Chamwino study villages

The age of the respondents ranged from 20 to 85 years in Kilosa and Chamwino with the largest
proportion of respondents (30% for Chamwino, Figure 4 and 39% for Kilosa, Figure 5) falling in the age
range of 41 to 50 years. Age could affect willingness to adopt new technologies. Since the project aims to
promote climate smart, small-scale agriculture technologies in the project areas, it is important to take age
into consideration when designing strategies.

Figure 4. Age composition of respondents in Chamwino study villages (n = 89)

Figure 5. Age composition of respondents in Kilosa study villages (n = 110)

6

Only 10 % of the Chamwino and 12 % of the Kilosa respondents were under 30 years (Figure 4 and Figure
5) as the study focused on respondents at the household level and in most cases it was either the head of
the household or the wife of the head of the household who was interviewed. This was due to the fact that
most farmers in the villages who are still living with their parents do not own their own farms.

3.1.2 Education level of respondents

The baseline study indicated that 88% (n = 89) of the respondents in Chamwino had attended school whilst
12% of them had not attained any formal education (Figure 6). Most of respondents who went to school
had primary education (82%) and the remaining 6% had secondary education (Figure 6.)

Adult education
Tertiary Education 0% No formal
0% Education
12%
Secondary
Education
6%

Primary Education
82%

Figure 6. Education composition of the respondents in Chamwino study villages (n = 89)

In Kilosa, 93% (n = 110) of the respondents had attended school whilst 7% of them had not attended any
formal education. For those who attended school, 89% of them had primary education, 1% had secondary
education, 2% had adult education and another 1% had tertiary education (College education) as seen in
Figure 7.

Adult education
Tertiary Education 2% No formal
Secondary 1% Education
Education 7%
1%

Primary Education
89%

Figure 7. Education compositions of the respondents in Kilosa study villages (n = 110)

7

The comparison of three villages in Chamwino with same number of respondents (n =20) showed that
Manchali A had a higher number of respondents (20%) who had not attended school compared to Mahama
(15%) and Chinangali I (0%) villages (Table 1). Similarly Chinangali I village had respondents who had
secondary education (10%) amongst the three compared villages. None of these three villages had
respondents with tertiary education.

Table 1. Comparison of education level of three villages in Chamwino (n = 20 for each village)

Education level
Villages No formal education Primary education Secondary education Tertiary education Adult education
Mahama 15% 85% 0% 0% 0%
Manchali A 20% 80 0% 0% 0%
Chinangal I 0% 90% 10% 0% 0%

Similarly, the comparison of three villages in Kilosa with the same number of respondents (n= 25) revealed
that Lunenzi village had the most respondents (16%) who had not attended any formal school as compared
to Ibingu and Lumbiji that had no respondents with no education (Table 2). Ibingu and Lumbiji had
respondents who had attended secondary school and it was only Lumbiji village that had one respondent
with tertiary education (Table 2). Most respondents in the three villages had primary education (Table 2).

Table 2. Comparison of education level of three villages in Kilosa (n = 25 for each village)

Education level
Villages No formal education Primary education Secondary education Tertiary education Adult education
Ibingu 0% 96% 4% 0% 0%
Lumbiji 0% 88% 8% 4% 0%
Lunenzi 16% 84% 0% 0% 0%
The study also found that of the 42 women who were interviewed in Chamwino, 12% of them had no formal
education (Figure 8). Eighty three per cent (83%) of the women had primary education and 5% of them had
secondary education. They study also found that none of the women had tertiary or adult education. In
Kilosa, 88% (n = 50) of women who were interviewed had primary education whilst 12% of them had no
formal education (Figure 9). None of the women interviewed had secondary, tertiary or adult education.

Figure 8. Education level of the interviewed female in Chamwino study villages (n = 42)

8

Figure 9. Education level of the interviewed women in Kilosa study villages (n = 50)

Of the 59 men who were interviewed in Kilosa, 3% of them had no formal education. Of the 97% educated
interviewed males, 90% of them had primary education, 2% of them also had secondary education while
the remaining 5% had tertiary or other adult education (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Education level to the interviewed male in Kilosa study villages (n = 59)

The study found that of the 48 men, who were interviewed in Chamwino, 13% of them had not attended
any formal education; 81% of them had primary education only and the remaining 6% of them also have
secondary education (Figure 11)
9

Figure 11.Education level of the interviewed male in Chamwino study villages (n = 48)

There were more respondents with no formal education in Lunenzi and Manchali A Villages. This reflects
the absence of a school in these villages. Currently pupils in Lunenzi village walk to Ibingu primary school
to access education. This situation discourages some pupils as they reported during our discussions. On
the other hand, the low number of respondents who attended secondary school is linked with the absence
of secondary schools in the study villages. Even for those villages with secondary schools, these schools
have only been established recently. The low education level is plausibly associated with poor access of
these communities to education.

3.1.3 Respondents’ economic activities

Although some of the respondents are involved in business as one of their economic activities, the majority
of respondents both in Kilosa (n = 109) and Chamwino (n = 90) districts depend on agriculture as the major
economic activities to sustain their lives (Figure 12 and Figure 13). Figure 12 below shows that agriculture
only is the most practiced economic activity in Kilosa for 55% of the respondents followed by agriculture
and business with 36% of the respondents and business only (9%).

60%

50%
Percentage of responses of

40%
econmic activities
repsondents on

30%

20%

10%

0%
Agriculture Agriculture and business Business

Economic activities

Figure 12 Economic activities of respondents in Chamwino study villages (n = 90)
10

In Kilosa, Figure 13 indicates that 67 % of respondents are primarily dependent on agriculture; 24 % are
engaged in business and agriculture; and 9 % are engaged in business only.

80%

70%
Percentage responses of respondents

60%
on economic activities

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Agriculture Agriculture and business Business

Economic activities

Figure 13. Economic activities of the respondents in Kilosa study villages (n = 109)

Table 3 shows different kinds of business that are being conducted by those respondents in the study
villages who reported to be involved in business. Selling alcohol was the most frequently cited business
amongst the respondents in the study villages. Owning and running cafes and selling firewood were also
cited frequently.

Table 3. Businesses practiced by respondents in the study villages

Ibingu Kisongwe** Lumbiji** Lunenzi** Chinangali I* Mahama* Manchali A Nzali*
n=3 n = 16 n=4 n=9 n=8 n=9 n=6 n = 11
Beekeeping 0% 6% 25% 0% 13% 0% 0% 0%
Carpentry 0% 0% 0% 11% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Kiosk 0% 0% 25% 0% 13% 0% 0% 0%
Café 33% 25% 0% 22% 50% 11% 0% 18%
Selling
Alcohol 33% 38% 50% 56% 25% 44% 33% 45%
Selling Crops 0% 31% 0% 11% 0% 22% 67% 9%
Selling
Firewood 33% 0% 0% 0% 0% 22% 0% 18%
Selling Fruits 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 9%

3.1.4 Main crops grown by small-scale farmers

Located in a national ‘grain basket’ region (Morogoro), Kilosa district is a nationally important source of
maize (Mwakalinga，2007). Amongst the 40 small-scale farmers who were interviewed in Kilosa, they grow
a mix of maize, beans, sunflower, cassava, millet, groundnuts, banana, sweet potatoes, cowpeas, and rice
(Figure 14). The most frequently cited crops were maize, beans and cassava as the main crops grown in
Kilosa study villages.
11

100%

Percentage of small- scale farmers on the crops 80%

60%
grown

40%

20%

0%

Crops

Figure 14. Crops grown by farmers in Kilosa study villages (n = 40)

The 40 farmers who were interviewed in Chamwino are involved in different combinations of Maize,
Sunflower and Cassava, Millet, Pigeon Pea, Groundnuts, Sesame, Cow Peas and Peanuts production.
Maise, groundnuts, millet, sunflower and sesame production were the most frequently cited (Figure 15).

90%
Percentage of small-scale farmers on the crop

80%

70%

60%

50%
grown

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Crops

Figure 15. Crops grown by farmers in Chamwino study villages (n = 40)

12

Figures 14 and 15 show that the farmers interviewed in Chamwino (n = 40) grow more drought resistant
crops like sunflowers, groundnuts, millet and sesame as compared to Kilosa (n = 40) who grow more maize
and beans crops that are known to be less drought resistant (Temu et al. 2011). This is also substantiated
by small scale famers’ response on whether they grow drought resistant crop whereby 78 % of the
Chamwino farmers stated that they do whilst only 38 % of the farmers in Kilosa stated that they do (Table 5
and Table 6). This perhaps is due to location of Chamwino district that is in Central Plateau zone (villages
are in zone P2), an agricultural zone that has a savannah type of climate characterised by long dry seasons
(Blinker, 2006) as compared with Kilosa districts located in Eastern Plateaux and mountain blocks (villages
are in zone H7), the zone in most cases that favours less drought resistant crops (see figure 16 for the
Tanzania agro-ecological zones).

Figure 16. Agro-Ecological Zones of Tanzania (Source: Blinker, 2006)

13

3.2 Baseline situation of project’s indicators and priority stakeholder progress markers

3.2.1 Baseline situation of project indicators

In order to monitor the progress and impact of the CCAP project, implementing partners have developed
indicators. Different stakeholders were interviewed in order to assess the situation at the start of the project
for each indicator. The results of interviews with different stakeholders are presented below in relation to
each of the project’s indicators.

Intermediate objective Tanzania has developed and is implementing policies and strategies that prioritise
support to small-scale farmers to enable them to improve their livelihoods through the adoption of climate
smart agriculture and sustainable land and natural resources management.

Intermediate Objective Indicator 1: Districts are receiving and distributing resources to support small-
scale farmers to adopt more climate smart agriculture.

The results of interviews with local government staff, village leaders and farmers are presented below in
relation to Intermediate Objective Indicator 1.

Chamwino

District staff stated that during the 2011/2012 financial year, Chamwino district received support from the
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) to support improved water use efficiency
through rehabilitation and establishment of irrigation schemes. The support also involved support for an
agriculture voucher scheme amounting to 64 million TSH for 400 farmers at 160,000 TSH per each farmer.
The vouchers were provided for free to farmers from Msasa, Chalinze, Makoje and Bwigiri villages. Among
other things farmers from these villages bought macia seeds, a variety of sorghum that is known to be
mature early. Since these villages were not among the study villages, it was not easy to verify this
information at the village level.

Based on a review of the 2012-2013 Chamwino DADP, it was noted that the plan aims to implement the
Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) focusing on a transformation from subsistence to
commercial agriculture. The implication is for policy and public expenditure to be a means of inducing
private sector investment in the agricultural sector. The plan highlights that small-scale farmers are
empowered through improvement of youth and women access to productive resources and income
generating activities. The District mentioned that small –scale farmers are supported through provision of
subsidized macia variety (sorghum). Farmers buy a kilogram (kg) of these seeds at 800 TSH and some are
given on credit whereby if a farmer is given one kilogram (kg) he/she has to return two kilograms so that it
can be distributed to others. Although the district is supporting famers to adopt more climate smart
agriculture as exemplified above, the magnitude of this support is very low to bring an impact at the district
level.

It was mentioned that in the last financial year the district was implementing DADP project in Chinangali II,
Mvumi Mission and Mvumi Makulu villages. The study villages were not among the DADP supported
villages. The Chamwino DADP addresses some of the C3S agriculture techniques and practices including
promotion of ox-driven tillage and weeding practices; use of climate resilient seed varieties and drip
irrigation.

Kilosa
The 2012-2013 Kilosa DADP aims to ensure food security and to increase per capital income emanating
from increased productivity of the agricultural sector in Kilosa district. The plan focuses on the construction
of reservoirs and irrigation schemes for the development of paddy rice as this has been identified to be the
most promising crop for the district. For example, the district is building irrigation ditches that are directed to
farmers’ field. Currently, these projects are intended to benefit farmers in five villages: Lumuma, Mvumi,
14

Ilonga, Mwasa and Chanjale villages. A total of 600 million Tanzania shillings were allocated for these
projects in 2012 in the DADP. The project villages will not benefit from these investments.

Through reviewing the Kilosa DADP the study found that it has an Environmental and Social Management
Framework (ESMF) for individual projects to take measures that safeguard environmental and social issues
during project implementation. The ESMF is for larger projects like tractor introduction, building of crop
markets and crop storage houses, production of best paddy seeds, and construction of irrigation schemes.
Small scale measures initiatives are not addressed in the plan.

The plan is focused on shifting to commercial mechanized agriculture through promoting use of tractors
and power tillers. This is likely to lead to increased GHG emissions. Tree planting and forest conservation
mitigation measures that are put forward by the DADP ESMF is disputed by a small number of village
leaders (30%) who reported to have been supported by the district to mitigate and adapt to climate change
impacts. Agriculture practices that protect environment and support small-scale farmers are not fully
addressed in the plan. Small- scale farmers will not be the main beneficiaries for the irrigation schemes that
are mainly targeted to medium and large scale farmers.

Initiatives that are aimed at empowering small-scale farmers include: promotion of community based seeds
production (maize, paddy, sorghum, sesame, sunflower and wheat), reduction of crop field losses by
farmers through purchasing of chemicals to control quelea quelea. The plan also intends to establish farm
field schools in which 59 are for crops and 11 for livestock. The DADP also targeted resettlement of 172
small-scale farmers who were living and cultivating in catchment areas. In its district DADP reports, the
Kilosa district reports that it was able to shift 172 farmers who were living and cultivationg on catchment
aeas of Tundu, Ruaha and Kifinga villages to lowland areas of Mkangawalo whereby it provided farmers
with 4 hectare each.

Delay of fund disbursement and having few field officers compared to area of implementation (i.e. number
of villages to number of village extension officers) is mentioned to be amongst the major constraints for
effective DADP implementation. For example, the Kilosa district officials said they normally prepare a
budget for the proceeding year in April and it is supposed to be received at the district at the end of July.
But this has not been the case as they normally receive the funds in November. Of current they have not
received the 2012/2013 budget to implement the plan that was planned in April 2012. On the other hand,
they admitted that currently at the district they are only 15 staff for agriculture sub-department and only 7
staffs for livestock sub-department with 132 extension officers in the villages.

At the village level

During this baseline survey, some of the village leaders from both Kilosa and Chamwino study villages
revealed that they have been at least receiving some support to adapt to climate change from the district
(Figure 17).

15

Figure 17. Kilosa and Chamwino village leaders' responses on whether they have received any
support for C3S agriculture from the District

Amongst those who reported that they had received support for C3S agriculture in Chamwino districts (n =
40) they mentioned drought resistant crops (23%), extension services (5%), irrigation equipment and
finance (each 2%) and fertilizer (3%). In Kilosa (n = 40), farmers mentioned provision of drought resistant
seeds (50%) and fertilizers (18%) as support they have received from the district to adopt more climate
smart agriculture (Figure 18).

Figure 18. Kinds of supports reported to be provided by the Kilosa and Chamwino districts to the
village leaders in the study villages

Amongst the village leaders who responded that they have received support from the district for climate
smart agriculture at the village level, the most frequently cited support was provision of drought resistant
seeds (Figure 19). Provision of fertilizer by the District was reported by village leaders in three villages
(Ibingu, Kisongwe and Lumbiji) in Kilosa and one village (Mahama) in Chamwino. Provision of extension
services by the District were reported in Manchali A and Nzali villages in Chamwino. In Lunenzi, none of
the village leaders reported receiving any support from the district for climate smart agriculture (Figure 19).

16

100%

Percentage response of village leaders on
80%
supports from the districts
60%
Finance
40%
Extension services
20% Irrigation equipments
Drought resistant crops
0%
Fertilizers

Villages

Figure 19. Support received by the village leaders at village level to adopt climate smart agriculture

Note: * Chamwino study villages ** Kilosa study villages
Amongst the small-scale farmers, 32% and 2% of the small-scale farmers in Chamwino and Kilosa
respectively reported receiving support from the district for adoption of C3S agriculture (figure 20).

Figure 20. Small-scale farmers’ responses on whether they have received support from the district
to adopt more C3S agriculture in Kilosa and Chamwino study villages

Amongst the 2% of small-scale farmers who reported that they have received support from Kilosa district
they all came from Ibingu Village. In Chamwino the 32% of farmers who had received support includes
farmers from all of the study villages (Figure 21). Amongst the 2% and 32% of farmers from Kilosa and
Chamwino respectively who reported that they received support from the District, four kinds of support were
mentioned: i. provision of practical information on how to adapt to climate change impacts; ii. Training on
soil and water conservation; iii. Support for irrigation infrastructure; and iv. Provision of drought resistant
crops. Of these, the provision of drought resistant seeds was the most frequently cited.

17

100%

farmers on C3S agriculture practices
80%
Percentage response of

Practical information to adapt
CC
60%
Soil and water conservation
40%

20% Provision of irrigation
agriculture equipments

0%
Provision of drought resistant
seeds

Villages

Figure 21. Small-scale farmers who received support from the district to support adoption of C3S
agriculture

Immediate Objective 1: Immediate objective 1. Small-scale farmers and other stakeholders are
demanding the integration of climate smart, small-scale agriculture and sustainable land and natural
resources management in national policy and policy implementation.

Immediate Objective 1 Indicator 1. MJUMITA and MVIWATA Networks make demands at local, national
and international level through media and meetings for increased support for C3S agriculture and improved
natural resources governance.

MJUMITA

Both the MJUMITA national Chairperson and secretary said currently they have not made any demand for
increased support for C3S agriculture and improved natural resource management specifically through the
media; instead it has been done through meetings including the annual general meeting where in most
cases government officials are welcomed as the guest of honours. They said the meetings are also
attended by various media where they believe the media communicate issues raised in the general
meetings back to local and the general public.

MVIWATA

The MVIWATA national Chairperson stated that he has made demands for small-scale farmers’ support
when he was interviewed by ITV. In the interview, he demanded that farmers be helped to cope with
climate change especially through growing crops that are resistant to climate change impacts. Speaking on
behalf of the MVIWATA national secretary, the lobbying and advocacy officer said that they normally make
demands through their annual general meetings and in most cases media are welcomed as participants.
He gave an example of the last MVIWATA annual general meeting that was held in August 2012 to which
Abood television, ITV, Star TV and Top radio were invited. Issues involving sustainable agriculture were
18

amongst the key topics that were aired by the mentioned media. Nevertheless, he stressed that there has
not been a specific media coverage that has been organised by MVIWATA to demand for C3S agriculture
and improved natural resource management.

Immediate objective 2. Government, private sector and civil society are cooperating to support Small-
scale farmers to benefit from climate smart agriculture and sustainable land and natural resources
management.
Immediate Objective 1, Indicator 1. Two districts demonstrate multi-stakeholder coordination in support
of C3S agriculture.

Both districts stated that stakeholder coordination is one of the key issues to be considered in any initiative
that has a public interest in the district. They said that the development of DADPs for example involves
District Agriculture Stakeholder Meetings where different stakeholders including district officials, district
council members, farmers, private sectors, regional officials, public institute and medias among other
stakeholders are invited. They said it is through this way whereby they will demonstrate multi-stakeholder
coordination in supporting climate smart, small-scale agriculture when those initiatives come to be
implemented by the district.

Chamwino

In the last financial year Chamwino district welcomed 40 stakeholders in the district agriculture stakeholder
meeting and among them were stakeholders involved in agriculture including INADES and Rural Livelihood
Development Company (RLDC). They also reported to involve agriculture inputs providers represented by
MC Agrotech and agriculture produces processors.

District officials in Chamwino district reported to have a long lasting collaboration with different stakeholders
in addressing climate change, environmental conservation and agriculture. They mentioned that Chamwino
district has been in collaboration with DCT/DSC (Diocese of Central Tanganyika) in provision of services in
Agriculture, animal husbandry, water food and environment, INADES dealing with agriculture education,
DONET (Dodoma Environment Network) involved in environmental control, DEMAT (Dodoma
Environmental Management) that is addressing environmental conservation and management, TAWLAE
(Tanzania Association of Women Leaders in Agriculture and Environment) with activities in agriculture
environmental conservation, ACTION AID that provide education on improved agriculture practices among
other partners in agriculture and environment.

Kilosa

In its district agriculture stakeholder meetings, Kilosa district welcomed the Human Development Strategy
Association (HUDES), Imara Trust Fund and Agro - Input Supply Agency. The district officials also reported
that they involved public institutions represented by Agriculture Training Institute (MATI-Ilonga), Agriculture
Research Institute (ARI-Ilonga) and Agriculture Seed Agency (ASA-Msimba). They also involved Radio
Jamii to represent media in that meeting.

Kilosa district officials also reported that they are collaborating with MJUMITA and TFCG in addressing
climate change and agriculture issues in REDD project, Heifer International with its South East Zone Agro-
ecological Project, World Vision and Sokoine University of Agriculture among other partners.

Output 1: Two national networks of community groups are advocating for climate smart agricultural land
management at national and local levels.

Output 1. Indicator 1.1 MJUMITA and MVIWATA institutional strategies integrate small-scale farmers and
climate change mitigation and adaptation.

19

MVIWATA strategic plan

The 2010-2014 MVIWATA Strategic Plan (SP) in its Strategic Objective four (SO4), emphasize
mainstreaming climate change in the works of MVIWATA and that members, leaders and staff of
MVIWATA are aware and fully engaged. It also states a commitment to mainstream climate change in
MVIWATA programmes and envisage creating adequate awareness to members, leaders and staff”. In
addition, the respective activities 1-4 for realizing SO4 include climate change as follows: 1. Develop
strategy on climate change in collaboration with stakeholders and partners 2. Conduct training on climate
change to MVIWATA members, leaders and staff 3. Participate in advocacy work related to climate change
4. Document and share farmers’ local practices for coping with climate change.

Despite the fact that MVIWATA’s SP touch climate change issues, climate change impacts and adaptation
is sparsely addressed. The discussion with MVIWATA lobbying and advocacy officer revealed that climate
change strategy that is stated in the strategic plan to realise mainstreaming climate change in MVIWATA
works, has not been developed. Instead during MVIWATA works in communities, they generally address
climate change to farmers. Currently they are more involved in value chain, market access and fair markets
and lobbying for farmers rights. Thus, as the MVIWATA SP come to an end in 2014, there is room for
improvement through integrating C3S agriculture in the plan that promote climate change resilient and
environmental friendly sustainable small-scale agriculture.

Lobbying and advocacy for smallholder farmers’ rights, improved value chains (markets) and media
coverage issues are well addressed in the current MVIWATA SP. The involvement of MVIWATA in CCAP
project provides avenues to improve the new coming strategic plan to carter for climate change impact and
adaptation and C3S agriculture.

MJUMITA strategic plan

The 2010-2013 MJUMITA SP seeks to engage local communities especially those living adjacent to forests
in forestry, strengthening of forest tenure, access and use rights. It envisages “a Society that cares,
manages and utilises forests and forest products sustainably”. The plan integrates communities to fully
participate in forest management and equitably benefiting from forest management. The plan also foresees
helping farmers by forming farmers’ associations or groups so that they can be supported to learn new
technologies in production and or processing and marketing of forest products so as to realize improvement
of equitable revenue/benefit sharing resulting from participatory forest management at village, district and
national levels.

Climate change is partially addressed in the plan as one of the effects of poor access of farmers to benefits
emanating from forest management that leads to low yield and poor land productivity. Furthermore, the
plan identifies climate change as an avenue to devise some of the payments for environmental services like
REDD initiatives to benefit communities living adjacent to forests. It further mentions climate change
impacts as a threat to achieve MJUMITA goals due to its impacts on biodiversity and on general lives of
communities.

In general, the plan does not address climate change mitigation and adaptation and it does not integrate
small-scale farmers in way that seek to help them to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts. Issues
of C3S agriculture are poorly covered and especially on how MJUMITA will promote its adoption to small-
scale farmers.

