BASIC HTML PROGRAMMING

Creating HTML Documents and Managing Web site
Text Editors

Basic HTML Programming

• BBEditLite

HTML
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.

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• Other text editing programs

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WYSIWYG Editors

HTML files are basically special text files:

• MS Frontpage

• Contain special control sequences or tags that control how text is

• Macromedia Dreamweaver

to be formatted.

• Others exist

• HTML files are the “source code” for Web Browsers

First use text editor programs to learn HTML Basics. Starting with
WYSIWYG hinders learning process. Only use WYSIWYG when you
know basics.

– A browser reads the HTML file and
– Tries to display it using the tags to control layout.

• Text file created by:

– Any text editor — FREE: BBEdit Lite
– Special HTML editors — freeware — expensive: Dreamweaver

• Notepad, wordpad

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Creating Your Own Web Pages

Storing and Serving Files on School UNIX WWW Server

The process in creating permanent WWW (HTML + related scripts
(later)) pages in this course is basically

• Create, and test, local files on the Macintosh Computer or share

• Once you are happy with the format of the local (Mac based files)
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UNIX files directly across a locally (samba) mounted shared folder.

and you want a permanent Web page you should FTP the file to
your personal UNIX file space.

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OR

• Save HTML documents with extension .html, e.g. sport.html

• If you have mounted you UNIX files via SAMBA

• Ultimately you should store Permanent Copies of files on
Department’s UNIX System/Web Server.

There are 2 places where you may store HTML files on your
personal UNIX WWW file space.
NOTE: There is a Difference

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Two Special Sub-Directories in your Home Directory

Making Your Web Space Available

project html — Files place in this directory will be viewable only
within the department. Ideal for coureswork

The directories should have been created for you but you wil have
to PUBLISH your pages on the COMSC Information Server.

• Use URL:
http://project.cs.cf.ac.uk/A.B.Surname
where A.B.Surname is your long email name to reference files
from the Web.

• You agree to abide by University/School Regulations when you
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PUBLISH your pages

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• To PUBLISH your pages, go to URL:

http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/user/
and click on PUBLISH button to make your pages available.

public html — Files place in this directory will be viewable on the
whole Internet. This is where you would create your Home Page.

• UNPUBLISH available also.

• Use URL:
http://users.cs.cf.ac.uk/A.B.Surname
from the Web.
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Further Information of your School’s Web Space

UNIX File space and Storing Files on UNIX: SAMBA

Further information on user and project Web pages at:

Two ways to transfer your files on UNIX Web Space
Mount Unix Files via Samba

• User: http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/html/451 (Web) or
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/pdfs/451.pdf (PDF)

• Project: http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/html/452 (Web) or

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• Use Macintosh Finder

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GO Connect to Server...
to mount your web
space.

• Choose

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the COMSC
network
and
the
claros
(or
most
other machines)
• Select and Store files
in in project html or
public html
directory.

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UNIX File space and Storing Files on UNIX: FTP

Creating Your Own Home Page and other files for the WWW
• Create the file using BBEdit (or another) and save it to disk. If the
file is
intended to be your home page save it as index.html.

If will need to transfer files from the Macintosh to UNIX and
alternative is to use FTP (STP from outside School):

• Fire up Fetch Application or command line FTP/SFTP.

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• FTP to ftp.cs.cf.ac.uk

• Make sure file is correct by viewing it locally in Web Browser on
Macintosh (or PC!).

• Login into your own file space by using your on UNIX User ID

• Save file in the