Although shifting cultivation is known to be a major driver of deforestation, the practice has not been
covered in the MJUMITA SP. The current MJUMITA’s SP puts much emphasis on how to help the
community to manage forests sustainably and to claim rights for access or use of the community forests
from higher authorities and it has less to do with small-scale agriculture.

20

The discussion with MJUMITA national leaders revealed that C3S agricultural practices are being
advocated for by MJUMITA networks in several areas. For example, they mentioned conservation
agriculture to be one of the practices being promoted to MJUMITA members and small-scale farmers in
Kilosa, Lindi, Lushoto and Korogwe.

Output 1. Indicator 1.2 At least 500 network members and network leaders trained in C3S agriculture and

MJUMITA and MVIWATA NETWORKS members in the study villages

The baseline study found that 35% of MJUMITA and 38% of MVIWATA members have attended training on
climate change mitigation and adaptation in the study villages (Table 5). Table 5 shows that 20% of the
members from UMILUI and 50% of the members from UMIKIM (MJUMITA networks), have attended
trainings. In the case of the MVIWATA networks, 10% of JUHUDI and 67% of MSHIKAMANO members
had attended trainings on climate change adaptation.

Table 4. MJUMITA members’ on whether they have attended trainings on climate change adaptation

Network name Have attended Have not attended
UMILUI (n = 10) 20% 80%
UMIKIM (n = 10) 50% 50%
JUHUDI (n = 10) 10% 90%
MSHIKAMANO (n = 9) 67% 33%

MJUMITA and MVIWATA National leaders

The MJUMITA Chairperson stated that he has participated in climate smart, small – scale agriculture and
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (CCMA) trainings that were organised by CARE International in
Zanzibar and FOA in rural Morogoro. He explained that C3S agriculture and CMA practices were part of
the issues covered in those trainings but that the trainings were not specifically organised for C3S
agriculture and CCMA. The MJUMITA National secretary stated that he has not attended any training
events specifically on C3S agriculture and CMA apart from attending workshops and seminars that in some
of cases covered some of C3S agriculture and CCMA aspects.

The Chairperson of MVIWATA stated that he had attended training on climate change mitigation and
adaptation in 2011 linked with the PERUM project.

Output 3: Small-scale farmers in three eco-agricultural zones provide a forum for learning and knowledge
exchange on best practice in terms of climate-smart agriculture and support for C3S agriculture is
integrated in District plans.

Output 3 Indicator 3.1: 360 farmers are modelling best practice in climate smart, small-scale agriculture by
end of year 3

Some C3S agricultural practices are being practised by some farmers in the study villages as shown in
Tables 5 and 6.

21

Table 5. Climate smart, small - scale agriculture practices currently applied by small-scale farmers
in Kilosa study villages (n = 40 for each district).

C3S Agriculture practice Use Do not use
Drought resistant seeds 38% 63%
Early maturing seeds 20% 80%
Traditional irrigation 13% 88%
Terrace 3% 98%
Perennial crops 15% 85%
Crop rotation 45% 55%
Cover crops 5% 95%
Minimum tillage 8% 93%
Land fallowing 28% 73%
Weed control 75% 25%
Uphill and downhill farming 3% 98%
Agroforestry 0% 100%
Use of fertilizers 0% 100%
Forest clearing for agriculture 10% 90%
Use of mulching 8% 93%

Table 6. Climate smart, small - scale agriculture practices currently applied by small-scale farmers
in Chamwino study villages (n = 40 for each district).

C3S Agriculture practice Use Do not use
Terrace 5% 95%
Cover crops 3% 98%
Agroforestry 10% 90%
Use of fertilisers 38% 62%

Output 3 Indicator 3.2. 10,000 farmers have learned at first-hand about C3S agriculture and are
integrating key element of C3S agriculture on their farms.

The study has found that only 10% of the 40 interviewed small-scale farmers have participated in C3S
agriculture trainings in Kilosa study villages. This result comprised 3 farmers from Kisongwe and 1 farmer
from Lumbiji village. The study did not record any small-scale famers who had participated in C3S
agriculture training in Chamwino study villages (Figure 22).

22

Have
Have participated
participated in C3S
in C3S training
training 0%
10%

Have not
participated
in C3S Have not
training participated
90% in C3S
training
100%
Kilosa (n = 40)
Chamwino (n = 40)

Figure 22. Small scale farmers' responses on whether they have participated in C3S training in
Kilosa and Chamwino study villages

The C3S agricultural techniques that the four (4) farmers reported to have been trained in, in Kilosa, were:
basin farming and uphill and downhill farming. They said that they received this training from
TFCG/MJUMITA staffs working in Kisongwe village under the REDD project. The Lumbiji farmer stated that
he visited the Kisongwe village and had the opportunity of participating in the training although he was not
among the invited farmers for the training.

Although few farmers have attended training on C3S agriculture, the study found that currently some small-
scale farmers in both Kilosa and Chamwino apply some of the C3S agriculture practices.

Table 5 and 6 as well as figure 23 and 24 show current practices that are implemented by farmers in
Kilosa. Some farmers implement (in descending order of frequency): weed control, crop rotation, use of
drought resistant seed varieties, land fallowing, use of early maturing seeds and traditional irrigation.

In Chamwino small-scale farmers are implementing (in descending order of frequency): weed control, land
fallowing, drought resistant crops, crop rotation, minimum tillage and agroforestry; extension of crop
rotation with the use perennial crops; the use of perennial crop and agroforestry systems that allocate more
carbon below ground, stores significant amount of vegetative carbon in agriculture field (Albretch, 2003). Of
the interviewed 40 farmers in both Kilosa and Chamwino each, 10% of them stated that they are practicing
agroforestry in Chamwino whilst in Kilosa none of the farmers reported that they are practicing agroforestry.
45% of the small-scale farmers in Kilosa and 50% in Chamwino reported using perennial crops. None of
the farmers in Kilosa and Chamwino reported to extend crop rotation with perennial crops. Some of the
farmers who reported that they are not using agroforestry said that they do not have enough land and
hence cannot plant trees and crops.

However, there are others who reported that they are willing to plant trees in their farms but have no seeds.
This was observed in Kisongwe village in Kilosa.

In relation to crop rotations with leguminous crops that increase soil Nitrogen and reduce reliance on
synthetic fertilizers, a one sample t- test (M=1.53, SD = 0.50; t (79) = 27.1, p = 0.0005) showed that a
significant number of respondent farmers from both Kilosa and Chamwino are applying crop rotation in their
field. In Kilosa and Chamwino 45% and 50% respectively of the farmers interviewed were applying crop
23

rotations. In Kilosa maize and beans are the most commonly rotated crops whereas in Chamwino the
majority of the farmers rotate maize and groundnuts. Beans and groundnuts are leguminous crops that fix
atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate that is available to plant. When farmer were asked why they practice crop
rotation, most of them said it is because of the growing season of individual crops and it has nothing to do
with soil fertilization or avoiding the use of synthetic fertilizers. Thirty eight per cent (38%) of farmers of
whom all are from Chamwino who reported using fertilizers said they are using farmyard manures from
their livestock. However, studies report that application of nitrogen in manure is not always efficiently used
by crops. The surplus nitrogen is mostly susceptible to emission as nitrous oxide in the atmosphere
(McSwiney, 2005). Practices that reduce leaching, volatile losses and improved efficiency use of nitrogen
are recommended to reduce nitrous emissions (Barker T., 2007).

Vegetation cover provided by crops also adds carbon to soil and may also extract plant available nitrogen
unused by the preceding crops and hence reduction of N emission (Freibauer, 2004). The study has
discerned that only 5% of the respondents use cover crops in Kilosa and 3% in Chamwino. Those who are
not employing cover crops said they avoid shade to their crops. However crops like beans, groundnuts and
other leguminous crops are known to be shade tolerant and hence can be used with cover crops. Soil
disturbance tends to stimulate soil carbon loss through enhanced decomposition and erosion. The use of
terraces that control soil erosion and minimum tillage, contribute to soil carbon gain and helps to reduce soil
carbon emissions into the atmosphere.

The study found that only 5% of the respondents are using terraces in Chamwino and only 3% in Kilosa.
18% of farmers in Chamwino and 8% in Kilosa reported that they apply minimum tillage (Tables 5 and 6).
However, most of those who stated that they are applying minimum tillate are those who are burning and
planting without tilling the land. They cited lack of labour power as the reason for practicing minimum
tillage. In Chamwino, farmers said that they are now tilling the land using oxen driven ploughs as a good
agriculture practices to increase crop yields as opposed to the previously used minimum tillage practices.

Irrigation has been cited to increase carbon yields through enhanced vegetation yields and residue return
to the soil. Apart from contributing to soil carbon enhancement, it increases crop yields and hence benefits
farmers. However, these benefits are realized when it does not rely on machinery and does not drain
wetlands. The study found that only 13% of the interviewed farmers apply irrigation in Kilosa and none of
the farmers in Chamwino stated to practicing it (Table 5 and 6). Those who reported to use traditional
irrigation, said that they dig irrigation ditches from rivers and direct those ditches to their farms especially
paddy farms.

Forest clearance causes biodiversity loss; removes an important store and sink for Carbon; and leads to
the release of soil carbon through enhanced microbial activities by temperature increase to the cleared
area. In most cases deforestation for agriculture has been practised by slashing and / or burning. The study
found that of the interviewed small – scale farmers, 10% of them are clearing forest to open up new
agricultural fields in Kilosa and 15% in Chamwino. Most of them who mentioned clearing forests to open up
new agricultural fields came from Chamwino district being led by Mahama village. In Kilosa district, this was
reported in Ibingu and Lumbiji villages.

24

The use of downhill and uphill farming one of the conservation tillage strategies was only reported as being
applied by farmers in Kisongwe village (Figure 23) where a small number of interviewed small-scale
farmers reported that they practice it. Some of them reported to have been involved in the practical training
provided by the REDD project. Moreover, a few of the interviewed farmers in Kilosa (8%) and in Chamwino
(18%) reported that they use mulching, one of the soil protection methods. Mulching protects soil from
direct sunlight, the situation that reduces water evaporation and also lowering microbial activities and hence
reducing carbon emission from the soil. Apart from that it protects soil from soil erosion benefiting both
crops and storage of soil carbon.
60%
100% Drought resistant seeds Drought resistant
seeds

Percentage responses of small scale farmers on
90% Early germinatig seeds Early germinatig
farmers on C3S agriculture practices
Percentage responses of small-scale

50% seeds
80% Traditional irrigation Traditional irrigation

C3S agriculture practices
Terrace Terrace
70% 40%
Perrenial crops Perrenial crops
60%
Crop rotation Crop rotation
50% 30%
Cover crops
Cover crops
40%
Minimum tillage
20% Minimum tillage
30%
Use of mulching
Use of mulching
20% Land fallowing 10%
Land fallowing
10% Weed control
Weed control
0% Uphill and downhill 0%
farming Ibingu**(n=10)
Chinangali I village *(n = 10)

90% Drought resistant
100% seeds
Early germinatig seeds
Drought resistant seeds
Percentage responses of small scale farmers on C3S

80%
90%

Traditional irrigation
80% 70% Terrace
Perrenial crops
70% Terrace

60%
agriculture practices

Perrenial crops Crop rotation
60%
Crop rotation 50% Cover crops

50% Cover crops Minimum tillage
40%
40% Minimum tillage Use of mulching

Use of mulching 30% Land fallowing
30%
Land fallowing Weed control
20% 20%
Weed control Uphill and downhill
farming
10% Uphill and downhill farming Agroforest
10%
Agroforest Extend crop rotation
0%
Kisongwe village **(n=10) 0%
Lumbiji village**(n=10)

Figure 23. Current C3S agriculture practices at a village level

Note: * Chamwino villages ** Kilosa villages

25

100%
Drought resistant 90%
seeds Drought resistant
Percantage responses of small scale farmers on C3S
90% Early germinatig seeds

seeds 80% Early germinatig
Traditional irrigation seeds
80%
Terrace 70%
70% Terrace
Perrenial crops


60% Perrenial crops
60% Crop rotation
Cover crops Crop rotation
50%
50%
Minimum tillage Cover crops
40%
40% Use of mulching Minimum tillage

Land fallowing 30% Use of mulching
30%
Weed control Land fallowing
20% 20%
Uphill and downhill Weed control
farming
10% Agroforest 10% Uphill and downhill
farming
Extend crop rotation Agroforest
0% 0%
Lunenzi village**(n=10) Mahama village* (n=10)

90% 90% Drought resistant
Drought resistant
seeds

seeds
Percentage responses of small scale farmers

80% Early germinatig 80% Early germinatig
seeds seeds
Traditional irrigation Traditional irrigation
70% 70%
on C3S agriculture practices

Terrace

Terrace
60% 60%
Perrenial crops Perrenial crops
50% 50% Crop rotation
Crop rotation
40% Cover crops 40% Cover crops

Minimum tillage Minimum tillage
30% 30%
Use of mulching Use of mulching
20% 20%
Land fallowing Land fallowing

10% 10% Weed control
Weed control

Uphill and downhill 0% Uphill and downhill
0%
farming Nzali village*(n=10) farming
Manchali A village *(n=10)

Figure 24. Current C3S agriculture practices at a village level


Output 3 Indicator 3.3. Farmers in 6 villages have improved access to agriculture credits and support for
adding values to their agriculture produce.

This baseline study did not come across any famer who is currently accessing agricultural credits to
support adding value to their agriculture produces. However, when they were asked on how they add value
to different crops they said in most cases they do some pre-processing. For maize, beans and groundnuts,
the majority of them reported to strip grains off the maize cob and selling husked beans and groundnuts.
Some of those who are farming groundnuts especially in Chamwino, reported that they sell husked
groundnuts to buyers. Moreover, they strip off sunflower, millet and sesame grain and sell them to
customers. For those who are involved in cassava farming especially in Kilosa, they reported that they cut
them in small pieces and sell the dried pieces. A small number of farmers mill cassava and sell cassava
flour.

26

Output 3 Indicator 3.4: 5 million farmers have received practical information on measures that they can
take to improve their resilience to climate change.

The study has found that of the 40 small-scale farmers interviewed in Kilosa, 20% stated that they have
received practical information on measures to improve their resilience to climate change while in Chamwino
they only reported 17% of them (Figure 25).

Figure 25. Small scale farmers' responses on whether they have received practical information for
climate change resilience

At the village level, the study found that in Lumbiji village (the control village in Kilosa) none of the farmers
who were interviewed reported that they have received practical information on how to increase resilience
to climate change (Figure 26). Figure 26 also shows that Kisongwe village in Kilosa had 50% of farmers
who had received practical information to increase their resilience to climate change impacts followed by
Mahama village in Chamwino with 30% of the 10 interviewed farmers in that village. In general, to all
villages combined together, practical information on measures to take to increase resilience has not been
received by most of them as illustrated in Figure 25 above.

100%
on information to adopt climate change
Percentage responses of small scale-

80%

60%
farrmers

40%

20% Have received
Have not received
0%

Villages

Figure 26. Small scale farmers’ responses on whether they have received practical information to
take to increase their resilient to climate change

27

Output 3 Indicator 3.5: 45 community trainers trained on C3S agriculture.

The study has established that currently there are 11 community trainers that have been trained on C3S
agriculture. These trainers are in Lunenzi, Ibingu and Kisongwe study villages in Kilosa district. They
reported that they have been trained on conservation agriculture by TFCG/MJUMITA staffs working in the
area with the REDD project in Kilosa. They reported to have been trained on crop rotation, mixed cropping
(maize and legumes), cover crops, contour farming, and mulching, composite manure making, basin
farming, minimum tillage and uphill and downhill trenches farming.

3.2.2 Baseline situation of project stakeholder progress markers

3.2.2.1 Small - Scale Farmers

Expect to see

1. Small-scale farmers participate in training and awareness raising events related to climate change,
climate smart small-scale agriculture, land tenure, micro-finance and REDD.

Training and awareness raising related to climate change

The study showed that 9% of the farmers interviewed have participated in training and / or awareness
raising events related to climate change as depicted in Figure 27 below.

Have
participated in
cc training and
meetings
9%

Have not
participated in
CC training and
meetings
91%

Figure 27. Farmers’ responses on whether they participated in training or awareness raising about
climate change in Kilosa and Chamwino study villages (n=80)

At the village level, 9% of those who have participated in climate change training and awareness raising
came from Lunenzi, Lumbiji and Chinangali I villages (Table 7). For those in Chamwino district (Chinangali
I), they reported that they received training from Chamwino district council (5%) and those from Lunenzi
and Lumbiji reported to have received the training from TFCG /MJUMITA (13%).

28

Table 7. Farmers who have participated in training or awareness raising about climate change at the
village level (n =10 for each village)

Have participated in climate change Have not participated climate change
Study Villages training and meetings training and meetings
Ibingu** 0% 100%
Lunenzi** 10% 90%
Lumbiji** 10% 90%
Kisongwe** 30% 100%
Mahama* 0% 100%
Nzali* 0% 100%
Manchali A* 0% 100%
Chinangali I* 20% 80%

Training and awareness raising related to climate smart, small-scale agriculture

The study found that amongst the interviewed small scale-farmers, 10% of them (Table 8) have participated
in C3S agriculture trainings in Kilosa whereas none of the farmers in Chamwino reported to have
participated in C3S agriculture training (Table 8). All of those who have participated in Kilosa study villages
were represented by 3 farmers from Kisongwe and 1 farmer from Lumbiji village. The kind of C3S
agriculture that these 4 farmers reported to be trained in was conservation agriculture that involved basin
farming, uphill and downhill trenches farming and mulching among other technics . They said that they
received this training from TFCG/MJUMITA staffs working in Kisongwe village under REDD project. Lumbiji
farmer stated that he visited Kisongwe village and had opportunity to participate in the training although he
was not among the invited farmers for the training.

Table 8. Small-scale farmers' responses on whether they have participated in C3S agriculture
trainings

Study villages Have participated Have not participated
Ibingu** 0% 100%
Kisongwe** 30% 70%
Lumbiji** 10% 90%
Lunenzi** 0% 100%
Mahama* 0% 100%
Manchali A* 0% 100%
Nzali* 0% 100%

Training and awareness raising meetings related to land tenure

The current baseline study with regards to those farmers who have participated in training and awareness
raising meetings related to land tenure found that it is only 6% of the interviewed farmers have participated.
The majority of them (94%) reported to have neither participated in training nor awareness raising meetings
about land tenure as shown in Figure 28 below.

29

Have participated
in land tenure
training and
meetings
6%

Have not
participated in
land tenure and
meeting
94%

Figure 28. Farmers who have participated and not participated in land tenure training and
awareness raising meetings (n=80)
At the village level, the 6% of farmers (4% in Chamwino and 2% in Kilosa) who reported to have
participated in land tenure awareness meeting and training came from Lunenzi, Kisongwe and Nzali,
whereas farmers from Ibingu, Lumbiji, Mahama, Manchali A and Chinangali I reported to have not
participated in any awareness raising meeting or training related to land tenure (Table 8). Those from
Lunenzi and Kisongwe said they received trainings from TFCG/MJUMITA and those from Nzali reported
that the training was organized by WOWAP and one did not recall the specific organization that conducted
the training.

Table 9. Small scale-farmers' responses on whether they have participated in awareness raising
about land tenure in the study villages (n = 10 for each village)

Have participated in land tenure Have not participated land tenure
Study villages training and meetings training and meetings
Ibingu**(n=10) 0% 100%
Lunenzi**(n=10) 20% 80%
Lumbiji**(n=10) 0% 100%
Kisongwe**(n=10) 20% 80%
Mahama*(n=10) 0% 100%
Nzali*(n=10) 10% 90%
Manchali A*(n=10) 0% 100%
Chinangali I*(n=10) 0% 100%

Training and awareness raising meetings related to microfinance

With regards to training and awareness meetings related to microfinance, the study found that 5% of the
interviewed small-scale farmers have received training on microfinance (Figure 29).

30

Have participated in
microfinance training
and meetings
5%
Have not
participated in
microfinance training
and meeting
95%

Figure 29. Farmers who reported to have and not have attended trainings and awareness meetings
on microfinance
Table 10 shows that, 5% farmers who reported to have participated in microfinance training came from
Chinangali I, Manchali A and Nzali study villages that are all from Chamwino district. Those from Chinangali
I and Manchali A reported to have received the training from Chamwino district whereas that in Nzali said
that he received the training from Manza SACCOS.

Table 10. Small-scale farmers' responses on whether they have participated in microfinance
training

Ibingu**(n=10) 0% 100%
Kisongwe**(n=10) 0% 100%
Lumbiji**(n=10) 0% 100%
Lunenzi**(n=10) 0% 100%
Mahama*(n=10) 0% 100%
Nzali*(n=10) 10% 90%

Training and awareness raising meetings related to REDD

6% of farmers reported that they have participated in REDD training. All of them came from Lunenzi and
Kisongwe villages in Kilosa. None of the farmers in Chamwino study villages reported to have received
REDD training. Those in Kilosa stated that they have received the training from TFCG/MJUMITA REDD
project.

Table 11. Small-scale farmers' responses on whether they have partcipated in REDD training

Ibingu**(n=10) 0% 100%
Kisongwe**(n=10) 30% 70%
Lumbiji**(n=10) 0% 100%
Lunenzi**(n=10) 20% 80%
Mahama*(n=10) 0% 100%
Nzali*(n=10) 0% 100%

31

2. Farmers in project villages implement C3S agriculture in their farm field schools and communicate
results to other farmers during farmers’ days and with local and national media where organised by the
project.
The study observed some of the farm field school at Kisongwe, Lunenzi and Ibingu villages where farmers
are implementing C3S agriculture, namely basin farming, uphill and downhill farming as well as mulching.
These are supported by TFCG and MJUMTIA through the REDD project. However, the study did not see
any farm field schools in the Chamwino district study villages. Although Kisongwe, Ibingu and Lunenzi
village has farm field school where farmers are implementing C3S agriculture, sharing of these practices
through farmers’ day and local media has not yet occurred.

3. Farmers in project villages are displaying information about climate change, C3S agriculture, land tenure
and REDD.
The study was able to observe some of the posters with climate change, C3S agriculture and land tenure
as well as REDD in some of the villages. These posters were displayed on farmers’ houses in Kisongwe
and Ibingu villages. The study team happened also to see a poster on land tenure in Nzali village office and
on agroforestry in Chinangali I office. When the farmers were asked on whether they are aware of the
existence of this information in their village most of them reported to be unaware of this information in the
village. Of the mentioned information, climate change information from farmers’ perspective and as
depicted in the Table 12 below was highly ranked by Ibingu and Kisongwe village. Land tenure was more
frequently mentioned in the Chamwino study villages.

Table 12. Small-scale framers’ responses of information that are displayed by farmers in the study
villages

Study villages Displayed information Displayed information Displayed information Displayed
on climate change on C3S agriculture on land tenure information on REDD
Chinangali I* 20% 10% 10% 0%
(n =10)
Ibingu** 20% 10% 20% 50%
(n =10)
Kisongwe** 40% 30% 30% 70%
(n =10)
Lumbiji ** 0% 0% 0% 0%
(n =10)
Lunenzi** 0% 10% 0% 20%
(n =10)
Mahama* 20% 30% 40% 20%
(n =10)
Manchali A* 0% 0% 10% 0%
(n=10)
Nzali* 0% 0% 30% 0%
(n =10)

Like to see

1. Small-scale farmers including both women and men in the project villagers are applying on-farm and off-
farm climate-smart techniques to their own livelihood activities including farmers not involved in the project-
supported training events.
The baseline study found that currently some small-scale farmers in the project villages and to some extent
in the non-project (control villages) are practicing on-farm climate smart techniques (table 5 and 6 and
Figure 23 and 24). These techniques include but are not limited to use of improved seeds, drought
resistant crops, traditional irrigation practices, use of terraces to control soil erosion, perennial crops, crop

32

rotation, cover crops, minimum tillage, fallowing the land, weed control, uphill and down hills ridges and use
of farmyard manure.

The baseline survey indicates that the probability of uptake of imporved practices is relatively high based
on the fact some small farmers are aware or already practising some of the climate-smart techniques
(Table 5 and 6 and Figure 23 and 24). Figure 30 and 31 below show responses of women and men on the
application of C3S agriculture technics in the study villages in both Kilosa and Chamwino. The project will
need to build capacity through further training and other supports needed to increase the adoption rate of
C3S agriculture practices in the project villages as the current adoption is very low.

35%
30% Traditional irrigation
Percentage responses of women on C3S

Terrace
25% Perrenial crops
Crop rotation

Cover crops
20%
Minimum tillage
Use of mulching
15% Land fallowing
Weed control
10% Uphill and downhill farming
Agroforest
Forest clearing for agriculture
5%
Use of fertilizers

0%
Female (n = 92)

Figure 30. Women’s responses on implementation of C3S agriculture practices in the study villages

35%
Percentage responses of men on C3S agriculture

30%
Terrace
25%
Perrenial crops
Crop rotation
20%
practices

Cover crops
Minimum tillage
15%
Use of mulching
Land fallowing
10% Weed control
Uphill and downhill farming
5% Agroforest
Forest clearing for agriculture
0% Use of fertilizers
Male (n = 107)

Figure 31. Men’s responses on implementation of C3S agriculture practices in the study villages

33

2. Small-scale farmers in project villages are advocating elected representatives and government officers
for improvements in governance in relation to land, natural resources and agriculture.
The study found that, 16% of the interviewed farmers reported that they have taken action against poor
governance from their elected representatives whilst 84% of them testified to have not taken any action to
address governance (Figure 32).

Figure 32. Small-scale farmers' responses on whether they have made any effort to address good
governance from their elected representatives

Table 10 further shows that majority of the 16% of small-scale farmers reported to have taken efforts to
address good governance from their elected representatives, are from Nzali, Lunenzi and Chinangali I
study villages. Whereby, no one reported to have taken action in Manchali A to address good governance
from their elected representatives.

Table 13. Small-scale farmers’ responses on whether they have taken any action to address good
governance from their elected representatives

Have made efforts to address Have not made any effort to address good
Study villages good governance governance
Ibingu**(n=10) 10% 90%
Kisongwe**(n=10) 10% 90%
Lumbiji**(n=10) 10% 90%
Lunenzi**(n=10) 30% 70%
Mahama*(n=10) 20% 80%
Nzali*(n=10) 30% 70%

Those who reported to have taken efforts to advocate elected representatives and government officials for
improvement in governance in relation to land, natural resource and agriculture said they have been
demanding information on any transaction involving land, natural resource and agriculture. On the other
hand they said some of them are reporting to the village assembly those elected members and officials who
misuse their powers. In Lunenzi village for example, farmers reported to have influenced the sacking of the
sub-village Chairperson in Manyomvi sub-village for misusing his power as the chairperson of the sub-
village. Some of those who mentioned to have not taken any effort to address good governance said that
they are intimidated by the village leaders once they discover a village leader misusing his/her office. They
reported that such intimidations have been used as loop holes by the village leaders to misbehave in their

34

powers. The situation as it speaks for itself need good governance trainings and awareness raising to both
farmers and village leaders.
3. Small-scale farmers from project villages are building the capacity of farmers from other villages and
districts on C3S agriculture, REDD+ and sustainable land and natural resources management

To assess this output marker, the study asked farmers whether they give support on C3S agriculture
practices, REDD+ and sustainable land and natural resource management to other farmers in other village.
The results of this study show that 15% of the interviewed farmers who reported to have provided support
for C3S practices and Natural Resource Management (NRM) to other farmers in other villages. All farmers
in this study reported to have not communicated REDD+ to other communities in other villages. Table 14
below shows small-scale farmers’ responses on whether they build capacities of other farmers at a village
level and disaggregated by gender. The table further details that it is in Ibingu, Mamaha and Nzali where
small-scale farmers reported to have shared information to other farmers in other villages. Moreover, with
exception of Lunenzi village that had 6 male and 4 female, the results shows that males reported more to
have shared this information than female as seen in Ibingu, Mahama and Nzali study village.

Table 14. Responses of farmers on building capacity of other farmers in other villages on C3S,
REDD and NRM
Gender
Female (n = 5) Male (n = 5)
Villages Yes No Yes No
Chinangali I* 0% 100% 0% 100%
Ibingu** 0% 100% 10% 100%
Kisongwe** 20% 80% 40% 60%
Lumbiji** 0% 80% 0% 100%
Lunenzi (n = 4 female, 5 male)** 0% 100% 0% 100%
Mahama* 20% 80% 40% 60%
Manchali A* 0% 100% 0% 100%
Nzali* 0% 100% 20% 80%

Table 15 below further shows farmers’ responses on C3S agriculture, REDD and natural resource capacity
building to other farmers in other villages at the village level and disaggregated by gender. In general,
small-scale farmers in the study villages are more frequently building capacity to other farmers in other
villages on climate change than on natural resource management and capacity building on REDD has not
been done. They reported that they are sharing this information or are building capacities to other farmers
in other villages through informal communication and through visiting them in their farms and at home.

Table 15. Small scale-farmers' responses on whether they are building capacity to farmers in other
villages on C3S agriculture, REDD, and natural resource management

Villages Capacity building Capacity building on natural Capacity building
on REDD resource management on climate change
Chinangali I* Female(n=5) 0% 0% 0%
Male(n=5) 0% 0% 0%
Ibingu** Female(n=5) 0% 0% 0%
Male(n=5) 0% 0% 0%
Kisongwe** Female(n=5) 0% 0% 20%
Male(n=5) 0% 20% 20%
Lumbiji** Female(n=5) 0% 0% 0%
Male(n=5) 0% 0% 0%
35

Lunenzi** Female(n=4) 0% 0% 0%
Male(n=6) 0% 0% 0%
Mahama* Female(n=5) 0% 0% 20%
Male(n=5) 0% 0% 40%
Manchali* Female(n=5) 0% 0% 0%
Male(n=5) 0% 0% 0%
Nzali* Female(n=5) 0% 0% 0%
Male(n=5) 0% 0% 20%

On the other hand when we crosschecked these findings to village leaders, it was only 4% of them who
said to have seen farmers in their respective villages building capacity to other farmers in other villages.

Love to see
1. Small-scale farmers from non-project villages adopt climate smart agricultural technologies using the
experiences and guidelines shared by the project.
Of current the study was not able to establish any technology adopted by non-project villages using the
experience and guideline shared by the CCAP project. However, through discussion with the village
government leaders, the study has elucidated that most villagers have a tendency to copy and apply
methods applied by nearby villages and especially when those methods are giving good results. The
current situation existing with regard to this output marker therefore, is adoption behaviors of community
members from nearby non-project village that can help in scaling up climate smart small scale agriculture
technologies. For example, the study met one small scale farmer at Lumbiji village who reported to have
seen the conservation agriculture practices in Kisongwe village but was waiting to see how will they
perform before he start to implement them in his farm field. Table 16 shows current practices that are being
carried out by farmers in the two control villages, Lumbiji village in Kilosa and Chinangali I village in
Chamwino. The Table further indicates that farmers in the control villages are more involved in weed
control, use of drought resistant crops, crop rotation and land fallowing. However, some of them reported to
be involved in forest clearing to open up new farms (20% in Lumbiji and 10% in Chinangali I) and there was
none of them in both villages who reported to be applying mulching, extend crop rotation, use of cover
crops, and use of perennial crops.

Table 16. Farmers' current C3S agriculture practices in the control villages

C3S agriculture practices Lumbiji (n=10) Kisongwe (n=10)
Terrace 0% 20%
Cover crops 0% 0%
Agroforestry 0% 10%
Extend crop rotation 0% 0%
Use of fertilizers 0% 60%

36

2. Small-scale farmers from non-project villages actively advocate at village, district and national level for
more sustainable land and natural resources management.
The study found that small scale farmers in the non-project villages are not actively advocating at village,
district and national level for more sustainable land and natural resources management. Table 17 below
testify this argument whereby majority of respondents (farmers) in the control villages reported to have not
addressed issues that contribute into sustainable land and natural resource management. For instance,
90% and 100% in Lumbiji and Chinangali I village respectively admitted to be using slash and burn as their
methods to prepare farms. Although represented by few of them (20% and 10% in Lumbiji and Chinangali I
respectively), forest clearing for agriculture activities was reported to be also taking place in these control
villages. None of the respondents from these villages reported to have been taken any effort to hold elected
leaders for more sustainable land and natural resource management. There has not been any sharing of
conservation related initiative and issues by displaying them in Lumbiji villages as compared to Chinagali I
village. However, as exemplified by a farmer from Lumbiji village who admitted to have been ready to
implement the learned practices from Kisongwe village but waiting to see their performance, gives a clue
situation that more sustainable land and natural resource managements that will be addressed by the
projects will be adopted by non-project villages and perhaps advocated in the village, district and national
level at large. This is also supported by the finding that the study explicated from the village government
leaders above.

Table 17.Small-scale farmers's responses in the non-project villages on issue that address
sustainable land and natural resources management

Issues to address sustainable land and natural Lumbiji Chinangali I
resource management n=10 n=10
Use agroforestry 0% 10%
Clear forest for agriculture 20% 10%
Slash and burn as farm preparation methods 90% 100%
Displayed information on CC 0% 20%
Displayed information on C3S 0% 10%
Displayed information on REDD 0% 0%
Displayed information on Land tenure 0% 10%
Holding responsible leaders for good natural resource
management 0% 10%

3. Small-scale farmers actively engage with their local MJUMITA and MVIWATA networks to lobby for more
support for C3S agriculture, REDD and sustainable land and natural resources management.
The engagement of small–scale farmers with local MJUMITA and MVIWATA networks was assessed first
by asking whether farmers were aware of the existence of MJUMITA and MVIWATA in their localities. The
study found that in total it was 22% reported to have heard about MJUMITA. Table 18 and 19 below shows
these responses at the village level. In Chamwino 20% of interviewed small-scale farmers reported to have
heard the existence of MVIWATA.

Table 18. Small scale farmers' responses on whether they have heard the existence of MJUMITA
(n=10 for each village)

Villages Have heard MJUMITA Have not heard MJUMITA
Ibingu** 60% 40%
Kisongwe** 70% 30%
Lumbiji** 20% 80%
Lunenzi** 20% 80%
Mahama* 0% 100%

37

Manchali A* 0% 100%
Nzali* 0% 100%
Note: Note: * Chamwino study villages ** Kilosa study villages

Table 19. Small scale farmers' responses on whether they have heard the existence of MJUMITA (n=10 for
each village)
Villages Have heard MVIWATA Have not heard MVIWATA
Ibingu** 50% 50%
Kisongwe** 60% 40%
Lumbiji** 30% 70%
Lunenzi** 10% 90%
Mahama* 0% 100%
Manchali A* 0% 100%
Nzali* 10% 90%

Moreover, on case of whether they are currently engaging with local MJUMITA and MVIWATA networks,
5% percent of them reported to have been involved with MJUMITA. Likewise, only 5% of them reported to
have been engaging with MVIWATA. The results of these findings in general at the village level are
summarized in Table 20 and 21 below whereby most of those who have not heard about the two networks
came from Chamwino study villages especially Mahama, Chinangali I and Manchali A as a same as not
being engaged with MJUMITA and MVIWATA (Table 20 and 21).

Table 20. Small-scale farmers' responses on whether they are engaging with local MJUMITA
network (n= 10 for each village)

Villages Engaging with MJUMITA Not engaging with MJUMITA
Ibingu** 0% 100%
Kisongwe** 30% 70%
Lumbiji** 0% 100%
Lunenzi** 10% 90%
Mahama* 0% 100%
Manchali A* 0% 100%
Nzali* 0% 100%

Table 21. Small-scale farmers' responses on whether they are engaging with local MVIWATA
network (= 10 for each village)

Villages Engaging with MVIWATA Not engaging with MVIWATA
Ibingu** 10% 90%
Kisongwe** 10% 90%
Lumbiji** 10% 90%
Lunenzi** 0% 100%
Mahama* 0% 100%
Manchali A* 0% 100%
Nzali* 10% 90%

38

As shown in the Tables above, the level of engagement of farmers with MJUMITA and MVIWATA in the
study areas is low to enable actively lobbying for more support for C3S agriculture, REDD and sustainable
land and natural resource management. The project therefore needs to raise awareness of MJUMITA and
MVIWATA to farmers that will further increase engagement to realize their effort to lobby for more C3S
agriculture and sustainable land and natural resource management.

3.2.2.2 MVIWATA and MJUMITA members

Expect to see

1. National-level community network leaders have a firm understanding of the linkages between climate
change, C3S agriculture and sustainable land and natural resources management.
MJUMITA and MVIWATA national leaders stated that they are aware of the linkage that exists between
climate change, C3S agriculture and sustainable land and natural resource management. Their description
generally was on how climate change is affecting agriculture, how forest is affected by the reduced
agriculture yield and how reduced conservation effort result into climate changes and low agricultural yield.

2. National-level community network leaders are providing information to their members on the linkage
between climate change, C3S agriculture and sustainable land and natural resource management.

MJUMITA - The baseline key informant interview with MJUMITA national Chairman and Secretary has
established that currently MJUMITA national-level community leaders share conservation agriculture
practices, sustainable natural resource management, and good natural resource governance through which
the link of climate change, agriculture and sustainable natural resource is explained. This information is
shared through their zone members and in areas where MJUMITA has projects and it collaborates with
other conservation stakeholders. They mentioned that currently nine (9) networks has received
conservation education trainings and these includes SHIWABU (Shirikisho la Wanamazingira Buga),
TUMAINI (Tunza Mazingira Ambanguru), HICHAMPATEMA (Hifadhi Chanzo cha Maji, Tewe, Mpale na
Mali), HIMADI (Hifadhi Misitu Dindila), TUMMAM (Tunza Mazingira Mgwashi na Mayo), IMISA (Hifadhi
Mazingira Sagara) in Usambara and UMILUI (Uhifadhi Misitu Lunenzi na Ibingu), UMIKIM (Uhifadhi Misitu
Kisongwa na Mfului) , UMIZOMA (Uhifadhi Misitu Zombo na Masanza) and UMIMKIMA (Uhifadhi Misitu
Msamba Kisanga na Malolo) networks in Kilosa. On the other hand they do share this information through
annual MJUMITA forum that is convened every year where different conservation message are
communicated and recently more emphasis has been put on climate change. They reported that
conservation experts are always welcomed to give their presentation apart from community members
themselves giving testimonies of the impacts of climate change and share conservation efforts they have
achieved.

MVIWATA - MVIWATA Chairman and Secretary reported that they current share that information to their
group members through their community based trainers and annual general meetings. They mentioned that
currently 34 MVIWATA groups have received information on the link that exists between climate change,
agriculture and natural resource management. These networks are Kabanga, Mitondo, Tamotene, Kasi
mpya, and Upendo group in Kyela, Upendo, Ngenda, Samalia, Maasai group, Muungano, and Umoja group
in Arusha. They also mentioned Zinduka zinduka in Arusha rural, Ziduka, HIMAMO (Hifadhi Mazingira
Monduli), in Monduli, Uhima, Kilimali, Kiwamali, Mkombozi A and B, Jikomboe, and Tufarijiane in Rudewa.
Moreover the other groups are Muungano in Kilosa, Jiendeleze, Maheko, Mshikamano, Upendo, Lukemo,
Sontosima, Mwanzo mgumu, Operation okoa mazingira, Wakala group, Maarifa, Mwishene and Nyemo in
Mvomero some of the messages that have been communicated to group members as conservation
agriculture and tree planting as effort to deal with the impacts of climate change.

39

Like to see
1. At national level, community networks have integrated climate change issues in their institutional
strategies and are providing training, user-friendly guides and other support to their members to adopt C3S
agriculture, REDD+ and other climate smart strategies.

As elucidated in section 3.2.1 above, the current institutional strategy for both MJUMITA and MVIWATA
networks have not integrated well climate change issues. However, there is some on-going training in these
networks to some of the areas though it has not been at a large scale as indicated by low number of both
MJUMITA and MVIWATA members who have attended those trainings below.

2. Local level community networks are aware of the climate change, C3S agriculture and sharing this
information with others in their communities.

About climate change awareness
The baseline study has established that among the interviewed 20 MJUMITA networks members, 25% of
them reported to have heard about climate change whereas majority of them (75%) reported to have not
heard about climate change as shown in figure 33.

Figure 33. MJUMITA members’ response on whether they have heard climate change (n = 20)
On the other hand 84% of 19 MVIWATA group members reported to have heard about climate change
whereas only 16% reported to have not heard about climate change (Figure 34).

Have not heard
about Climate
Change
16%

Have heard
about Climate
Change
84%

Figure 34. MVIWATA members’ response on whether they have heard climate change (n= 19)

40

Of those MJUMITA members who reported to have heard about climate change, the baseline study found
that UMIKIM network have more members (90%) who have heard about climate change than UMILUI
network members(Figure 35).
MJUMITA network members on CC
Percentage response of

80%
awareness

60%

40%

20%

0%
Have heard about Climate Change Have not heard about Climate Change
UMILUI 60% 40%
UMIKIMI 90% 10%

Figure 35. UMILUI and UMIKIM members’ responses on whether they have heard climate change
(n=10 for each network)
With regards to MVIWATA members, MSHIKAMANO group members have higher members who had
heard about climate change as compared to JUHUDI group members. But the difference of those who had
heard about climate change in groups and networks is very small for MVIWATA (Figure 36) as compared
with MJUMITA. This signifies that MVIWATA members are well informed on climate change than MJUMITA
members.
Percentage resppnses of MVIWATA group

80%
members of CC awaremess

60%

40%

20%

0%
Have heard about Climate Have not heard about Climate
Change Change
JUHUDI 80% 20%
MSHIKAMANO 90% 10%

Figure 36. JUHUDI and MSHIKAMANO group members’ response on whether they have heard about
climate change

41

About how they describe climate change

When they were asked to describe climate change, MJUMITA members only described climate change as
reduction of rainfall and prolonged drought (Figure 37) whereas MVIWATA members in addition to
reduction in rainfall and prolonged drought, they also described climate change as change in cloud patterns
and forest conditions (Figure 38). Of the described climate factors by both MJUMITA and MVIWATA
members, reduction in rainfall was the most frequently mentioned followed by prolonged drought in the
baseline study areas.

Figure 37. MJUMITA members response on how they describe climate change (n = 20)

Change in
Change in Wind forest
6%
condition
9%

Reduction in Prolonged
rainfall drought
50% 35%

Figure 38. MVIWATA members’ response on how they describe climate change (n =19)

About awareness of the causes of climate change

On the causes of climate change, MJUMITA members reported that climate change is caused by pollution
from bushfire, energy generation; agriculture activities and from deforestation (Figure 39). MVIWATA
members in addition to the above causes of climate change, they also reported that climate change is
caused by pollution from waste disposals (Figure 40). Deforestation was mentioned to be the main causes
of climate change whereas pollution from agriculture activities was mentioned to be main causes second to
deforestation by MVIWATA members and uncontrolled fire mentioned by MJUMITA members.

42

Pollution from
uncontolled
fires/Fire burning
29%
Deforestation
54%

Pollution from
agriculture
activities
11% Pollution from
power generation
6%

Figure 39. MJUMITA members’ response on the causes of climate change (n =20)

Pollution from
uncontolled
Deforestation
fires/Fire burning
45%
15%

Pollution from
agriculture Pollution from
activities Pollution from power generation
25% waste 12%
3%

Figure 40. MVIWATA network members’ response on the causes of climate change (n = 19)

About awareness of the impacts of climate change

Losses of animal and plant species, diseases, floods, water shortage, decrease in crop yield were the
impacts of climate change that were mentioned by MVIWATA and MJUMITA network members. MJUMITA
network members highlighted decreases in crop yield as the main climate change impacts and diseases.
MVIWATA network members mentioned decreases in crop yields and water shortages as the main results
of climate change. The percentage of MJUMITA and MVIWATA members mentioning these impacts are
presented in Figure 41 and 42 below.

43

Loss of animals
and plants spicies Flood
3% 15%

Disease eruption Decrease in crop
30% yield
43%

Water shortage
9%

Figure 41. MJUMITA members’ response on the impacts of climate change (n = 20)

Figure 42. MVIWATA members’ response on the impacts of climate change (n = 19)

About awareness of climate, smart small-scale agriculture

Over 60 % of MVIWATA and MJUMITA group and networks members respectively, reported to have heard
about climate smart small- scale agriculture (Figure 43 and 44)

Figure 43. MJUMITA members’ response on whether they have heard C3S (n=20)
44

Figure 44. MVIWATA members’ response on whether they have heard C3S (n=19)

About the knowledge of climate, C3S agriculture practices

The baseline study has found that both MJUMITA and MVIWATA members mentioned fire management,
best use of agriculture inputs, weed control, stop clearing forest for agriculture, spacing between seedlings,
uphill and downhill trenches, soil protection, crop rotation and minimum tillage as C3S agriculture practices
as seen in Figure 45 below for MJUMITA and 46 for MVIWATA

Figure 45. MJUMITA members’ responses on how they describe C3S agriculture

45

Best use of
agriculture inputs Weed control Minimum tillage
Fire management 3% 7%
7%
3% Crop rotation
14%
Stoping forest
claering for
agriculture
7%

Spacing between
seedlings
7%

Soil protection
21%
Uphill and downhill
trenches
24%
Use of best seed
MVIWATA (n = 19) 7%

Figure 46.MJUMITA members’ responses on how they describe C3S agriculture

About sharing the above information with others in the communities

The baseline survey has established that currently majority of MJUMITA members share information
related with climate change and C3S agriculture with other members in the communities (Figure 47).
MVIWATA members for their case a large proportion of them do not share this information with other
members in the communities (Figure 48).

Do not share
information
35%

Share
information
65%

Figure 47. MJUMITA members’ responses on whether they share climate change, C3S agriculture
information with others in the communities

46

Figure 48. MVIWATA members’ responses on whether they share climate change, C3S agriculture
information with others in the communities

It is obvious from the results above that both MJUMITA and MVIWATA members need more awareness
raising on climate change given the fact that they are among the project progress markers apart from being
conservation and development ambassadors in grassroots communities. The level of understanding on the
term climate change seemed to be different when MJUMITA and MVIWATA were compared but they have
different level of understanding once it comes to describe climate change, its causes and its impacts. Some
of the factors that are easily noticed as climate change and causes like change in temperature and shifting
cultivation respectively were not mentioned by the respondents implying that more climate change
awareness is needed to this group in the project areas. The results also indicate that sharing of this
information with other members in the communities still need to be reinforced to this group of the
communities.

3. Community networks are regularly consulted by policy makers on climate change related issues and
provide recommendations to Kilimo Kwanza, ASDP and SAGCOT
MJUMITA and MVIWATA leaders all stated that they have not been consulted by policy makers to provide
recommendation to Kilimo Kwanza ASDP and SAGCOT

4. Community networks are advocating at local, national and international level through media, meetings
and other forum for more support for C3S agriculture, community-oriented REDD and other climate smart
strategies

At the national level both institutions make regular statements to the media on related issues but neither
have engaged in a specific campaign on C3S agriculture involving the media.

The study has found that none of the MJUMITA and MVIWATA members in the project villages have made
demand for support for C3S agriculture, community-oriented REDD and other climate smart strategies by
using media. It was only reported by 4 members of MJUMITA that they have made demands for improved
natural resource management through meetings with staffs from department of land, natural resource and
environment of Kilosa district when they visited Kisongwe village. On the flip side, Mshikamano group
members in Nzali village also reported to have also demanded improvement of natural resource
management to Chamwino forest officer when he visited them during promotion of tree planting activities in
Nzali village. They also demanded to be given trainings of good agriculture practices from the district
agriculture department that will withstand with the current drought facing Chamwino district. This
information is summarised in Table 22 and 23 below.

47

Table 22. MVIWATA group members’ responses on whether they have ever demanded C3S
agriculture, community oriented REDD and natural resource management through media and
meetings (n = 19)

Demanded services Media Meetings
Yes No Yes No
C3S** 0% 100% 11% 89%
Community oriented REDD** 0% 100% 0% 100%
Natural Resource Management** 0% 100% 11% 89%

Table 23. MJUMITA network members’ responses on whether they have ever demanded C3S
agriculture, community oriented REDD and natural resource management through media and
meetings (n = 20)

Demanded services Media Meetings
Yes No Yes No
C3S** 0% 100% 0% 100%
Community oriented REDD** 0% 100% 20% 80%
Natural Resource Management** 0% 100% 0% 100%

The study learned that, there is a need to influence MJUMITA and MVIWATA members to build a habit of
making more efforts to demand for improvement in natural resource management, starting and scaling up
C3S agriculture in the area and other good agricultural practices that respond to the needs of the
communities whilst promoting environment conservation. Those who have already started making these
efforts provides good avenues for the project to promote MVIWATA and MJUMITA network members to
advocates for more support with regards to C3S agriculture, community oriented REDD and other
conservation and agriculture practices deemed necessary.

Love to see
1. Community networks are recognised as leaders in climate change adaptation and mitigation and are
invited to participate in policy formulation, monitoring and evaluation forums at national and international
level.
The study has found that, of currently community networks are devoting their efforts to address climate
change adaptation and mitigation. However, it could not find any network that has been invited to
participate in policy formulation and monitoring and evaluation forum at local and international level.

2. Community networks hold elected representatives at local and national level accountable for the quality
of the support
The study found that 50% (n = 20) of MJUMITA members who were interviewed in the study villages
reported to have held responsible elected representatives while it was only 11% for MVIWATA members
out of the 19 interviewed members who reported to have taken action to hold responsible elected
representatives (Table 24 and 25). MJUMITA members reported that they hold their elected
representatives by reporting them to the higher authorities, removing them from their post and by not
electing them in the next election (Table 10). On the other hand, MVIWATA members reported that they are
holding elected representative responsible by reporting them to higher authorities and by not electing them
in the next election (Table 25).

48

Table 24. MVIWATA members' responses on whether they are holding responsible elected
representatives
Have held responsible elected representative Have not held
responsible elected
representative
MJUMITA members’ 50% 50%
response (n =20) Ways to hold responsible % of MJUMITA
members’ responses
Reporting them to the higher 15%
authority
Removing them from their 35%
post
Not electing them in the next 25%
election

Table 25. MVIWATA members' responses on whether they are holding responsible elected
representatives

Have held responsible elected representative Have not held
responsible elected
representative
MVIWATA members’ 11% 89%
response (n =19) Ways to hold responsible % of MVIWATA
members’
responses
Reporting them to the higher 5%
authority
Not electing them in the next 11%
election

3 Community networks in Tanzania share their knowledge on appropriate, climate change adaptation and
mitigation strategies with communities in other countries.
The baseline study has established that currently neither MJUMITA networks nor MVIWATA groups are
sharing this information to other countries. But when they were asked whether they have opportunities to
share this information to other countries, they mentioned presence of communication medias like radios,
televisions, newspapers; availability of environmental meetings where they get more information on
environmental conservation, aid from private organisations and companies to support them, seminar
trainings and presence of environmental problems in their areas that are similar to other Eastern African
countries. However some of them admitted that there is no any opportunity. Large proportion of those who
did not see any opportunity came from MVIWATA members (Figure 49) compared with MJUMITA members
as seen in figure (Figure 50).

49

Presence of
Seminar No any
radio, TV and
trainings opportunity
Newspaper
4% 32%
21%

Through aid
from private
Environmental
companies
meetings
21%
22%

Figure 49. MJUMITA members’ responses on whether there do exist opportunities for them to share
information to communities in other countries

Seminar
Environmenta trainings
l meetings 5%
16%

Presence of
problem like
other
countries
5%

No any
opportunity
74%

Figure 50. MVIWATA members’ responses on whether is any opportunity for them to share
information to communities in other countries

3.2.2.3 District Officials
Expect to see
1. District Officials participate in awareness raising events about Climate Change, REDD and Agriculture.
Through discussion with the Chamwino and Kilosa district officials, the study has found that the Chamwino
Executive Director, the District Forest Officer, the District Livestock and Fisheries Officer have not
participated in climate change and REDD awareness rising events. It was the District Agriculture and
Cooperative Societies Officer who have participated in climate change awareness raising event but not in

50

REDD events. However, all of them with exception of the Forest Officer admitted to have participated in
agriculture awareness raising events and said that is part and parcel of their work.

With regards to Kilosa District Officials, the District Agriculture and Cooperative Societies Officer and the
District Executive Director have not participated in climate change awareness raising events. The
agriculture officer acknowledged to have participated in REDD awareness raising events with REDD project
in Kilosa. But they all revealed to have participated in agriculture awareness raising events. The District
Forest Officer said he has participated in both climate change and REDD awareness raising events. They
all in both district admitted to be willing to participate in awareness raising events about Climate Change,
REDD and Agriculture.

2. District officials integrate climate friendly agriculture in their DADPs where external support is provided.
Both the two districts currently are not integrating external supported climate friendly agriculture in their
DADPs. However, Chamwino district in the year 2011/2012 received support from FAO and implemented
different agriculture projects. The support involved starting and running farm field school, conservation
agriculture and provision of agriculture inputs in Msaga, Mahama, Chalinze, Makoje and Bwigiri villages.
On the other hand the support helped to train extension officer in the district.

3. District Officials support integration of community plans in DADPs where external support is provided.
The study has established that neither Kilosa nor Chamwino district is currently supporting integration of
external supported community plans in DADPs. Rather district official said community plans are always
integrated in DADPs by using the O&OD (opportunity and obstacle to development) methods. Through
discussion with the district officials, the study has established that O&OD is a participatory community
planning process to empower the people based on a bottom-up approach with a positive outlook. Through
the process the district official highlighted that there is the Ward Facilitation Team (WFT) that is made up of
the ward executive officer, ward agriculture and extension officer, ward community development officer and
other officers whose mandate are related with agriculture development activities. That the WFT facilitate
participatory process at the village and guide the planning of the village agriculture development plans
(VADPs). They later develop the ward agriculture development plans (WADP) by consolidating the VADPs
and submit it to the District Facilitation Team (DFT) made up of head of departments to integrate the WADP
in the DADPs. However, it has been identified that the ward officers neither do sufficiently facilitate
community activities to be in an effective and sustainable manner nor do actively understand community
needs and give feedback to the district officials (URT, 2008). This was attributed to low frequency of those
ward officers to make visits to communities and lack of financial and human resources as in some of the
wards the said ward officers in the WFT are non-existing. Delayed delivery of the budget from the
government treasurer was identified to one of the challenge facing the process. The Kilosa district officials
said, the O&OD approach ended in last year and they are now implementing a three years Value Adding
Approach that they started to implement in 2012. It is the approach whereby different stakeholders are
involved to in the planning to select a crop and livestock to be prioritised for a certain year. Farmers and
pastoralist are represented by the selected farmers and pastoralist from the village. It is through this way
whereby they integrate community plans in DADPs. Chamwino district officials to their case mentioned that
they did O&OD in Chinangali II, Mvumi Mission and Mvumi Makulu where they are implementing DADP
projects.

Like to see
1. District Government are providing DADP guidelines that include issues of climate-friendly agriculture and
gender to all wards and villages in a timely manner; are ensuring that the ward and village level facilitation
teams are developing plans that adequately support climate friendly agriculture; and these are properly
reflected in the District level plans and are then implemented.
The study has established that there has been a delayed delivery of provision of DADP guidelines to ward
and village level. This was mentioned in all districts that it is caused by the delayed delivery of funds from
51

the government. For example, the study witnessed the 2013/2014 budget preparation in Chamwino and the
district officials reported that they have not received the 2012/2013 budget to implement plans for
2012/2013 financial year. Both Chamwino and Kilosa district officials acknowledged that they normally
consider gender issues in any undertakings including implementation of different DADP initiatives at the
village level. That gender is more considered in agriculture related training, projects, planning, decision-
making and implementation. With the case of environmentally friendly agriculture, both Chamwino and
Kilosa district officials admitted that it is through ESMF where they make sure that their DADPs projects are
environmentally friendly. However as described above, the ESMF does not cover small-scale initiatives.

2. District government are raising awareness about climate change, climate-friendly agriculture and gender
amongst communities in their districts.
Chamwino district officials revealed that currently they have a system of organising meetings in each village
and they conduct village assemblies where they address the meeting on number of issues that cover
agriculture, environmental conservation and good animal husbandry. These meetings are conducted once
per year especially during the beginning of the planting period. However, the study has found that in most
cases these meetings are more targeting agriculture related activities and there has not been any specific
meeting that was targeting climate change and climate-friendly agriculture as it was reported by the district
officials.

In Kilosa the district through the land, environment and natural resource committee has been conducting
awareness raising about climate change and climate friendly agriculture, however this has been conducted
in line with other issue in the villages and there has not been a specific awareness on climate change and
climate smart, small-scale agriculture. The district agriculture officer mentioned that they have a planned
climate change campaign to be conducted in the district and the budget has been allocated for that
campaign. The campaign will address climate change in term of its caused, impacts and the way how to
adapt and prevent it. Among other thing it will involve evacuating livestock from catchment areas to
implement the district commissioner’s lawful order.

Love to see
1. Support for best practices in terms of supporting climate change resilient and low GHG agriculture are
integrated in DADPs and adequate funds are disbursed for their implementation.
The study has established that there is no any practice resilient to climate change and that has low GHG
emission that is supported by the two districts to small-scale famers. Instead, the two districts have been
helping communities to adapt to the impacts by changing crop varieties and less effort is placed on
changing practices. For example in Chamwino, the district official mentioned that they are distributing
drought resistant sorghum seeds (macia seeds). This variety is an early maturing variety. However, apart
from this support not have reached majority of the small-scale farmers as depicted in figure 18 above, there
are no low GHG emission agriculture practices that were reported to accompany the new introduced
drought resistant seeds. The study observed that still farmers are practicing unsustainable agriculture
practices as describe in section 3.3 below. With the case of Kilosa district, it was reported that currently the
district is not supporting any best practices that is resilient and with low GHG but rather agriculture officers
are providing advices to farmers to take necessary precautions not to destroy the environment. However,
the monitoring is not conducted and hence they are not sure on whether those practices are being
implemented.

2. District government are supporting communities to implement actions that will reduce deforestation and
are assisting communities to access REDD finance.
The district officials in Chamwino admitted to have not heard about REDD and hence have not taken any
effort to help famers to access REDD finance. On the other hand the district forest officer admitted that they
are now in the tree planting programme and have managed to plant over 6000 tree in the district. He also
52

highlighted that they have been conducting patrols in different forests that have been encroached by
farmers and some of farmers were evacuated from the area. Furthermore, the DFO underscored that
efforts to stop deforestation in the district are challenging as the district has only one forest officer and has
no vehicle to patrol all the areas. He cited Chamhame and Chinyami forests as the forests that are under
higher pressure to deforestation due to lack management plans and clear forest borders. These forests are
forest catchments under the control of the central government. He therefore, said that the water catchment
value that these two forests have is dubious. This information was backed up with our observation whereby
we witnessed deforestation in Mlimwa forests at Nzali village due to encroachment for maize farming.

Kilosa district officials admitted that they have been conducting patrols in forest reserves and providing
education to forest adjacent communities on the impact of deforestation and bushfire. On helping
communities to access REDD finance, they said they are collaborating with TFCG/MJUMITA in their REDD
project to learn the process and perhaps start running and claiming for REDD finances to the needy
communities.

3. District government take action against individuals engaging in corrupt practices that undermine efforts to
promote pro-poor, climate-friendly agriculture.
The study has found that in the two study districts, there have been efforts to address corruption issues. In
Chamwino for example the DED admitted to the study team that there are some of the VEO who have been
fired and charged in the court of law for misusing public funds. He said they are working in close
collaboration with the Public Corruption Prevention Bureau (PCCB) to address corruption in the district. On
the other hand, the agriculture officer said for DADPs funds that are disbursed to villages, there are tight
bureaucracies that prevent any person to attempt squandering them. In Kilosa, it was also reported by both
the DED and the agriculture officer that, there have been some cases of public fund mismanagement and
all those who were responsible were either fired and others charged in the court of law.

3.2.2.4 Ward councillors and Members of Parliament
The baseline study had a key informant interview with Chilonwa ward councillor in Chamwino district,
Lumbiji and Lumuma ward councillor in Kilosa district and Kilosa and Chilonwa Member of Parliaments to
find the current information with regards to the following output markers.

Expect to see

1. Elected representative participate in awareness raising days and stakeholder meetings on small-scale
agriculture and climate change when external support is provides

The Chilonwa ward councillor stated that he has not participated in any awareness raising days and
stakeholder meetings on small-scale agriculture and climate change but he underscored that he is willing to
participate as it is one of his responsibilities to cooperate with development partners in the area of his
jurisdiction. On the other both Lumbiji and Lumuma ward councillors stated that they have been
collaborating with MJUMITA and TFCG in their REDD project in Kilosa and in that cooperation, they have
been able to participate in agriculture and climate related awareness raising events and meetings
organised by REDD project in Kilosa. Both of them expressed their political will to participate in those
awareness meetings and event as those initiatives concur with their manifesto. On the other hand both
Kilosa and Chilonwa Members of Parliaments said that they have not participated in awareness raising
days and stakeholder meetings on climate change issue but said they have been in their work participating
in agriculture awareness raising events. However, they both said that they have not participated in C3S
agriculture awareness raising.

53

2. Elected representative makes statement to the media to demand more support for small-scale farmers
and sustainable land and natural resource management

Chilonwa member of parliament admitted to have not made any statement to the media to demand for
more support for small scale famers and sustainable land and natural resource management but he
insisted that existing laws if are followed they will appeal for both natural resource management and
agriculture.

On the other hand Kilosa Member of Parliament said he had made a statement in the media to demand for
support especially on the on-going land conflict between farmers and livestock keeper. He said the
statement covered issue like land scarcity in the area, finance to help farmers and requested livestock
keeper to reduce their herds of cattle to have a more sustainable livestock keeping. It was learned by this
study that no member of parliament has made a specific statement in the media to demand for more
support for small-scale farmers and sustainable natural resource management.

Through interview with the Lumuma ward councillor, she also said that she has not made any statement
but said at one point of time she was welcomed as the guest of honour in the meeting that was organised
by TFCG and MJUMITA in Kilosa and gave her speech that covered sustainable agriculture and
environmental conservation.

With the case of Lumbiji ward councillor, he said he was interviewed by Radio Jamii in Kilosa and in the
interview he thanked REDD+ initiative in his ward and requested farmers to allocate farms for village
community forest. He testified that his interview with the radio was well received by famers in his ward to
the fact that they agreed to allocate lands from their farms for forest conservation.

Like to see

1. MPs raise questions about climate change steering committee effectiveness and the integration of
support for small-scale farmers in current agricultural policies (DADPs, SAGCOT, Kilimo Kwanza) including
references to Tanzania’s commitments under the Maputo Declaration.
The study found that neither the Chilonwa nor the Kilosa Member of Parliament have raised questions
about the effectiveness of climate change steering committee and the integration of support for small-scale
farmers in the current agriculture policy. The Kilosa Member of Parliament for example said he has not
participated in any meeting that was organised by the committee and hence is not well informed about their
duties. However, they said they have been demanding general supports for their electorates; the support
that involve agriculture development and environmental conservation. For instance, honourable Chibulunje
of Chilowa constituent said he has been demanding in the parliament for forest conservation, drought
resistance crops, environmental education and early maturing crops among other things. For his case
honourable Mkulo of Kilosa constituent said he has been raising questions relating to availability of land in
Kilosa for farmers, agriculture inputs, starting and running of SACCOS, drought resistant crops and
agriculture education to farmers. He also said that he is cooperating with the district to address climate
change in Kilosa.

2. Ward Councillors and Village council members push for DADPs to integrate support for small scale,
climate smart agriculture.
Of current ward councillors admitted to have not made any effort to push for DADPs to integrate support for
small scale, climate smart agriculture. They said that though are always invited during the district
agriculture stakeholder meeting, much of the support to farmers are directed to increase agriculture
production in the area and environmental conservation is least treated in the plans. The Lumuma ward
councillor admitted that with the coming the CCAP project, she is optimistic that the project will capacitate
her and the other ward councillors to claim for more support for climate smart, small-scale agriculture. Apart
from that they reported to have made some effort to support small –scale farmers. For example Chilonwa
councillor said he demanded for climate change training to farmers in his ward for farmers to be aware of
54

the causes, impacts and adaptation to climate change. He also reported that so as to adapt to climate
change, he demanded mango species that mature and produce fruits early as an alternative commercial
fruit trees. The Lumbiji ward councillor said he have demanded extension officers in his ward to support
agriculture activities. All of these demands were made in the full council meetings at the district.

3. Ward councillors push District Officials to expedite and prioritise support for small-scale farmers in the
implementation of DADPs.
The current study has found that to some extent the interviewed ward councillor, at least everyone had
made some efforts to push district officials to expedite and priorities support for small-scale farmers. They
reported to have demanded in the full council meetings supports for their electorates. However, they said
lack of enough fund and delayed disbursement of fund from the government treasurer is undermining their
efforts.

Love to see

1. MPs make changes to national CC related policies to reflect the interests of communities and Small-
scale farmers
The current study was not able to disclose any climate change policies that have been changed by the
influence of members of parliament so that it reflects the interest of communities and small-scale farmers.
Members of parliament interviewed did not cite any policy but said the national climate change steering
committee is the committee that has been formed to look on those issues.

2. Elected leaders monitor and follow up on the implementation of national policies and laws relating to
small-scale farmers and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
The members of parliament said it is their task to follow and monitor implementation of national policies and
laws as they stand for electorates’ developments. With that case, they said issues of climate change and
agriculture are dealt by specific parliamentary committees and it is through those committees where they
are updated. The study shows that members of parliament interviewed are not monitoring and following up
the laws relating to small-scale farmers and climate change adaptation and climate change adaptation and
mitigation. This is just because a member of parliament from Kilosa said he is aware of climate change but
does not know it in broad. He also admitted to be unaware of REDD initiatives. To the ward councillors all
of them were unaware of the details of the policies and laws relating to small-scale farmers and climate
change adaptation and mitigation. They merely mentioned them but with no a broad understanding of how
they influence climate, small-scale farmers and climate change adaptation and mitigation.

3.2.2.5 Nation Climate Steering Committee and National Climate Change Technical Committee
(NCCSC/NCCTC)

Expect to see
1. The NCCSC and the NCCTC meet at least twice per year including representatives from Ministry of
Natural Resource and Tourism, Prime Minister Officer Rural Administration and Local Government, Ministry
of Agriculture and Food Security and Vice President Office Division of Environment; Civil society
organisations; research institutions and private sector.
Through discussion with the Chairman of NCCTC it was reported that the NCCSC and the NCCTC had two
(2) meetings in 2012, three (3) meetings in 2011 and one (1) in 2010. He explained that the NCCSC and
NCCTC are designated to hold their meetings concurrently, whereby the NCCTC sits first and thereafter
inform the NCCSC in its meeting. The last meeting of the NCCTC was held on 13th of December 2012
followed by the NCCSC meeting. It was also mentioned that there were no representatives from CSOs or
private sector in the aforementioned meetings. However, higher learning institutions (Sokoine University,
University of Dar es Salaam and Ardhi University) were among the participants in the meetings.

55

2. Representatives from NCCSC/TC participate in media events on climate friendly agriculture.
The Chairperson of NCCTC stated that NCCSC/TC does not organize any media events to promote
climate friendly agriculture. However, NCCSC/TC has been participating in media events through sending
its experts upon invitation to various media events. He gave an example of NCCSC/TC representatives
either as resource persons or experts to have been addressing issues related to CC adaptation and
mitigation in their specific ministries like Ministry of Natural Resource and Tourism, Ministry of Agriculture,
Ministry of Environment among other ministries constituting the NCCSC/TC.

Like to See

1. NCCSC representatives participate in civil society events related to linkages between Small-scale
agriculture, climate change and REDD
The NCCTC chairperson stated that the NCCSC is willing to send representatives to the aforementioned
events upon invitation. For example, he explained that the NCCST/SC representatives participated in the
IUCN hosted workshop to develop a national strategy on gender and climate change that was conducted in
September 2011.

2. NCCSC and NCCTC consider policy harmonisation in relation to CC mitigation and adaptation including
issues around Small-scale agriculture and REDD.
The study found that no policy changes have resulted from the influence of NCCSC and NCCTC as the
national climate change strategy has only just been completed and is awaiting approval. The director
explained that the NCC strategy considers policy harmonisation and that therefore its implementation will
perhaps result in policy changes. Moreover, he explained that the national climate change strategy outlines
the measures for CC adaptation and mitigation that are to be addressed in each sector including the
agriculture and forest sector.

3. NCCSC host meetings for communities, civil society, local government, research institutions and private
sector to provide inputs on the National Climate Change strategy, NAPA and REDD + strategies.
The Chairperson of the NCCTC stated that the National Climate Change Strategy has been completed and
is pending approval. He explained that the completion of the National Climate Change Strategy was one of
the agenda points in the last technical and steering committee meeting.

He explained that since environment is a crosscutting issue, the development of strategies addressing
environmental issues should involve awareness and consultation meetings. In the case of the national
REDD+ strategy, he explained that a series of awareness raising and consultation meetings were held in
different areas of Tanzania from local, district, regional and national level. This process followed the
REDD+ consultation plan that included meetings with different people working in forestry and agriculture.
Civil society organisations, local communities, research institutions and private sector representatives were
consulted for their inputs.

The Chairperson of the NCCTC explained that for the current final draft of the national climate change
strategy, consultative meetings were held in Lake Zone and Southern Highlands in which various CSOs
and development partners’ representatives were invited to provide their inputs. Apart from provision of
inputs he said the meetings also aimed to enable key players to have adequate knowledge about the
issues in question.

4. Gender issues are well covered in key plans including the National REDD+ strategy and NCCSC
The Chairperson of the NCCTC said that gender issue were among the concerns that were raised during
the REDD+ consultation meetings and the NCCSC has been working to make sure that gender issues are
addressed. However, the study was not able to get the final draft of the national climate change strategy to
56

assess how gender is addressed. The National REDD strategy refers to gender issues in several places
within the document and a gender sensitive approach is referred to in one of the strategic objectivies.

5. NCCTC advice MAFS on measures needed to ensure that the ASDP effectively promotes pro-poor,
The Chairperson of the NCCTC reported that currently the NCCTC is structured to provide technical
assistance to individual sectors and in most cases the NCCTC advice those sectors (including agriculture
sector) through different strategies (e.g. national climate change strategy) and guidelines. He further
underscored that the NCCTC prefers a bottom up approach in provision of technical assistance where it
encourage sectors to consult them for advice. He explained that the Committee sometimes intervenes to
address specific problems. The study has thus found that there is no specific advice that the NCCTC is
providing to ministry of agriculture and cooperative societies apart from the guidelines provided by the
NCCTC through its strategies.

6. NCCTC approves information resources on climate friendly agriculture for distribution to Local
Government with the DADP guidelines.
It was elucidated that though the NCCTC is responsible for overseeing and guiding the implementation of
climate change activities in the country, there has not been any resource on climate friendly agriculture that
has been approved for its distribution to local government with the DADP guidelines. The chairman of
NCCTC revealed that such provision is through Policy and Regulatory frameworks in the agriculture sector.
He further noted that agriculture sector is implementing the Environmental Management Act -
Implementation Supports Programme (EMA-ISP) that is charged to mainstream the environment in the
agriculture sector. And hence approval of such information is done by the Environment Management Unity
in the Ministry of Agriculture.

Love to see

1. The NCCSC is demanding the allocation of 10 % of the national budget for climate-friendly agriculture in
ways that directly contribute to achieving MDGs.
Through discussion with the NCCTC chairperson, he noted that currently the NCCSC has not made any
demand for the allocation of 10% of the national budget for climate-friendly agriculture in ways that directly
contribute to achieving MDGs as the NCCSC has no mandate to instruct the government to allocate a
budgetary percentage for an activity in another agriculture sector.

2. The NCCSC is supporting the NCCFP to be a role model for other countries in the integration of climate
friendly agriculture in NAMAs, NAPAs and REDD
The study has found that the NCCSC is not supporting the NCCFP to be a role model for other countries in
the integration of climate friendly agriculture in NAMAs, NAPAs and REDD.

3.2.2.6 Village council members
The project considers village council members to have significant influence on achieving the goal and
objectives of the CCAP initiatives but anecdotally that this group of elected representatives often lack
awareness on the CCAP issues and some opportunities involved in the CCAP initiative. So as to elucidate
this information a baseline study assessed levels of awareness of village council members on climate
change, climate change adaptation and whether they understand the linkage between climate change,
agriculture and poverty. The study has come out with the following results.

Awareness of climate change issues

About climate change
The baseline study has established that most village council members in both Kilosa and Chamwino
districts have some knowledge of climate change. 85% of the interviewed village leaders stated that they

57

have heard about climate change whilst 15% reported that they had not heard about climate change
(Figure 51).

Have not
heard
15%

Have heard
85%

Figure 51. Village council members’ responses on whether they have heard about climate change
(n=80)

At least 60 % of village council members in all villages had heard of climate change (Figure 52). Between 5
% – 40 % of Village leaders in Chinangali I, Nzali, Lunenzi and Mahama village leaders had not heard of
climate change whereas in the other villages, all leaders had heard of climate change.

100%
Percenrage responses of village leaders on

80%

60%
climate change

40%
Have heard
Have not heard
20%

0%

Villages (n = 10 for each village)

Figure 52. Village council members’ response at a village level on whether they have heard about
climate change

About how Village Council members describe climate change

The study asked Village Council members to describe ‘what climate change is’. The Council members
mentioned changes in rainfall most frequently, other changes that were mentioned include changes in
temperate and wind and cloud patterns (Figure 53 and 54).

58

Change in cloud
pattern
Change in wind 4%
patterns
7%

Change in
temperature
44%

Change in
rainfall
45%

Figure 53. Village council member’s response of how they describe climate change (n = 80)

100%
Percentage responses of village leaders on climate

80%
change description

60%

Temperature
40% Rainfall
Wind patterns
20% Cloud condition

0%

Villages

Figure 54. Village council member’s responses at village level on how they describe climate change
About the causes of climate change


The study also found that village council members in the study areas are aware of deforestation (89%),
burning of forests (25%), and emission from agriculture activities (8%), emission from industries (9%) and
power generation (4%), pollution from vehicles (3%) and waste disposal (5%), cultivating in water sources
(4%) among others in Table 26 as the causes of climate change

59

Table 26. Village council member’s responses on the causes of climate change in the study villages
Causes of
climate Chinangali I* Ibingu** Kisongwe** Lumbiji** Lunenzi** Mahama* Manchali A* Nzali* Overall
Change n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=80
Deforestation 50% 100% 100% 90% 100% 100% 100% 70% 89%
Pollution from
vehicles 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 20% 0% 23%
Emission from
industries 0% 10% 0% 10% 0% 20% 20% 0% 9%
Pollution from
power
generation 0% 0% 20% 0% 0% 0% 10% 0% 4%
Waste and
waste
products 0% 0% 0(0% 0% 0% 0% 20% 20% 5%
Agriculture
activities 0% 10% 10% 10% 0% 0% 20% 10% 8%
Cultivating in
water sources 0% 0% 0% 10% 20% 0% 0% 0% 4%
Burning of
forests 0% 60% 20% 40% 60% 10% 10% 0% 25%
Shifting
cultivation 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%

The above table shows that village council members from Chinangali I (the control village in Chamwino) are
unaware of most of the causes of climate change. They only mentioned deforestation as the cause of
climate change.

About the impacts of climate change

On the impacts of climate change, the village leaders stated that climate change is having a major effect on
crop yields (71%), followed by disease (35%), drying of water courses (34%) and increased drought (34%).
Additionally, increase in flood incidents (28%) and loss of plant and animal species ranked last (34%). The
following Table 27 depicts this information in all villages. Village leaders from Chinangali I and Nzali villages
didn’t raise drought as among the impacts of climate change and loss of animals and plants was not
seemed to be the impacts of climate change in Chinangali I, Kisongwe, Lumbiji and Nzali villages

Table 27. Village council members’ responses on the impacts of climate change in study villages

Study villages
Impacts of
climate Chinangali I* Ibingu** Kisongwe** Lumbiji** Lunenzi** Mahama* Manchali A* Nzali* Overall
change n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=80
Flood 2(20%) 7(70%) 1(10%) 1(10%) 2(20%) 2(20%) 5(50%) 2(20%) 22(28%)
Change in crop
yield 5(50%) 7(70%) 8(80%) 9(90%) 5(50%) 8(80%) 9(90%) 6(60%) 57(71%)
Drying out of
water sources 4(40%) 2(20%) 7(70%) 2(20%) 4(40%) 0(0%) 6(60%) 2(20%) 27(34%)
Disease
eruption 2(20%) 2(20%) 6(60%) 3(30%) 5(50%) 2(20%) 6(60%) 2(20%) 28(35%)
Loss of animal
and plants
species 0(0%) 0(0%) 4(40%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 2(20%) 3(30%) 1(10%) 10(13%)
Drought 0(0%) 9(90%) 1(10%) 6(60%) 2(20%) 8(80%) 1(10%) 0(0%) 27(34%)

Awareness of climate change adaptation
The study has found that majority of the village council members are unaware of climate change
adaptation. These findings are expounded in Figure 59 whereby only 32% of the interviewed members of

60

the village council explained to be aware of climate change adaptation in Chamwino and Kilosa study
villages whereas 68% of them reported to have not heard about climate change.

Figure 55. Village council member’s responses on awareness of climate change adaptation in
Kilosa and Chamwino study villages

At the village level, Table 28 shows that Chinangali I village council members were found to be less aware
of climate change adaptation relative to other villages. Mahama and Manchali A villages’ council members
ranked highest in terms of awareness of climate change adaptation relative to other villages.

Table 28. Village council member’s responses on awareness of climate change adaptation at village
level

Study villages

Respondents Chinangali I* Ibingu** Kisongwe** Lumbiji** Lunenzi** Mahama* Manchali A* Nzali* Overall
awareness n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=80
Aware on
Climate Change
and Adaptation 4(40%) 8(80%) 7(70%) 7(70%) 5(50%) 9(90%) 9(90%) 5(50%) 54(68%)
Not aware on
Climate Change
and Adaptation 6(60%) 2(20%) 3(30%) 3(30%) 5(50%) 1(10%) 1(10%) 5(50%) 26(32%)

Awareness of the link between climate change, agriculture and poverty

The baseline study also probed for awareness of the link between climate change, agriculture and poverty
alleviation to village council members and found that more that 50% of the interviewed village council
members in both Kilosa and Chamwino study villages are aware of the link that exist between climate
change, agriculture and poverty alleviation. However, 48% of them were not aware of the link (Table 29). Of
those who were unaware of the link, Nzali village and Chinangali I registered a higher number of members
of village council who were not aware of the link.

61

Table 29. Village council member’s response on the link of climate change, agriculture and poverty

Study villages

Respondents Chinangali I* Ibingu** Kisongwe** Lumbiji** Lunenzi** Mahama* Manchali A* Nzali* Overall
awareness n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=80
Aware on the
link between
CC, Agriculture
and poverty 3(30%) 6(60%) 9(90%) 6(60%) 4(40%) 6(60%) 7(70%) 1(10%) 42(52%)
Not aware on
the link between
CC, Agriculture
and poverty 7(70%) 4(40%) 1(10%) 4(40%) 6(60%) 4(40%) 3(30%) 9(90%) 38(48%)

Expect to see

1. Elected representatives participates in awareness raising days and stakeholder meetings on small scale
agriculture and climate change when external support is provided

All the village council members in both Kilosa and Chamwino expressed their willingness to participate in
awareness raising days and stakeholder meeting about C3S agriculture and climate change when external
support is provided. When they were asked if they have ever participated in such awareness and meetings,
38% of them reported to have participated whereas 62% of them reported to have not participated. Some of
the reasons that were put forward by those who have not participated were lack of those meetings in their
localities and others said they were not invited. For those who participated, mentioned various issues that
were covered in that awareness raising (Figure 56).

Figure 56. Issues that were covered to village council members who reported to have attended C3S
awareness raising in both Kilosa and Chamwino

Table 30 below further shows the issues that were covered to village council members at village level and
basin farming (23%) and use of agriculture practices were the most ranked C3S agriculture practices
covered followed by tree planting.

62

Table 30. Issues that were covered to village council members at village level who reported to

Study villages
Issues covered in Overall
C3S awareness Chinangali I* Ibingu** Kisongwe** Lunenzi** Manchali A* Nzali* Villages
raising n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=80
Basin farming 0% 0% 13% 10% 0% 0% 23%
Uphill and downhill
ridges 0% 0% 3% 3% 3% 0% 10%
Use good
agriculture
practices 3% 0% 0% 6% 3% 3% 16%
Tree planting 6% 3% 0% 0% 3% 0% 13%
Terraces 0% 6% 0% 0% 3% 0% 10%
Stopping bushfire 0% 10% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10%
Stop destruction of
water sources 0% 10% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10%
Stop shifting
cultivation 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10%
Total 10% 29% 16% 19% 13% 3% 100%

Furthermore, 51.3% of the village leaders reported to have participated in climate change awareness
raising meetings, whilst 48.7% revealed that they have never been involved in climate change awareness
raising efforts. Figure 57 and Table 28 shows the various issues/topics that were covered during those
climate change awareness raising meetings in Kilosa and Chamwino.

Figure 57. Issues that were covered to village council members who attended climate change
awareness meeting in Kilosa and Chamwino study villages

63

Table 31. Issues that were covered to village council members who attended climate awareness

Study villages
Chinangali I* Ibingu** Kisongwe** Lumbiji** Lunenzi** Mahama* Manchali A* Nzali* Overall
Issues n=0 n=10 n=8 n=2 n=7 n=6 n=1 n=5 n=39
Environmental 0(0%)
conservation 1(10%) 2(25%) 0(0%) 5(71%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(20%) 9(23%)
Stopping
shifting
cultivation 0(0%) 1(10%) 2(25%) 2(100%) 0(0%) 1(17%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 6(15%)
The use
terraces 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(14%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(3%)
Conservation of
water sources 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(14%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(3%)
Tree planting 0(0%) 0(0%) 2(25%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 2(33%) 1(100%) 2(40%) 7(18%)
Use of drought
resistant crops 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 3(50%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 3(8%)
Climate change 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 2(40%) 2(5%)
Impact of
deforestation 0(0%) 3(30%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 3(8%)
Stop bush fire 0(0%) 4(40%) 2(25%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 6(15%)
Basin farming 0(0%) 1(10%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(3%)

Like to see

2. Ward councillors and village councillor members push for DADPs to integrate support for C3S agriculture

Currently the study has revealed in the entire study village, there is no any village council member who has
pushed for integration of C3S agriculture in DADPs. Some of the interviewed member of village council
revealed that they have not done it due to lack of a broad understanding of C3S agriculture and
underscored to demand for integration of C3S agriculture in DADPs when they are made more aware of the
C3S agriculture. However, 30% of them reported to have made demand for ealy delivery of DADPs projects
from the district to the village.

3.3 Current knowledge of and uptake of climate smart, small-scale agriculture and other
livelihood initiatives

During the baseline survey it was observed that the small-scale farmers in the 6 project villages and 2
control villages were less knowledgeable on climate change and environmentally friend agriculture. This is
based on the fact that only 25% of the interviewed small-scale farmers reported to have heard about
adapting to climate change. Furthermore, only 5% of interviewed the small-scale farmers reported that they
have happened to participate in C3S agriculture trainings. However, some of C3S agriculture techniques
and practices were found to be implemented by some farmers at a low level, and as part and parcel of
traditional agricultural practices. The C3S practices that were found to be in place though not broadly and
intensively practiced include: use of healthy seeds, drought resistant crops, traditional irrigation practices,
use of terraces to control soil erosion and growing of perennial crops. Others include crop rotation, cover
crops, minimum tillage, fallowing, weed control, uphill and down hills ridges and use of farmyard manure.

This above finding implies that awareness raising is still needed if the C3S uptake is to be successful. This
is due to the fact that most of farmers are still practising unsustainable agriculture practices that are not
environmentally friendly and leading to emission of GHG. When famers were asked on how they prepare
their farms 79% of them reported that they slash and burn (Table 32). It was only 10% of them who

64

reported to slash and leave slashes to decay in their farm. It was further found that those who are directly
burning without slashing are only 1% of the 80 interviewed farmers.

Table 32. Farm preparation methods to the interviewed farmers

Study villages
Farm preparation Chinangali I* Ibingu** Kisongwe** Lumbiji** Lunenzi** Mahama* Manchali A* Nzali* Overall
methods n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=80
Slash and Burning 9(90%) 5(50%) 9(90%) 10(100%) 7(70%) 6(60%) 9(90%) 8(80%) 63(79%)
Burning 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(10%) 1(1%)
Slash and leaving
slashes to decay
in the farms 1(10%) 1(10%) 1(10%) 0(0%) 2(20%) 1(10%) 1(10%) 10(10%) 8(10%)
Tilling by hand
hoe 0(0%) 4(40%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(10%) 2(20%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 7(9%)
Ploughing 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(10%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(1%)

Through direct observation, the study saw some of the burnt farms in Lumbiji (control villages) and in
Lunenzi and Ibingu in Kilosa study villages. When those farmers who are practicing slash and burning were
asked on how they control fire, majority of them admitted that they collect slashes and burn them in the
farm while others reported that they use fire break, seek assistance from farmers in neighbouring farms to
assist to control farm and other do not do anything (Table 33).

Table 33. Fire management methods by those who reported to use fire in their farm preparations

Villages
Fire
Chinangali I* Ibingu** Kisongwe** Lumbiji** Lunenzi** Mahama* Manchali A* Nzali* Overall
management n=9 n=5 n=10 n=10 n=7 n=6 n=9 n=9 n=65
methods
Collecting
Slashes and
Burning them 7(78%) 3(60%) 3(30%) 2(20%) 1(14%) 5(83%) 7(78%) 8(89%) 36(55%)
Practicing
Fire breaks
in Farms 1(11%) 2(40%) 5(50%) 8(80%) 6(86%) 1(17%) 2(22%) 0% 25(38%)
Informing
neighbours
on burning
season 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(10%) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1(2%)
Do not do
anything 1(11%) 0(0%) 1(10%) 0% 0% 0% 0% 11% 3(5%)

The study also witnessed some of other agriculture activities that are polluting not only the environment but
dangerous to human health. The study saw application of pesticides in Kisongwe village where preparation
of chemicals was done in the Mzingwi River that flows to Igugu River a tributary to Wami River (Plate 8).
Famers who were preparing chemicals said they have no technical knowledge of the chemicals and the
impacts of those chemicals to human health.

3.4 Communication preference for the project’s priority stakeholders

The baseline study asked stakeholders of CCAP in the project areas about their communication
preferences. The following communication preferences for communication to specific stakeholder were
determined.

65

The National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC) and National Climate Change Technical
Committee (NCCTC)

The National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC) and National Climate Change Technical
Committee (NCCTC) stated that they prefer a bottom up approach through communication strategies and
action plans to disseminate information amongst members. It was clarified that the NCCSC and NCCTC do
not prepare action plans. Action plan preparation is the responsibility of the individual sectors. The National
Climate Change Strategy and National REDD strategy are the strategies developed by the NCCTC. Within
the particular strategy, different sectors are covered and each sector is then responsible for developing
plans to implement the strategies developed by the NCCSC and NCCTC. In order to encourage a bottom
up approach, the technical committee prefers consultation as a communication channel and the methods
for providing technical assistance between NCCST and the various sectors.

The NCCTC and NCCSC do not plan to undertake media work to explain the link between climate change,
agriculture and poverty. This is the responsibility of the different sectors including the agriculture sector,
wildlife sector, forest sector, local government authorities and department of environment. Communication
with small-scale farmers is done through environmental officers in the local government through the Prime
Minister Office Regional Administration and Local Government (PMORALG).

District Officials’ preference on communication methods

The results of the study indicated that District Officers preferred stakeholder meetings as a communication
method with other stakeholders on climate related issues. Almost all officers in the study preferred using
the Opportunity and Obstacle to Development (O and OD) method established in 2001 to communicate
with small –scale farmers. Some preferred an O and OD method because it provides communities with
opportunities to come out with their own problems for the district to incorporate them in District
development plans. They also mentioned that they prefer to use specific district officials like District Forest
Officers (DFOs), Livestock officers, Agriculture officer and other to communicate with communities and
other stakeholders in the specific departments.

Elected representatives’ preference on communication methods

Coalition members (Member of Parliaments, Village Council members and Ward Council members),
mentioned frequent meetings at sub-village level, practical trainings, forming groups of farmers and
meeting with them frequently, visiting communities at home and frequent meeting with technical staff on
climate change and agriculture will be helpful for updating them with information and send them to
communities.

MVIWATA and MJUMITA network members’ preference on communication methods

MVIWATA and MJUMITA respondents were asked for their preferences for communication. Results in
Figure 61 indicated that about 46% of people from MVIWATA preferred household visits as their preferred
communication method for sharing Climate Change and Agriculture information followed by formal
meetings (25%). In contrast, about 41% of MJUMITA respondents’ preferred formal meetings as the
means of communication followed by organized household visits (23%). In both cases, organized
household visits and formal meetings were marginally more popular than other methods. General
preference for household visit, formal meetings, awareness raising events, field (farm) visits and posters
indicate the need of using multiple methods to ensure that the message are readily received. Therefore, the
use of multiple communication methods is necessary in order to better ensure that communication is
received by the targeted groups.

66

50%
Percentage responses of MJUMITA

40%
communcation preferences
and MVWATA members

30%

20%

10%

0%
Through Through
Through Through Through
informal organised Through field
formal awareness posters in the
meetings/gath household (farm) visits
meetings raising events villages
erings visits
MJUMITA 41% 18% 5% 5% 23% 9%
MVIWATA 25% 21% 0% 4% 46% 4%

Figure 58. Communication preference in MJUMITA and MVIWATA

Small scale farmers’ preference on communication methods

Table 31 below shows that, overall, respondents mostly preferred home visit (75%) as a communication
method compared to Religious assembles (13%) and meetings (12%). Therefore, the results show an
overall preference for communicating through home visit, although meetings are used more often on a daily
basis. Small scale farmers further pointed out that, this communication method increases interaction
between farmers and therefore minimize communication related problems or miscommunication.

Table 34. Small scale farmers’ preference on communication methods

Districts
Small scale farmers Chamwino Kilosa Overall
Communication preferences
Through meetings 12% 0% 12%
Home visit 50% 25% 75%
Religious Assembly (the church 0% 13% 13%
and mosques)

67

4. Conclusion

Amongst all stakeholders, there is some awareness of climate change and the linkages between climate
change and agriculture. 85 % of Village leaders and 84% of MJUMITA or MVIWATA members had heard
of climate change and could describe at least one sign, cause and result of climate change.

At present some farmers are implementing agricultural techniques that will help to make them more
resilient to climate change and / or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However the majority of farmers are
not. Barriers to small scale farmers adopting C3S agriculture include knowledge; technical support; access
to inputs and credit; and an unfavourable market structure. Few farmers are demanding support from their
elected representatives on this and elected representatives including councillors and MPs have not
prioritised C3S agriculture although other agricultural issues are prioritised.

Whilst the District Agricultural Development Plans could provide a mechanism for supporting farmers to
adopt C3S agriculture, the DADPs do not yet play that role beyond some externally financed initiatives such
as the Chamwino Macia seed distribution project. Instead DADP funds tend to benefit a few villages with
large investments such as construction of irrigation schemes or provision of tractors and power tillers. In
addition late disbursement of DADP funding leads Districts to prefer ‘one-off’ investments rather than
ongoing support for extension services for small-scale farmers.

At national level, the National REDD strategy and National Climate Change Strategy provide general
guidance on the linkages between agriculture and climate change. Both strategies rey rely on sectoral
action plans to bring about ‘on-the-ground action’.

Institutional strategic plans for both MJUMITA and MVIWATA address climate change in general however
C3S agriculture is not mentioned as a specific priority by either network. The two networks have not
carried out any joint advocacy initiatives and have not organised any media work specifically on this issue.

68

References
Albretch, C. K. (2003). Carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems. griculture, Ecosystems and
Environment, 15-27.

Barker T., I. B.-J. (2007). Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. . In O. R. Metz,
Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment. Report of the International Panel on
Climate Change. United Kingdom and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Blinker, L. M. (2006). Tanzania - Country Environment Profile. Les Isnes: AGROFOR Consult.

Freibauer, A. R. (2004). Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soil of Europe . Geoderma, 1-23.

McSwiney, C. R. (2005). Nonlinear response of N2O flux to incremental fertilizer addition in a continuous
maize (Zea maysL.) cropping system. Global Change Biology,, 1712-1719.

Mwakalinga, H. A. (2007). Report on Output Market Support. Dar es Salaam: Agricultural Council of
Tanzania.

Temu, A. M. (2011). Characterization of Maize Producing Households in Manyoni and Chamwino Districts
in Tanzania. Nairobi: CIMMYT.

URT. (2006). National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) for Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Division of
Environment .

URT. (2008). The Study on Improvements of Opportunities and Obstacles to Development (O&OD)
Planning Process. Dar es Salaam: Prime Minister’s Office - Regional Administration and Local
Government.

69

Activity report
Activity Time frame Location
Survey design and discussion with 12th – 14th December 2012 Dar es Salaam
TFCG
Review existing reports and other 17th December 2012 – 5th Dar es Salaam and Morogoro
literature, meeting with Director of January 2013
Environment in VPO and Christmas
holiday
Travel to Kilosa and Chamwino District 6th – 11th January 2013 Dar es Salaam, Kilosa and
for village and district meetings Chamwino Districts
preparation, selection of respondent
and preparation of all logistics.
Travel to Dodoma for data collection in 12th /01/2013 Kilosa and Chamwino Districts
Chamwino
Train enumerators on the data 13/01/2013 Dodoma
collection process
Data collection at Mahama Village and 14/01/2013 Mahama village and Dodoma
Meeting with District Agriculture and
Livestock Officers
Data collection at Chinangali I village 15/01/2013 Chinangali I village and
Dodoma
Data collection at Nzali Village 16/01/2013 Nzali village and Dodoma
Data collection at Manchali A village 17/01/2013 Manchali A village and
Dodoma
Meeting with Chamwino District 18/01/2013 Dodoma
Executive Director
Preparation for Kilosa data collection 19th -20th /01/2013 Dodoma, Dar es Salaam,
exercise, and moving from Chamwino Kilosa
to Kilosa
Meeting with Kilosa Agriculture Officer, 21/01/2013 Kilosa, Dar es Salaam and
Hon. Chibulunje and data collection at Kisongwe village
Kisongwe village
Data collection at Kisongwe village and 22/01/2013 Kisongwe Village
meeting with Kilosa District Executive
Director
Data collection at Lumbiji village and 23/01/2013 Lumbiji Village and Dar es
meeting with Hon. Mkulo Salaam
Data collection at Ibingu village 24/01/2013 Ibingu village
Data collection at Lunenzi village 25/01/2013 Lunenzi village
Moving from Kilosa to Dar es Salaam 26/01/2013 Kilosa and Dar es Salaam
Interview with National MJUMITA 28/01/2013 Dar es Salaam
Chairperson
Meeting MJUMITA National Secretary 30/01/2013 Dar es Salaam
Interview with MVIWATA National 31/01/2013 Morogoro
Chairperson
Meeting with MVIWATA lobbying and 01/02/2013 Morogoro
advocacy officer
Data entry and analysis 02nd-10th /02/2013 Dar es Salaam
Report writing and submission 11th – 14th /02/2013 Dar es Salaam

70

Appendices
Appendix i: Terms of Reference

Title: Baseline Study for the Climate Change, Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation Initiative

Date: 14th December 2012

Prepared by: Nike Doggart, TFCG Senior Technical Advisor

1) Introduction
This terms of reference describes a consultancy to be carried out as part of the project ‘Climate Change,
Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation’ Initiative. The Climate Change, Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation
(CAP) initiative is a partnership between five civil society organisations with a commitment to improving
accountability and with specific experience in agriculture (ActionAid Tanzania and Tanzania Organic
Agriculture Movement) and REDD (TFCG) working with grass-root networks of farmers (MVIWATA) and
communities engaged in participatory forest management (MJUMITA). The initiative is an innovative
partnership that will bridge the gap between NGOs more traditionally focused on forest conservation and
those working on agricultural issues. The initiative aims to steer Tanzania towards an agricultural
development pathway that achieves the dual goals of poverty reduction and lower greenhouse gas
emissions. The project is financed by the Accountability in Tanzania programme. It is planned that the
CCAP initiative will operate for 27 months. The project began on 1st October 2012.

The Goal of the CCAP Initiative is that:
Poverty has been reduced amongst small-scale farmers in Tanzania and greenhouse gas emissions
from agriculture have been reduced through the widespread adoption of climate resilient, low
emission agricultural practices.

The Intermediate objective of the CCAP initiative is that:
Tanzania has developed and is implementing policies and strategies that prioritise support to small-
scale farmers to enable them to improve their livelihoods through the adoption of climate smart
agriculture and sustainable land and natural resources management.

In terms of geographical scope, the advocacy elements of the project are intended to bring impact at
national level. This is alongside local level initiatives in six villages in two Districts: Kilosa (Lunenzi, Ibingu
and Kisongwe Villages) and Chamwino (Mahama, Nzali and Manchali.).

Scope of Work
2) Objectives of the consultancy
 To document conditions at the start of the project in relation to the project’s indicators and priority
stakeholder progress markers.
 To document the current knowledge of and uptake of climate smart, small-scale agriculture and other
livelihood initiatives intended to increase resilience to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions in the six project villages.
 To document communication preferences for the project’s priority stakeholders.

5) Activities
5.1 Inception planning
Through consultation with the project team, review of existing reports and other literature, the consultant
shall prepare an inception report detailing the work plan, methods and sampling intensity to be applied.

71

The consultant shall propose the questionnaires, key informant interview questions and other methods in
detail.

5.3 Baseline surveys in relation to the project’s indicators and priority stakeholder progress markers
Using a combination of document review, questionnaires and key informant interviews, the consultant shall
document and describe the baseline situation in relation to the indicators outlined in the logical framework
in Annex I; and the priority stakeholder progress markers as outlined in Annex II. This will involve
interviews with stakeholders operating at village, ward, District and national level.

5.4 Baseline surveys in relation to the current knowledge of and uptake of climate smart, small-scale
agriculture and other livelihood initiatives intended to increase resilience to climate change and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions in the six project villages.
Using questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions the consultant shall document
current agricultural practices including the crops cultivated; yields; market linkages; availability and use of
agricultural inputs; crop transportation practices; prevalence of irrigation and soil management practices;
and problems faced by farmers. The consultant will also document the status of knowledge and attitudes
towards climate change mitigation and adaptation, conservation agriculture and related national policies.
The consultant shall ensure that at least 50 % of the participants in the questionnaires and focus group
discussions at village level are women. The consultant shall also ensure that poorer households including
those living in more remote sub-villages close to forests constitute at least 50 % of the participants in the
questionnaires and focus group discussions.
The consultant shall also gather basic data about each of the participating communities including but not
limited to:
Population disaggregated by gender
Number and name of sub-villages
History
Local languages and tribal composition
Whether they have a village land certificate, village land use plan, village forest reserve
Condition of the village office
Whether there are any other development projects being implemented in the village
Regularity of village assembly meetings and village council meetings
Presence of any micro-finance initiatives
Mobile phone access
Radio stations accessible
Condition of public services including schools, health facilities, markets and roads
Land registry
Presence of private sector initiatives in the village
Main economic activities of residents of the communities
% of the village council who are women

6) Outputs
The consultant shall provide three reports:
i. Inception report – this will include a summary of the consultation and document review carried out
prior to starting field work. It will also include a detailed work plan and a description of the methods and
sampling strategy to be used.

iii. Baseline study
This will provide a detailed description of the baseline conditions for the project’s indicators and for the
progress markers for the priority stakeholders.

Sections that this report will include are:
72

 Executive summary
 Table of contents
 Acknowledgements
 List of acronyms
 Introduction outlining the objectives of the consultancy and providing background information to the
study
 Sampling strategy this will summarise the criteria for selecting the participants in the data gather
exercise;
 Results in relation to the indicators and progress markers. Where necessary the data can also be
included in annexes in order to enhance the flow of the document;
 Results in terms of the current situation in relation to agriculture in the project villages
 Conclusions and recommendations
 In the appendices, detailed profiles of each of the villages surveyed
 Conclusion and recommendations: this will summarise any key conclusions and make
recommendations with a particular focus on areas where the consultant considers that additional
research is required.

iii. Activity report
This will outline the activities undertaken as part of the consultancy including a list of the people who were
interviewed.

7) Location
Data collection will take place in Dar es Salaam, Chamwino and Kilosa Districts.

8) Timing
This work is due to be completed before 15th February 2013.

73

Appendix ii. Small-scale farmers’s questionnaires

Informed Consent
Hello. My name is (your name). I am an Interviewer working for TFCG. TFCG is interested in learning more
about climate change, agriculture and poverty alleviation in this village.
I am grateful for your participation in this survey. The interview will take about 40/50 minutes to complete.
Whatever information you provide will be kept strictly confidential and will not be disclosed to other persons.
Participation in this survey is voluntary and you can choose not to answer any individual question.
However, we hope that you will participate in this survey since your views are important. At this time, do
you want to ask me anything about the survey?

SECTION I: Background Information
1. Name of the Interviewer…..…………………………………………..…..…………..
2. Name of the Interviewee .......................................…………………..…………
3. Name of the head of the house………………………………………………
4. Date of the Interview .......……………………………………………….…....
5. District………………Division………….…………Ward…………………Village………
Sub-Village…………………………
SECTION II: Respondent Characteristics
6. Sex..Male……Female, Age…. (Years), Ethnic group……….Language….…...
7. Education levels
☐ No formal education
☐ Primary
☐ Secondary
☐ Tertiary (College and University)
☐ Adult learning program
8. Main economic activity (occupation)
☐ Agriculture
☐ Trading
☐ Tea house
☐ Alcohol production
☐ Others (please specify)

SECTION III: Status as progress markers, knowledge, attitude and current practices
I would like to ask you about climate change and climate change adaptation
9. Have you heard about climate change?
☐ Yes
☐ No
If yes can you explain what it is? (More than one box can be ticked)
☐ Changes in temperature

☐ Changes in rain fall

☐ Change in wind pattern
☐ Change in cloud conditions
Others (please specify)

Can you explain some of the results of climate change?

74

☐ Flooding

☐ Changes in crop yields

☐ Drying of water courses e.g. streams

☐ Eruption of diseases e.g malaria
☐ Drought
☐ Loss of plant and animals species

Can you explain some of the causes of climate change?

☐ Deforestation

☐ Pollution from vehicles

☐ Pollution from power generation

☐ Pollution from waste
☐ Pollution from agriculture activities
☐ Shifting cultivation
☐ Forest burning
Other, please specify

10. Have you heard of climate change adaptation?
☐ Yes
☐ No
I would now like to ask you about your agricultural practices.
11. What crops do you grow through the year? (More than one box can be ticked).
☐ Maize
☐ Beans
☐ Sunflower
☐ Cassava
☐ Sorghum
☐ Pigeon peas
☐ Sesame
☐ Bananas
☐ Tree crops, please specify.


I would now like to ask about the way that you farm, add value to your crop and market your crop
12. Do you:
☐ Purchase seeds every year?
☐ Use seed varieties that are known to be drought resistant?
☐ Use seeds that are known to mature early?

☐ Irrigate your field using traditional irrigation practices?

75

If so, please describe:

☐ Use terracing to avoid soil erosion?
☐ Use perennial crops?
☐ Rotate crops on a given field from one year to the next?
If so which crops are you rotating?

☐ Cover the soil by using crop covers to avoid soil erosion and store water?
☐ Cultivate the farm every year?
☐ Use mulch to store water in the soil?
☐ Fallow the land to fertilize the soil?
☐ Control weeds?
If so, which methods are you using?

☐ Do you use herbicides? If so which one?

☐ Use uphill and downhill ridges?
☐ Mix crops and trees in your fields?
☐ Do you use pesticides? If so, which ones?

☐ Apply nutrient in the farm according to the plant needs?
☐ Extend crop rotation with perennial crops?
☐ Clear forest to prepare new fields?
☐ Use fertilisers. If so, which ones?

13. How do you prepare your farm?
☐ Slash and burning
☐ Burning
☐ Slashing and leaving slashes to decay in the farm
☐ Tilling by hand hoe
☐ Ploughing
Others:-

14. If you use fire in preparing your field, how do you ensure that you can control the fire?

15. Are you accessing agricultural credit for adding value to your agricultural produce?
☐ Yes
☐ No
16. How do you add values to your crop products?
S/No Crops Value adding practices
1
2
3
4
5

76

17. How much do you get from you farms (kg/acre or sacs/per acre)
S/NO Crops Yield (Kg/acre or sacs/acre
1
2
3
4
5

18. In the last five years, are the crop yields increasing or decreasing?
S/NO Crops Increasing / decreasing
1
2
3
4
5

19. From your experience what might be the causes of that change?
S/NO Crop Reason for the change
1
2
3
4
5

20. To whom do you sell your crop?
S/NO Crop Customers
1
2
3
4
5

21. How do you get your crop customers
S/NO Crops Ways to get customers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

77

22. How do you transport your crops to your customer?
S/No Crop Means of transport
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

23. How much money to you earn by selling your crops?
S/NO Crops Value in Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

24. Do you access and use agriculture inputs?
S/NO Input(s) Access (No/Yes) Use (No/Yes) Where do
you get
it/them?
1 Fertilizers
2 Seeds
3 Power tillers
4 Plough
4
5

Now I would like to ask questions about climate smart-small scale agriculture, your involvement with
MJUMITA and MVIWATA local area networks, governance and trainings.
25. Do you receive practical information on measures that you can take to withstand the impacts of
climate change?
☐ Yes
☐ No
26. Have you heard of the term climate smart-small scale agriculture?
☐ Yes
☐ No
If yes can you explain to me what is it?
☐ Minimum tillage
☐ Crop rotation
☐ Soil protection
☐ Best seeds
☐ Downhill and uphill ridges

78

☐ Terraces
☐ Control weeds
☐ Best use of agriculture inputs
☐ Spacing between seedling
☐ No clear forest for agriculture
☐ Fire managements
☐ Other (please specify)

27. Have you ever supported other farmers in other villages on C3S practices, REDD and Natural
resource management?
☐ Yes
☐ No
If yes which practice did you support them? (C3S, REDD or Natural resource management?)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
28. How do you prefer to communicate with other stakeholders on C3S agriculture, climate change
and natural resource management?
☐ By home visit
☐ Meeting
☐ Using churches and Mosques
☐ Others:

29. Is there any information displayed in the village about
S/No Issue Yes/No
1 Climate change?
2 Climate smart small scale
agriculture?
3 Land tenure?
4 REDD?

30. What kind of effort(s) have you made to ensure that your leaders implement good governance in
relation with land, natural resource and agriculture?
☐ Demanding information on any transaction involving land, natural resource and agriculture
☐ Reporting those who abuse their office to the village assembly
☐ Holding them responsible for those who abuse their offices
☐ Demanding reports on implementation of plans related with land, natural resource and agriculture
☐ Others:-

31. Have you heard of MJUMITA?
☐ Yes
☐ No
32. Are you working with your local MJUMITA networks to influence support for environmentally
friendly agriculture?
☐ Yes
☐ No
33. Have you heard of MVIWATA?
☐ Yes

79

☐ No
34. Are you working with your local MVIWATA networks to influence supports for environmental
friendly agriculture?
☐ Yes
☐ No
35. Have you ever participated in any training and awareness raising event related with;
Event Yes/No From which organisation
Climate change ☐ TFCG
☐ MJUMITA
☐ TOAM
☐ MVIWATA
☐ District
☐ TFCG/MJUMITA
☐ ActionAid Tanzania
Others ……

Climate smart-small scale ☐ TFCG
agriculture
☐ MJUMITA
☐ TOAM
☐ MVIWATA
☐ District
☐ TFCG/MJUMITA
Others
…………………
Land tenure ☐ FCG
☐ MJUMITA
☐ TOAM
☐ MVIWATA
☐ District
☐ TFCG/MJUMITA
Ot ers ………………
Microfinance ☐ TFCG
☐ MJUMITA
☐ TOAM
☐ MVIWATA

☐ TFCG/MJUMITA
☐ District

80

Others …………………
REDD ☐ TFCG
☐ MJUMITA
☐ TOAM
☐ MVIWATA
☐ TFCG/MJUMITA
☐ District
Others ……………………

SECTION IV: District support to small-scale farmers to adapt more climate smart agriculture
36. Is the district supporting you to adopt C3S
☐ Yes
☐ No
If yes what is that support?
☐ Provision of information on how to adapt to climate change impacts
☐ Trainings on soil and water conservation
☐ Training on irrigation agriculture
☐ Provision of irrigation agriculture equipment
☐ Provision of drought resistance crops
37. How frequently have you been visited by an agricultural extension officer?
☐ Never
☐ Less than once per year
☐ Once per year
☐ More than once per year
38. Have you received any training on how to respond to climate change from the District?
☐ Yes
☐ No

81

Appendix iii. MJUMITA local areas network members’ questionnaire

Informed Consent

about climate change, agriculture and poverty alleviation in your network.




1. Name of the Interviewer…..………………………………………..…………………………..

2. Name of the Interviewee ............................…………………..…………………….……

3. Date of the Interview .......……………………………………………………….…....

4. District………………Division………………Ward………………………Village……


5. MJUMITA network…………………………………………………………………….


6. Sex: Male….Female….Age (years)…………..Ethnic group………….Language……...

7. Education levels


☐ Primary

☐ Secondary

☐ Tertiary (College and University )


8. Position in MJUMITA network……………………………………………

9. Main economic activities

☐ Agriculture

☐ Trading

☐ Tea house


82


SECTION III: Status as progress marker, on project indicators, knowledge, attitude and current practices


☐ Yes (go to question 11)

☐ No

Can you explain it?

☐ Prolonged drought

☐ Reduction of rainfall

☐ Cause flooding

☐ Reduction of crop yield

☐ Increase in temperature

☐ Is caused by deforestation

☐ Cause water shortage

☐ Caused by environmental degradation

☐ Cause diseases

☐ Others:-


☐ Yes

☐ No


☐ Minimum tillage

☐ Crop rotation

☐ Soil protection

☐ Best seeds


☐ Terraces

☐ Control weeds


83





12. Do you currently share this information to others in the communities?

☐ Yes

☐ No

13. Have attended training on climate smart small scale agriculture?

☐ Yes

☐ No

14. Have you demanded any supports through media for climate smart small scale agriculture?

☐ Yes

☐ No

15. Have you demanded any support through media for natural resource management?

☐ Yes

☐ No

16. Have you demanded any support through meetings for climate smart small scale agriculture?

☐ Yes

☐ No

17. Have you demanded any support through meetings for natural resource managements?

☐ Yes

☐ No

18. Have you demanded any support through media for community oriented REDD?

☐ Yes

☐ No

19. Have you demanded any support through meetings for community oriented REDD?

☐ Yes

☐ No

20. Have you heard climate change adaptation?
84

☐ Yes

☐ No

21. Have you attended training on climate change mitigation and adaptation?

☐ Yes

☐ No

22. What is your communication preference with other stakeholders in C3S agriculture, climate change and
natural resource management?

☐ Through meetings

☐ Through awareness rising events

☐ Through news papers

☐ Through television

☐ Through video show

☐ Through posters in the villages

☐ Through organised household visits

Others:-

23. Do you hold responsible your elected representatives on the quality of the support that you receive for
the implementation of your activities and livelihood improvements?

☐ Yes

☐ No

If yes, how do you do that?

☐ By reporting them to the higher authorities

☐ By removing them from their post

☐ By not electing them in the next election

☐ Others:-

24. Have you ever shared knowledge on appropriate, climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies
with other communities in other countries?

☐ Yes

☐ No

25. What opportunities that do exist for to share knowledge on appropriate, climate change adaptation and
mitigation strategies with other communities in other countries?
……………………………………………………
85

Appendix iv. MVIWATA members’ questionnaire

Informed Consent

about climate change, agriculture and poverty alleviation in your network.




1. Name of the Interviewer…..……………………………..…………………………..

2. Name of the Interviewee ............................…………………………..…………….……

3. Date of the Interview .......……………………………………………………….…....

4. District………………Division…………Ward…………Village………….…


5. MVIWATA group…………………………………………………………………….


6. Sex:Male….Female….Age (years)…………..Ethnic group……………….Language…….…...

7. Education levels


☐ Primary

☐ Secondary



8. Position in MVIWATA group……………………………………………

9. Main economic activities

☐ Agriculture

☐ Trading

☐ Tea house



86

SECTION III: Status as progress marker, on project indicators, knowledge, attitude and current practices


☐ Yes

☐ No

Can you explain it?

☐ Prolonged drought

☐ Reduction of rainfall

☐ Cause flooding

☐ Reduction of crop yield

☐ Increase in temperature

☐ Is caused by deforestation

☐ Cause water shortage

☐ Caused by environmental degradation

☐ Cause diseases

☐ Others:-


☐ Yes

☐ No


☐ Minimum tillage

☐ Crop rotation

☐ Soil protection

☐ Best seeds


☐ Terraces

☐ Control weeds



87




12. Do you currently share this information to others in the communities?

☐ Yes

☐ No

13. Have attended training on climate smart small scale agriculture?

☐ Yes

☐ No

14. Have you demanded any supports through media for climate smart small scale agriculture?

☐ Yes

☐ No

15. Have you demanded any support through media for natural resource management?

☐ Yes

☐ No

16. Have you demanded any support through meetings for climate smart small scale agriculture?

☐ Yes

☐ No

17. Have you demanded any support through meetings for natural resource managements?

☐ Yes

☐ No

18. Have you demanded any support through media for community oriented REDD?

☐ Yes

☐ No

19. Have you demanded any support through meetings for community oriented REDD?
☐ Yes

☐ No

20. Have you heard climate change adaptation?

☐ Yes

88

☐ No

21. Have you attended training on climate change mitigation and adaptation?

☐ Yes

☐ No

22. What is your communication preference with other stakeholders in C3S agriculture, climate change and
natural resource management?

☐ Through meetings

☐ Through awareness rising events

☐ Through news papers

☐ Through television

☐ Through video show

☐ Through posters in the villages

☐ Through organised household visits

Others:-

23. Do you hold responsible your elected representatives on the quality of the support that you receive for
the implementation of your activities and livelihood improvements?

☐ Yes

☐ No

If yes, how do you do that?

☐ By reporting them to the higher authorities

☐ By removing them from their post

☐ By not electing them in the next election

☐ Others:-

24. Have you ever shared knowledge on appropriate, climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies
with other communities in other countries?

☐ Yes

☐ No

25. What opportunities that do exist for to share knowledge on appropriate, climate change adaptation and
mitigation strategies with other communities in other countries? ………………………………………

89

Appendix v. Village Council members’ questionnaire

Informed Consent

about climate change, agriculture and poverty alleviation in this village.

1. Name of the Interviewer…..……………………………………………..…..……………..
2. Name of the Interviewee ............................…………………………..…………….……
3. Date of the Interview ……………………………………………………………………….
4. District……………………Division……………..…Ward…………………Village………….
Sub-Village………………………………………………
5. Sex:Male……Female……….Age(years)……..Ethnic group…………….Language……..…
6. Education levels
☐ Primary
☐ Secondary
7. Position in the village government ……………………………………………………...
SECTION III: Status as progress markers, on project indicators, knowledge, attitude and current practices.
☐ Yes
☐ No
If yes can you explain what it is? (More than one box can be ticked)
☐ Changes in temperature

☐ Changes in rain fall

☐ Change in wind pattern
☐ Change in cloud conditions

Can you explain some of the results of climate change?

☐ Flooding

☐ Changes in crop yields

☐ Drying of water courses e.g. streams

90

☐ Eruption of diseases e.g malaria
☐ Loss of plant and animals species

Can you explain some of the causes of climate change?

☐ Deforestation

☐ Pollution from vehicles

☐ Pollution from power generation

☐ Pollution from waste
☐ Pollution from agriculture activities
Other, please specify

9. Have you heard of climate change adaptation?
☐ Yes
☐ No
10. Do you understand the linkage between climate change, agriculture and poverty alleviation?
☐ Yes
☐ No
11. What are the initiatives that small-scale farmers have started on their own to address climate
change impacts?
☐ Using crop resistant varieties
☐ Using mulching in their farms
☐ Avoiding shifting cultivation
☐ Using irrigation agriculture
☐ Diversification of activities
☐ Maintaining cover crops
☐ Others :-

12. Are you receiving and distributing resources from the districts to support small-scale farmers to
adapt more climate, smart small scale agriculture?
☐ Yes
☐ No
13. What are those resources?
☐ Money
☐ Extension services
☐ Irrigation equipment
☐ Drought resistant seeds
☐ Others:-

14. Are there any initiatives in this village that the district or any organisations have started to address
climate smart small scale agriculture?
☐ Yes
☐ No
If yes, what are those initiatives?
☐ Conservation agriculture

91

☐ Stopping clearing forest for opening up new farms
☐ Stop shifting cultivation practices
☐ Avoiding slash and burning practices
☐ Others:-

15. Are you willing to participate in awareness raising about C3S and climate change when external
support is provided?
☐ Yes
☐ No
16. Have you participated in awareness rising days or stakeholders meetings on
a. Small scale agriculture?
☐ Yes
☐ No
If yes what kind of issues that were covered in that meeting or event
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b. Climate change?
☐ Yes
☐ No
If yes what kind of issue were covered in that meeting or event
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
17. Is there any capacity building that members of this village are providing to other villages with
regards to:-
a. Climate smart small scale agriculture
☐ Yes
☐ No
If yes what is that?
☐ Providing agriculture inputs
☐ Providing technical assistance on C3S
☐ Training on crop rotation
☐ Training on cover crop
☐ Training on minimum tillage
☐ Information dissemination on C3S
☐ Others:-

b. Sustainable land and natural resource management?
☐ Yes
☐ No
If yes what kind of capacity building is that?
☐ Provide resources for land and natural resource management
☐ Sharing good practices in land and natural resource
management
☐ Training on good natural resource governance
☐ Sharing the importance of land use planning
☐ Providing technical skills for land use planning
☐ Others:-

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18. In which ways have you participated in helping small-scale farmers in this village to;
a. Fight against the impacts of climate change?
☐ Awareness rising about bad agricultural practices contributing into climate change
☐ Advocating climate smart small scale agriculture
☐ Demanding supports from the district to adapt to climate change impacts
☐ Provision of material support provided by the village government to address climate change
☐ Other:-

b. Addressing farming and crop marketing problems?
☐ Enacting village bylaws that prohibit prices hiking by crop buyers
☐ Demanding early delivery and implementation of district agriculture development plans
guidelines
☐ Provision of extension services for good agriculture practices
☐ Stopping slash and burning in the village
☐ Demanding good seeds from district agriculture offices for small-scale farmers
☐ Others:-

c. Conserving environment?
☐ Conservation education provision
☐ Implementation of environmental laws
☐ Enacting bylaws that prohibits environmental destruction in the village
☐ Holding responsible those who destroy environment
☐ Informing farmers to adapt conservation agriculture
☐ Other:-

19. What ways do you think are effective ways for you to raise awareness about climate smart small
scale agriculture and climate change?
……………………………………………………………………………………..…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..……
20. Have you demanded for more support to small-scale farmers and sustainable land and natural
resource management?
☐ Yes
☐ No
21. What do you think is the most effective way for you to communicate with other stakeholders in
climate change, agriculture and natural resource management?
☐ Through regular structured meetings with them were we have opportunity to share information
☐ Through general media
☐ Through workshop or information days
☐ Through radio/television
☐ Formal and informal dialogues
☐ Through professional media
☐ Others:-

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Appendix vi. Ward councillors and Members of Parliament checklist questions

INTRODUCTION: I am interested in learning about climate change, agriculture and poverty alleviation in
your ward/constituency. I would like your permission to ask you questions about climate change, small
scale agriculture/farmer, poverty alleviation and any other issue related with climate change, agriculture
and poverty alleviation. I hope the answers to these questions will help to improve interventions that will
address climate change, poverty and agriculture; I expect our discussion to last about 30 minutes and
individual confidentiality will be respected.

Name of the Councillor/Member of the Parliament
……………………………………
Constituency/Ward………………………………….….
District…………………………..
Date…………………………...
1. Are you aware of the existence of a National Climate Change Steering Committee? What do you
comment on its effectiveness?
2. Have you ever participated in any meetings or event organised by NCCSC/TC?
3. Have you ever participated in awareness raising days and stakeholder meetings on small-scale
agriculture and climate change when external support was provided?
4. Have you ever demanded improvements of service to support small-scale farmers to adopt climate
smart small scale agriculture? Can describe what was that improvement?
5. Have you ever made any effort to influence any law, policy or plan submitted to you for approval so
that it integrate support for small-scale farmers in relation to climate change adaptation and
mitigation? If so please can you describe it?
6. Have you ever made any statement in the media to demand more support for small-scale farmers
and sustainable land and natural resource management? If yes what issues did you cover in that
statement?
7. What was the response of that statement to the relevant authorities?
8. What do you think is/are effective way(s) for you to communicate with other stakeholders in climate
change, agriculture and poverty alleviation?
9. Do you monitor and follow up on the implementation of national policies and laws relating to small-
scale farmers and climate change adaptation and mitigation?
10. Have you made any changes to national climate change related policies to reflect the interest of
communities and small-scale farmers?

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Appendix vii. Checklist questions for District Officials

INTRODUCTION: I am interested in learning about climate change, agriculture and poverty alleviation in
this District. I would like your permission to ask you questions about climate change, small scale
agriculture/farmer, poverty alleviation and any other issue related with climate change, agriculture and
poverty alleviation. I hope the answers to these questions will help to improve interventions that will
address climate change, poverty and agriculture; I expect our discussion to last about 40/50 minutes and
Name of the Officer…………………………District……………………..…
Title…………………………………………………………………..…………
Date………………………………………………………………………………
1. Have you participated in awareness raising event about climate change, REDD and agriculture? If
so what was that event and what issues were covered in the event?
2. Have you integrated support for climate friendly agriculture in your plans and budget including the
DADP?
3. Have you supported integration of community plans in DADPs when external support was provided?
4. Do you involve communities in the planning, budgeting, implementation and monitoring of DADPs?
If so, how do you involve them and at what stage?
5. Does your district receive supports to assist small-scale farmers to adopt more climate smart
agriculture? And if so, for what kinds of activities? And how much was received in the 2011 / 12
finance year?
6. How long does it take for the DADPs guideline to reach the District, wards and villages for
implementation? What kind of improvement do you suggest?
7. What kind of awareness that the district is raising about climate change, climate friendly agriculture
and gender amongst communities in the district?
8. How is this awareness being raised?
9. What opportunities do exist for the District to support climate smart agriculture and integrate it in
DADPs?
10. How do you ensure multi-stakeholder coordination in your District in relation to support for small-
scale farmers?
11. Are you currently taking actions against individuals engaging in corrupt practices that undermine
efforts to promote pro-poor, climate-friendly agriculture? (example)
12. Are supporting best practices in terms of supporting climate change resilient and low greenhouse
agriculture integration in DADPs? (example)
13. Are you disbursing any funds for implementation of climate friendly agriculture in DADPs? If so how
much was disbursed this year?
14. Have you considered supporting communities to implement actions that reduce deforestation? What
are those actions?
15. Are you assisting communities to access REDD finance? If so how?

95

Appendix viii. Checklist for National MJUMITA and MVIWATA leaders

INTRODUCTION: I am interested in learning about climate change, agriculture and poverty alleviation as
part of your work. I would like your permission to ask you questions about climate change, small scale
agriculture/farmer, poverty alleviation and any other issue related with climate change, agriculture and
poverty alleviation. I hope the answers to these questions will help to improve interventions that will
address climate change, poverty and agriculture; I expect our discussion to last about 40/50 minutes and
Name of the Leader………………………………………………………………..…
Network……………………………………Date………………………………………
1. Have you heard of climate smart small scale agriculture? Can you explain it?
2. Have you attended trainings on climate smart- small scale agriculture and climate change mitigation
and adaptation?
3. Are you providing information to local networks on the linkage of climate change, climate smart
small scale agriculture and sustainable natural resource management? If so what is that
information?
4. Are you demanding support for conservation agriculture (C3S) and improved natural resources
governance through media and meeting? (for example)
5. Is climate change integrated in your strategic plans (how?)
6. Are you regularly consulted by policy makers on climate change related issues and provide
recommendations to Kilimo Kwanza, ASDP and SAGCOT?
7. Are you currently offering trainings and support to local network members on adoption of climate
smart agriculture, REDD and other climate smart agriculture techniques? (for example)
8. What do you think are supports that local network need to be supported to address climate change,
climate smart agriculture and sustainable natural resource management.
9. Have you ever been invited to participate in policy formulation, monitoring and evaluation forums at
national and international level? If so, can you explain what was that policy?
10. Are holding responsible elected representative for misuse of their power? (example)

96

Appendix ix. Checklist questions for National Climate Change Technical and Steering Committee
Chairperson

INTRODUCTION: I am interested in learning about climate change and how National Climate Change
Steering Committee and National Climate Change Technical Committee work. I would like your permission
to ask you questions about climate change, small scale agriculture/farmer, poverty alleviation and any other
issue related with climate change, agriculture and poverty alleviation. I hope the answers to these
questions will help to improve interventions that will address climate change, poverty and agriculture; I
expect our discussion to last about 30 minutes and individual confidentiality will be respected.
1. When was the last meeting of the NCCSC?
2. How many meetings of the NCCSC were held in 2012? In 2011? In 2010?
3. When was the last meeting of the NCCTC?
4. How many meetings of the NCCTC were held in 2012? In 2011? In 2010?
5. Did any private sector representatives participate in any NCCSC meetings in 2012?
6. Did any research institution representatives participate in any NCCSC meetings in 2012?
7. Did any civil society representatives participate in any NCCSC meetings in 2012?
8. What is the current status of the National Climate Change Strategy and Action plan? Are there any
reports published documenting progresses on implementation? How gender is addressed in the
NCCS?
9. Over the last five years, have NCCSC or NCCSC members carried out any media coverage in
relation to linkages between small-scale agriculture and climate change?
10. If so, when was this?
11. What issues were covered?
12. Has the NCCSC considered policy harmonisation in relation to CC mitigation and adaptation
including issues around Small-scale agriculture and REDD?
13. If so, please can you describe any policy changes that have been made as a result?
14. Please can you describe any meetings hosted by NCCSC for communities, to provide inputs on the
National Climate Change strategy?
15. Please can you describe any meetings hosted by NCCSC for civil society organisations to provide
inputs on the National Climate Change strategy?
16. Have NCCSC representatives participate in civil society events related to linkages between Small-
scale agriculture, climate change and REDD?
17. Has the NCCTC provided technical support to the Ministry of Agriculture on measures needed to
ensure that the Agriculture Sector Development programme effectively promotes pro-poor, climate
change mitigation and adaptation?
18. Has the NCCTC provided any information resources on climate friendly agriculture for distribution to
Local Government with the District Agricultural Development plan guidelines?
19. Does the NCCSC or the NCCTC have any plans or programmes currently in place to improve
adaptation for small-scale farmers? Please can you describe these?
20. Does the NCCSC or the NCCTC have any plans or programmes currently in place to enhance
linkages between climate change adaptation and mitigation?

97

Appendix x. Checklist questions for community trainers

Name……………………………………….

Village……………………………………..

Ward………………………………………..

Division………………………………..

District…………………………………….

1. Have you ever participated in C3S agriculture training? Yes/No
2. If yes from which organisation
3. What issue were covered in that training

98

Appendix xi. Village profiles

Chinangali I Mahama Nzali Manchali A Kisongwe Lunenzi Lumbiji Ibingu

Number of 12 10 14 4 3 2 3 4
Sub-village
Names of Kawawa, Lusinde A, Nyerere, Mwinyi, Mapinduzi, Viganga, Mbuyuni, Majengo, Kisongwe, Mlenga Lunenzi and Lumbiji, Kisale and Msufini, Shuleni,
sub-villages Lusinde B, Azimio, Lusinde, Jenjoni, Chapakazi, Chibwe and Mkoka and Kilumbi Manyomvi Mkenge Kokoto, Ngalamilo
Siasa, Chibwe, Mlimani, Kawawa, Nguvukazi,
Bwawani, Msasani, Muungano, AbduJumbe, Nhambaliza, Jamhuri,
Mahata A, Mahata B, Mgongolofu and Nhonya Chibwe, Azimio,
Kigamboni and Juhudi sub-villages Mwenge,
Chang’ombe,
Kambarage,
Mwongozo, Nyangalu
and Muungano.
History of The village was Mahama village was Nzali was established The village was The village was Lunenzi village was The village was The village was
the village, established in 1975 with established in 1972 with in 1972. I was established in 2009 established in 1975 established in 1999 established in 1975 established in 1974
presence of only 4 sub-villages four sub-villages, supposed to be following separation of with three sub- after it sprint from and it borders with only two sub-
village land namely Lusinde, Nyerere, Kawawa, established in 1971 the by then Manchali villages that still Ibingu village. The Mtegwa, Kisongwe villages namely
certificate, Kawawa and Siasa sub- Lusinde and Mwinyi. It but due to its lower village into Manchali A exist. The village village borders and Unone villages in Msufini and
land registry, villages. It borders is bordering Nyasungwi household number, and Manchali B borders Kihasigwa and Kikundi the North (Figure 3), Shuleni. The village
land use plan Majereko village in the River and Nzali village in the process took a villages. To its part Mwinyisagara village village in the North, Kisongwe and is bordered by
and village north, Manchali Village the North, Chinangali I year to establish Nzali Manchali village was in the North, Ibingu village in the Liwemba village in Upendo forest in
forestry in the South (Figure 2), village in the South, village. When it was established in 1971 Rudewa Village in South (Figure 3), the West, Ludwa the North and Nyari
Chalinze village in the Majereko Village and established it had only with nine sub-villages the South, Lumbiji Chabima and Ngogoni in the East Village, Ng’omblela
East and Chamwino Nzali village in the East 253 households and that are now spread in village in the East Mzaganza village in and Idete and forest and
village in the West. It (Figure 2) and with now it has 1009 Manchali A and (Figure 3) and the East and Ibingu Mfulumi villages in Kibasigwa village in
has the land certificate Mahama Forest Reserve households. In the Manchali B. The Lukado village in the village in the West. the South. The village the South,
but it does not have the in the West. The village North the village village is bordered by West. There is no The village has no has no village land Ng’ombela and
land use plan. Similarly, has land certificate but it borders Mlimwa and Chinangali 1 in the land certificate but it land certificate. It has certificate; it does not Lunenzi village in
there is neither the land does have neither the Mende Villages, in the north (Figure 2), Koja is in the process to a land use plan that is have a Village land the East (Figure 3)
registry nor the village land use plan nor the South it borders Village in the south, be issued. There is in the final process. It use plan as well the and Idole village in
forest reserve. land registry. The Mahama village Chinangali 2 village in a land use plan that has been signed at the village land registry. the West. The
village has a village (Figure 2), Mejereko the west and Manchali was obtained in village level and There are three village has village
forest reserve called village in the East and B in the East. There is 2010. There is land waiting to be passed village forest reserves forest reserves
Mahama forest reserve Kawawa village in the no land certificate, registry in the newly at the District level for namely Kombwe, namely, Ng’ombela
in the Westside of the West. There is a land land registry and the constructed village implementation. The Lugeni and Bena Kaloe, Upendo and
village. certificate that was land use plan office. The village village has four village Forest Reserves Idete village forest
issued in 2012 and the has five village forest reserves namely reserves. The
village has the land forest reserves Msalaza, Madaha, village has no land
use plan. The village namely Palamahoe, Ng’ombela and Misani certificate. It has a
currently has no land Mesoning’ina, Irangi, forests. land use plan that is
registry but there is a Mikuvi and Mihande under final stages.
room in the village that forests. The land use plan
is to be used as the has been signed by

99

History of village land registry in the village
the village, future after the government and
presence of renovation is now waiting to be
village land completed. There is passed at the
certificate, no village forest district level for
land registry, reserve but an area implementation.
land use plan called Viganga has
and village been set aside where
forestry the village forest
reserve will be
established
Composition The village council is The village council has The village The village council is The village council is The village council is The village has 25 The village has 25
of women in made up of 25 members 25 members among government council is made of up 25 made up of 25 made up of 25 village council village council
the village among them women them women constitute made up of 25 members among them members and members and women members and among members and the
council, constitute 32% of all 32% of the members. members whereas women constitute 32% women make up constitute 32% of the them women are 20% council is made up
meetings of village council members. The village assembly is women constituent of the members. 28% contribution in council members. The of the village council 28% female. The
village The village council held four times a year 32% of the council Meeting of Village the village council. village assembly members. The village village assembly
assembly meets after every month after every three members. The village assembly at Manchali The village meeting are conducted assembly meet three meetings are
village whereas the village months. The village assembly meetings A village is conducted assembly meetings four times a year and times a year whereby conducted twice a
council assembly is convened council meets after are convened four twice a year contrary are conducted twice the village council the village council year and the village
four times a year after every month making a times a year after to the Local a year and the meets 4 times a year. meet seven times a council meet 6
every three months. total of 12 meetings a every three months Government Act that village council meets year. times a year.
year. whereas the village mandates these nine times a year.
council meets after meetings to be held at
every one month least once after three
months. On the other
hand the village
government council
meets eight times a
year
Number of All communities in The village is populated Nzali villagers are Residents of Manchali Kisongwe village is Lunenzi communities Lumbiji village is There are 4 tribes in
tribes, Chinangali I one village by Gogo ethnic group Gogo and Nguu ethnic A village are Gogo populated by Kaguru are from Gogo, made up of 1 ethnic Ibingu namely
language are Gogo by tribe. They amounting 99% of the groups and speak and speak gogo tribe and speak Sagara and Hehe group, the Wakaguru Sagala, Kaguru,
spoken and use Gogo language as population whereas gogo language as language as their local Kaguru language as tribes. They speak tribe and the local Gogo, and Hehe
main their local language. Zigua and Warangi have their traditional language although their traditional gogo, sagara and language spoken is tribes. Members of
economic Majority can speak a population of 1% each. language. Most of most of them speak language. hehe local languages. Kikaguru language. these tribes speak
activities Swahili though some Languages spoken in them are involved in Swahili except some Communities are They are involved in Members of this Sagara, kaguru,
elders who did not go to Mahama village are agriculture, livestock of the elders who involved in agriculture, small village are involved in gogo and hehe
school cannot speak Gogo, Zigua and Kirangi keeping, small cannot speak fluent agriculture activities, businesses, selling Agriculture activities, language. They are
fluent Swahili local languages. business and selling swahili. Manchali A small businesses, alcohol, food and tea Selling alcohol and involved in
Communities in alcohol. Farmers start residents are involved selling alcohol and some do small agriculture
Mahama village are their planting period in in agriculture, livestock selling food and tea business like owning activities, small
involved in agriculture, November on the start keeping and small small kiosks. businesses, selling
livestock keeping and of the rain season. business as their and selling of
small business. Farmers economic activities. alcohols

100

Number of start planting their crops Most of the business
tribes, in December and that is practiced is
language January selling chicken,
spoken and agriculture crops that
main involve maize,
economic groundnuts, sesame
activities and sunflower.
Population Total = 3214 Total = 4011 Men = Total = 3110 Male = Manchali A has a Total = 4256 Total = 936 Total: 2918 Total = 1080
size and Female = 1972 2087 Women = 1924. 1500 Female 1610. population of 2368 Female = 2410 Female = 534 Female: 1479 Female = 538
availability of Female = 1442 There is scarcity of land There higher scarcity people among them Male = 1846 Male = 402 Male: 1439 Male = 542.
land There is no scarcity of in the village and of land for farming and female are 1215 and There is no land There is no land Currently there is no There is no land
land members of the village members of the village male are 1153. scarcity in the village scarcity in Lunenzi land scarcity but due scarcity in the
borrow farms from borrow farms from The village has village. to lack of land use village. Villagers
nearby villages Membe and Mlimwa scarcity of land for plans there are land have plent land for
villages agriculture activities conflicts among their agricultural
and livestock keeping. farmers activities

Presence of There is no any There are four private There is no any There is one Currently there are The current There is one There is one
private development activity organisations working in development project development activities two development development project development project development
sector currently being the village that include being implemented in taking place which is activities being being implemented is taking place in the activity carrying on
initiative and implemented in the Action Aid, Pamoja Nzali village at the construction of labour carried in the village the construction of village which is at the moment. The
development village though there is a Tuwalee, TOAM and moment. ward at the village which are village office that is construction of District Council is
project (s) farmers’ information hub Mtoto Seremala. The There are four private dispensary which is construction of financed by TFCG and Lumbiji secondary, rehabilitating the
that was introduced by village currently is organisations working financed by the Lumbiji secondary MJUMITA through the project that is road at a gravel
INADES formation embarked on in the village including Chamwino district school, a their REDD project. done between level and TFCG and
Tanzania as a private construction of a health Action Aid involved in council and Manchali development activity TFCG and MJUMITA Kisongwe and Lumbiji MJUMITA through
sector initiative in the centre; a development helping children living A residents. The only being implemented has also started REDD villages funded by the their REDD project
village. project that is financed under hard conditions, private sector that was by Lumbiji and initiative in the village two villages and have built a village
by the villagers Donate dealing with reported to work in the Kisongwe village in as private sector Kilosa District government office.
themselves and the environmental village is Tanzania support of the Kilosa initiatives Council. One the TFCG and
centre is still at the conservation and Organic Agriculture District council. The other hand, the MJUMITA has also
foundation stage. advocating women Movement (TOAM) other one is village has no any started REDD
rights, TOAM with its activities to construction of private sector working initiative in the
promoting organic promote organic secondary school in it. village as private
agriculture and Watoto agriculture. teacher’s house also sector initiatives
Selemala assisting funded by the
children. villagers and the
Kilosa district.
TFCG and
MJUMITA has also
started REDD
initiative in the
village as private
sector initiatives

101


Condition of Health facilities: Road: School: Road: School School: School: School:
public There is a newly The village has a gravel There is one Manchali A is The village has two There is no any school There are two primary There is one
services constructed health road that is in good Secondary school accessed by gravel primary schools, in the Lunenzi village schools, Lumbiji primary school,
centre that has started condition and the road is (Chilono Secondary road that is in good Mlenga primary and pupils use Ibingu Primary School and Ibingu primary
offering services. It is in accessed throughout the School) and two condition and is school and Kisogwe primary school Kisale Primary school that lacks
good condition though year. primary schools, Nzali reported to be primary school. Health service: School. Lumbiji enough teachers,
medicine and other Primary School and accessed easily for However Mlenga There is no health primary school has teachers’ houses, it
equipment are lacking. Market: Mapinduzi Primary the entire year. We primary school is yet center in the village. inadequate teachers, does not have
For instance it does not The village has no crop School. All these observed also on- to be registered. Member of Lunenzi lack teachers’ houses water services and
have diagnostic market, the situation that schools have going construction of Mlenga primary lack village use health and it does not there are no
equipment. There are leads farmers to sell inadequate teachers, curvets across the enough teachers centre in Idole village enough classrooms enough classrooms.
only three staffs and are their crops to individuals books and houses for road. and rooms for apart from having no Health:
reported to be who visit them at home. the teachers. classrooms while Market: enough desks. Kisale The village has no
overwhelmed by This kind of transaction Mapinduzi primary Schools Kisongwe primary There is no crop primary school as health centre but
patients. is reported not to offer school in particular The village has a school lack enough market in Lunenzi and Lumbiji primary there is a clinic for
good prices for farmers’ has only one teacher primary school rooms for members sell their school lacks enough children every
School: crops. They normally with only two classes (Lusinde Primary classrooms. crops to buyers who classrooms and it month at the village
There are two primary have a free market while Chilono School) that has visit them at home. does not have toilets. office. The regular
schools, Chinangali I (gulio or mnada in Secondary School has inadequacy of Health services This kind of Health services: health services are
and Mahata Primary Swahili) every Sunday only three teachers teachers and teachers’ There is no any transaction was The village has obtained at Idole
Schools. Both are faced but it is a market for with no laboratory and houses. health centre in the reported to not offer Lumbiji dispensary village where there
with inadequacy of clothes and other goods without enough books. village and good prices to that is owned by the is a health centre.
teachers and houses for where crops and not Heath services: communities use farmers. Buyers are Roman Catholic Market:
the teachers. Mahata for sold. Market: There is a health Lumbiji health centre reported to bring their Church. Though There is no village
example has only two The village has no centre in the village to obtain health tins to measure crops, services are available market and villagers
classrooms Health service: crop market and most though it lacks enough services. the act that exploits the dispensary lacks sell their crops to
There is no health buyers buy crops by medicine, medical farmers. enough workers as of buyers who visit
Road: centre and health visiting farmers at equipment, staffs and Market current there is only them at home
The road is in good services are obtained in home though some of houses for workers. There is no market Road: one nurse serving the Road:
condition and is Nzali village, a nearby the farmers do for selling crops but There is no good road dispensary. Apart The village has a
passable the entire year village which is not transport crops to Market: rather farmers their network in Lunenzi from that it is always good road netwok
easily accessed during Dodoma town by There is no any crops to buyers who village due to the overwhelmed with that connect the
Market: heavy rain when using vehicles. market for agricultural visit them. It was village to be located in patients as it does not three sub-villages.
There is no market for Nyasungwi River is crops and buyers buy reported that these a hilly area. Road are have enough patients The road is
agricultural crops and flooded. Health service: crops at farmers’ buyers come with accessed by foot in resting rooms accessed
farmers sell their crops The village has a households and are their one litter tins most of the area Market throughout the year
to buyers who visit them School: village dispensary; reported to determine and use those tins to except in Manyomvi There is no any and we also
at their home. Mahama village has two though medical crop prices. measure or weight village where market at Lumbiji observed on going
primary schools, services are available, the crops especially motorbike can be used village but they rehabilitation of the
Water service: Chilonwa and Mahama the dispensary lacks maize and beans. to access it. normally have a free main road that
Availability of water in Primary School and one enough medicine and Road: Water service: market every Sunday
Chinangali I is a Secondary School it has only two staffs. The road to the Lunenzi village is not where other things
problem. The village is. (Chilonwa Secondary are sold and no crops

102


Condition of not served with tape School). All these Road: Waters service: village is in good served by tape water are sold in the market passes through the
public water but access water schools have The road is in good Residents of Manchali condition though rather communities Road village to lumuma-
services from traditionally dug inadequate teachers, condition and A have a problem of there are some use water from rivers The village has no Idole village.
wells and in rivers and houses for the teachers accessed throughout water where they get it places along the and traditionally dug good road networks.
small tributaries and lack enough the year but it closes from rivers and road which are in wells. The gravel road ends Water service:
classrooms for the case Nyasungwi river traditionally dug wells bad condition to at the village centre The village has well
of Chilonwa Primary (figure….) with a drift that however, dry render them not from Kisongwe village that has water
School. bridge where the during the dry season being passable in and there is no good pumps but due to
village borders rainy seasons. The road network to lack of maintenance
Water service: Mahama village. two sub-villages connect Mkenge, they are not
There are water taps but During heavy rains, Kisongwe and Kisale and Lumbiji currently working.
the infrastructure lacks this part of the road is Kilumbi are easily sub-village. The Instead villagers get
maintenance to the fact not accessed and accessed from the available roads can water from rivers
no water is accessed hence blocking centre of the village neither be accessed and traditionally dug
from those taps. communication but Mlenga sub- by motorbike nor wells
Members of the village between Nzali Village village is neither bicycles as they pass
access water from and Mahama village easily accessed by through hills and flood
Nyasungwi River and on the way to the main motorbike nor plains. They are
some buy water from road to Dodoma. bicycle. accessed by foot but
one person who has a Water services: due to lack of
well at his household. Water service: The village is server culverts, these roads
The village is not by tape water that are not accessed
served by taped water have their water during the rainy
instead members use sources in the season and hence
water from the river mountains disconnecting these
and traditionally dug three sub-villages
wells. especially Mkenge
Sub-village.
Water Service:
There are tape waters
with their water
source being up in
the mountain in some
of the areas
especially Lumbiji
Sub-village. Kisale
and Mkenge sub-
villages are not
served with tape
water. They obtain
water from rivers and
traditionally dug wells
.

103

Condition of The village has a village There is no village office There is no village The village has a The village office There is village office The village has the The village has a
the village office and it is in good instead the village use office; they are using a village office that is is in good that is still under village office which is recently constructed
office condition though it lacks Chilonwa Division Office godown as their office. still under condition. It was construction. It is still under office that was
enough furniture and as its office. It also lacks Plans are there to construction. They constructed by funded by the REDD construction. It is constructed by TFCG
other rooms for other enough office equipment complete construction have rented a room TFCG and project that is constructed by mud and MJUMITA through
village council activities. like furniture and other of a village office that where all MJUMITA implemented in the bricks with four their REDD project. It is
It has one room where rooms to accommodate is still under administration through their area by TFCG and rooms; however, one the higher standard
all administrative works both Chilonwa division construction activities are taking REDD project. It MJUMITA. The office room is still under office constructed by
are carried out. activities and Mahama place has four rooms however, has no construction. The using cement bricks
council activities and enough furniture. office has only two and with good roofing.
chairs and chairs and one table. However, currently
tables. there is no enough
office equipment. The
office has only one
bench and one table.
There are no shelves to
store documents. The
office has four rooms.
Radio Mobile Phones: Mobile phones: Mobile phones: Mobile phones: Mobile phones: Mobile phones: Mobile phone: Mobile:
stations and Voda, Tigo and Airtel Mahama village is Airtel, Vodacom and Vodacom, Airtel, and The village is The village is The only mobile The village is
mobile Radio stations: mostly assessed by Tigo. Tigo though Tigo is accessed by Airtel accessed by Airtel, phone accessed is accessed by Airtel
phone TBC 1, TBC 2, Radio Airtel whereby Tigo and not reliable. but network is though its network is Airtel but accessed at but the network is
accessed One, Capital Radio, Vodacom are not Radio stations obtained at some available in some some places in the accessed in some
Radion Free Africa, reliable. The village access lots Radio stations: places in the villages places in the village. village. of places in the
Cloud FM, Radio of radio stations The villages access village.
Mwangaza, Uzima FM, Radio station involving Cloud FM, most of radio stations Radio stations: Radio stations: Radio stations:
Radio Kifimbo, Cloud The village can assess Radio One, Dodoma including TBC 1 and The radio stations Lunenzi village can The village access Radio stations:
FM, Radio Maria most of the radio FM, Radio Dodoma, FM, Radio One, Cloud accessed are TBC access Radio Tumain, Radio one, TBC 1, Radio stations
stations including, RFA, Radio Kifimbo, Radio FM, Mwangaza FM, 1, TBC 2, Radio Radio Ukweli, Radio TBC 2, Radio Maria, accessed are TBC
Mwangazo FM, Dodoma Uzima, Times FM, Dodoma FM, Uhuru Maria, Radio Ukweli Abood, Top Radio, Radio Ukweli Abood 1 TBC 2, Radio
FM, Radion One, Cloud TBC 1, Taifa FM, FM, Aboo Media, and Mwangaza FM TBC 1, Radio Maria FM and Radio Free Tumain and Radio
FM, TBC 1, TBC 2, Radio Mwangaza, Capital Radio, Radio and Radio Free Africa Africa Maria
Nanyemo FM, Kiss FM Radio Uhuru and Kiss Free Africa and Imani
and Capital Radio FM. FM among other radio
stations accessed in
the village
Presence of There is no any There are six VICOBA The village has There are village There is no any There is no any There is no any There is no any
microfinance microfinance initiative in groups that were VICOBA and FINCA community bank microfinance microfinance initiative microfinance in the microfinance
institution the village established in 2012. microfinance initiatives (VICOBA) and FINCA initiative in the in the village village initiative in the
working but the since 2008 and 2012 village at the village
available SACCOS is respectively. moment.
not working

104

Appendix xii. The list of respondents interviewed and administered questionnaires

a. Elected Representative
S/No Name Designation
1. Hon. Mustafa Mkulo Member of Parliament – Kilosa Constituency
1. Hon. Ezekiah V.N. Chibulunje Member of Parliament – Chilonwa (Chamwino) Constituency
2. Hon. Herman Msakila Ward Councilor – Lumbiji Ward, Kilosa
3. Hon. Beatrice Elisha Kasanda Ward Councilor – Lumuma Ward, Kilosa
4. Hon. Yaleji Sinoni Ward Councilor – Chilonwa Ward, Chamwino

b. District Officials
1. Lameck M. Masembejo Kilosa District Executive Director
2. Adrian Jungu Chamwino District Executive Director
3. Tatu Kachenje Kilosa District Agriculture Officer (DALDO)
4. Augustino Mboya Kilosa District Agriculture Officer
5. Geofrey Mnyamale Chamwino District Agriculture and Cooperative Officer (DACO)
6. Augustino C. Kibaya Chamwino District Livestock and Fisheries Officer (DLFO)
7. Said I. Msemo Chamwino District Forest Officer
8. Dembo Ibrahim Kilosa District Land, Natural Resource and Environment

c. National Climate Change Steering Committee and National Climate Change Technical
Committee

1. Dr. Julius Ningu Chairman of National Climate Change Technical Committee - DoE in Vice President Office

d. MJUMITA National Leaders
1. Revocatus Njau MJUMITA National Chairman
2. Rahima Njaidi MJUMITA National Secretary
3. Habibu Simbamkuti MVIWATA National Chairman
4. John Thomas Laiser MVIWATA Lobbying and Advocacy Officer

e. MJUMITA Local Area Network Members
S/No Name Sex Network Designation District Ward Village GPS Points
X Y
1. Modesta Philip F UMIKIM Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277642 9267062
2. Octavia Joseph F UMIKIM Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277580 9267146
3. Yuvinus Epimak M UMIKIM Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277669 9267100
4. Donath Dominick M UMIKIM Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277573 9266458
5. Telesphory John M UMIKIM Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277576 9266660
6. Dofrosa Joseph F UMIKIM Chairman Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277674 9267096
7. Luca Fabian M UMIKIM Secretary Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0275482 9262661
8. Tilifonia Pius F UMIKIM Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277670 9266800
9. Thomas Jehoya M UMIKIM Treasurer Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277665 9266772
10. Susana Thobias F UMIKIM Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0282254 9264618
11. Kasian Kibozi M UMILUI Member Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0253816 9245704
12. Maria Mkunda F UMILUI Member Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0246657 9243690
13. Apronia Mtware F UMILUI Member Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0246392 9243511
14. Christina Maile F UMILUI Member Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0247747 9241530
15. Maria Jeremia F UMILUI Member Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0250102 9243760
16. Secilia Lucian F UMILUI Member Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0249157 9245354
17. Thomas Mkunda M UMILUI Secretary Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0246695 9243493
18. Yohanex Adam M UMILUI Member Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0246711 9243612
19. Justine Hassan M UMILUI Member Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0249272 9245566

105

S/No Name Sex Network Designation District Ward Village GPS Points
X Y
20. Job Mwite M UMILUI Member Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0253722 9245864

f. MVIWATA Members
S/No Name Sex Group Designation District Ward Village GPS Points
X Y
1. Kilian Nikola M Juhudi Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277750 9265630
2. Honorina Daniel F Juhudi Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277459 9266196
3. Josephine Michael M Juhudi Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277380 9265244
4. Tasiana France F Juhudi Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277670 9267132
5. Thomas Francis M Juhudi Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277681 9267080
6. Antony Mkunda M Juhudi Member Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0277391 9269494
7. Beatrice Maneno F Juhudi Member Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0277053 9268338
8. Paulo Michael M Juhudi Member Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0277519 9269518
9. Nicholaus Amandusi M Juhudi Member Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0276172 9269784
10. Sesilia Francis F Juhudi Member Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0275530 9269340
11. Athumani Nyangalu M Mshikamano Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184132 9331946
12. Esta Mboru F Mshikamano Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184044 9332150
13. Asha Shooshoo F Mshikamano Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184180 9331868
14. Regina Mloli F Mshikamano Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184074 9331967
15. Leonard Moina M Mshikamano Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184145 9331991
16. David Moina M Mshikamano Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184248 9331914
17. Rashid Ally M Mshikamano Chairman Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184261 9332143
18. Anastazia Madeje F Mshikamano Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184271 9332108
19. Thabit Mambosasa M Mshikamano Secretary Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184331 9332139

g. Village Government Members
S/No Name Gender Designation District Ward Village

1. Bernadeta Mariki F Member Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji
2. Secilia Makoo F Member Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji
3. Aporinary Matenga M Acting VEO Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji
4. Angela Francis F Member Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji
5. Charles Antony M Chairman – Mkenge Sub-village Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji
6. Selina Mariki F Member Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji
7. Asteria Martini F Member Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji
8. Augustino Vincent M Village Chairman Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji
9. Joram Lemuje M Chairman – Kisale Sub-village Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji
10. Benjamini Kingunya M Chairman – Lunenzi Sub-village Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
11. Sabina Mwidowe F Member Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
12. Damian Andrew M Assistant Village Chairman Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
13. Emilian Mduma M VEO Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
14. Lucan Hassan M Member Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
15. Samweli Ng'ongwa M Chairman – Manyomvi Sub-village Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
16. Petronila Mdoma F Member Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
17. Daudi Nyenyelkia M Member Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
18. Tadei Nyaumba M Member Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
19. Sabina Paulo F Member Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
20. Aziza Shooshoo F Member Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama
21. Mahawi Makasi F VEO Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama
22. Henry Sudayi M Member Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama
23. Asha Sadala F Member Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama
24. Asheri Mkosi M Member Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama
25. Kezia Mwalimu F Chairman – Mngongolofu Sub-village Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama
26. Gritha Mzungu F Member Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama

106

S/No Name Gender Designation District Ward Village

27. Hezron Sudai M Member Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama
28. Stephano Mkavu M Chairman – AbduJumbe Sub-village Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama
29. Swalehe Jumanne M Village Chairman Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama
30. Moleni Chilenga F Member Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I
31. Ana Mbishai F Member Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I
32. Msafiri Yohana M Chairman – Chibwe Sub-village Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I
33. Jackson Mwinga M VEO Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I
34. Kileni Mlulu F Member Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I
35. Ernest Resilwa M Village Chairperson Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I
36. Noha Namga M Member Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I
37. Julia Milangasi F Member Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I
38. Masena Chimondya M Chairman – Lusinde B Sub-village Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I
39. Ezekiel Mazengo M Member Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I
40. Janeth Sinoni F Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali
41. Peter Lemenga M Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali
42. Julius Petro M Chairman – Chapakazi Sub-village Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali
43. Yohana Meeda M Village Chairman Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali
44. Amina Moshi F VEO Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali
45. Stanley Mahanze M Chairman – Mapinduzi Sub- Village Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali
46. Rukia Said F Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali
47. Magreth Lemenga F Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali
48. Nicholaus Mpondi M Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali
49. Rhoda Mzulami F Member Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali
50. Aliya Ndaliko M Member Chamwino Manchali Manchali A
51. Stephen Chibago M Member Chamwino Manchali Manchali A
52. Cleopa Maganga M Member Chamwino Manchali Manchali A
53. Amos Matumbi M Member Chamwino Manchali Manchali A
54. Juma Chinyele M Member Chamwino Manchali Manchali A
55. Kedomini Ndulani M Village Chairman Chamwino Manchali Manchali A
56. Moleni Mlewa F Member Chamwino Manchali Manchali A
57. Joseph Mahelela M Chairman – Mbuyuni Sub-village Chamwino Manchali Manchali A
58. Joina Msakazi F Member Chamwino Manchali Manchali A
59. Ivan Chibago M Chairman – Majengo Sub-village Chamwino Manchali Manchali A
60. Binaus Mtiwanje M Chairman – Shuleni Sub- Village Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
61. Anyese Emmanuel F Member Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
62. Getrude Leo F Member Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
63. Ernest Maliwa M Member Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
64. Maria Jeremia F Member Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
65. Anjerina Adrian F Member Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
66. Damas Msavi M Village Chairman Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
67. Adrian Kisani M VEO Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
68. Patrick Kimeka M Chairman – Ngalamilo Sub-village Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
69. Maria Gasi F Member Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
70. Fanuel Mganga M VEO Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
71. Beltha Leonsi F Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
72. William Mkuchu M Chairman – Kilumbi Sub-Village Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
73. Gelard Maungo M Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
74. Sesilia Simoni F Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
75. Leonia Benedict F Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
76. Maria John F Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
77. Monica Msechu F Member Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
78. Patrick Dominic M Chairman – Kisongwe Sub-Village Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
80. Laurian Mkuchu M Village Chairman Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
107

h. Community Trainers

S/No Name Sex District Ward Village
1. Anna Mkada F Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
2. Mlisho Damiani M Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
3. Kaeni Ng’ongwa M Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
4. Agripina Pweleza F Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi
5. Yohanex Adam M Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
6. Jackson Samila M Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
7. Agripina Adrian F Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu
8. Barnabas Michael M Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
9. Octavian Joseph M Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
10. Lusiana Maliki F Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe
11. Anna Simono F Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe

i. Small Scale Farmers
S/No Name Sex Head of the Household District Ward Village GPS Points
X Y
1. Madawa Maliki F Maliki Mathias Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0279796 9265232
2. George Raphael M George Raphael Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277358 9267375
3. Valentina Simon F Valentina Simon Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0284378 9263208
4. Julius Thomas F Julius Thomas Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277621 9266776
5. Onesta Claud F Venance Sebastian Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277681 9267080
6. Heri Maliki M Heri Maliki Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277853 9266241
7. Faustin Lician M Faustin Lician Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0274583 9262541
8. Martha Msakila F Martha Msakile Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0277303 9267401
9. Mark Gregory M Mark Gregory Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0274612 9262824
10. Efraim Abdu M Efraim Abdu Kilosa Lumbiji Kisongwe 0276155 9264836
11. Michael Mlondwa M Michael Mlondwa Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0276573 9269604
12. Theresia Augustino F Mgayo Malata Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0276477 9270012
13. Antoni Mayowa M Antoni Mayowa Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0276716 9269404
14. Morris Sume M Morris Sume Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0277015 9268254
15. Agnes Kilongola F Felician Sinjeni Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0277424 9268511
16. Adriana Michael F Adrian Michael Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0276960 9268415
17. Alfonce Pascal M Alfonce Pascal Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0276749 9268536
18. Lucia Joseph F Joseph Kaloli Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0274467 9273403
19. William Merikio M William Merikio Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0274228 9273519
20. Elizabeth Thomas F Elizabeth Thomas Kilosa Lumbiji Lumbiji 0274860 9272450
21. Maligalita Martin F Maligalita Martin Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0246346 9243890
22. George Msagati M Gabriel Msagati Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0249628 9238612
23. Dora Masinga F Dora Masinga Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0253601 9240292
24. Veneranda Kassimu F Veneranda Kassimu Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0246643 9243536
25. Vincent Pesambili M Vincent Pesambili Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0246238 9243850
26. Angelina Zaeli F Antoni Tujele Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0246571 9243888
27. Julieth Rashidi F Kaloli Kajuti Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0246858 9243912
28. Alex Tujeli M Alex Tujeli Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0247297 9242001
29. Yona Maguvu M Yona Maguvu Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0247430 9241580
30. Michael Mgana M Michael Mgana Kilosa Lumuma Ibingu 0248735 9241188
31. Paulo Mwagula M Paulo Mwagula Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0249822 9244073
32. Pascal Masugu M Pascal Masugu Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0249086 9243927
33. Franco Mwikola M Franco Mwikola Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0249185 9245919
34. Herumada William F Alphonce Stamani Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0249639 9245130
35. Chukia Asheri F Albert Sendwa Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0249181 9245793
36. William Chinyeli M William Chinyeli Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0253817 9245752

108

S/No Name Sex Head of the Household District Ward Village GPS Points
X Y
37. Daniel Kibembo M Daniel Kibembo Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0253640 9246400
38. Joseph Kavalata M Joseph Kavalata Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0253649 9246532
39. Elimina Pweleza F Majuto Maliwa Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0253605 9246090
40. Sala Selemani F Nyika Nyika Kilosa Lumuma Lunenzi 0253600 9245984
41. George Moina M George Moina Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama 0184330 9330549
42. Dickson Msuta M Dickson Msuta Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama 0183595 9330648
43. Janeth Matata F Janeth Matata Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama 0183584 9330515
44. Gradice Matata F Leonard Magoha Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama 0183567 9330531
45. Moses Mataligana M Moses Mataligana Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama 0180820 9331728
46. Raheli Nyawaga F Raheli Nyawaga Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama 0182348 9330913
47. Juma Matonya M Yohana Matonya Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama 0181295 9331211
48. Joyce Nyau F Andrea Nyau Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama 018289 9330742
49. Daniel Matonya M Daniel Matonya Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama 0180320 9330814
50. Moleni Chomola F Moleni Chomola Chamwino Chilonwa Mahama 0179719 9331980
51. John Maloda M John Maloda Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I 0185887 9324181
52. Mariam Kamoga F Stephano Kamoga Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I 0188236 9324468
53. Mazengo Mwaluko M Mazengo Mwaluko Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I 0187598 9324707
54. Marium Mirangasi F Marium Mirangasi Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I 0187553 9325293
55. Rahel Mlemele F Emmanuel Mlemela Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I 0187558 9325711
56. Philemoni Chiluwika M Philemoni Chiluwika Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I 0185923 9323567
57. Meleya Mpilimi F Jonas Mpilimi Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I 0186163 9324182
58. Enock Masing'oti M Enock Masing'oti Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I 0185685 9323206
59. Richard Mgoha M Richard Mgoha Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I 0187495 9325289
60. Vumilia Mazengo F Gabriel Mazengo Chamwino Majereko Chinangali I 0187556 9325709
61. Christina Chiwambi F Pius Chiwambi Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184140 9332092
62. Dina Chungu F Dennis Njoriba Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184308 9333080
63. Rosemary Mbezwa F Rosemary Mbezwa Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184954 9333176
64. Monica Maile F Benedini Mpondi Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184278 9331954
65. Melea Miagala F Hassan Miagala Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184656 9334920
66. Wilson Mwalimu M Wilson Mwalimu Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184954 9335000
67. Said Chilamba M Said Chilamba Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184739 9335264
68. Philipo Chiwanga M Philipo Chiwanga Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0184732 9334766
69. Robert Kilema M Robert Kilema Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0188006 9336198
70. Wilson Lemanga M Wilson Lemanga Chamwino Chilonwa Nzali 0189424 9337914
71. Songa Sanja M Songa Sanja Chamwino Manchali Manchali A 0186024 9321302
72. Edna Ndulani F Kedimo Ndulani Chamwino Manchali Manchali A 0186721 9320110
73. Marium Miraji F Marium Miraji Chamwino Manchali Manchali A 0185764 9321055
74. Anjelina Maduka F Anjelina Maduka Chamwino Manchali Manchali A 0186167 9321174
75. Judith Leng'anda F Judith Leng'anda Chamwino Manchali Manchali A 0185725 9321146
76. Egra Zebedayo F Zebedayo Chidugo Chamwino Manchali Manchali A 0186728 9320766
77. Leonard Chibago M Leonard Chibago Chamwino Manchali Manchali A 0185722 9321285
78. Mazengo Leng'anda M Mazengo Leng'anda Chamwino Manchali Manchali A 0185704 9321026
79. Nason Mganga M Nason Mganga Chamwino Manchali Manchali A 0187021 9320787
80. Joram Matonya M Joram Matonya Chamwino Manchali Manchali A 0186571 9319560

109

Appendix xiii. Wealth ranking indicators

Households are categorized into three ranks using locally specific indicators:
Top rank: own a brick wall house with corrugated iron sheet roof and with cement floor. All of these
characteristics must be in place for a household to be classified within this category subject to the presence
of additional variables as listed below.
Middle rank: own or rent a mud brick wall house thatched with grass and may or may not have cement
floor. Some but not necessarily all of these characteristics must be in place for a household to be classified
within this category.
Bottom rank: own or rent a mud and poles wall house thatched with grass. All of these characteristics
must be in place for a household to be classified within this category.

Additional variables1
If a household meets any one of the following characteristics, they should be classified as being in the top
rank regardless of house structure:
Owning more than 100 coconut trees
Owning a shop
Owning a motorcycle

If a household meets any one of the following characteristics, they should not be classified in the bottom
rank regardless of house structure:
Owning more than 30 coconut trees
Owning a bicycle
Owning a shop or kiosk

1
Whilst the size of a farm has also been recommended as a good wealth indicator, given the intention of
the project to encourage agricultural intensification and avoid clearance of forest for the expansion of
agricultural land, size of land holding has been excluded.

110

Baseline survey report 2013 final

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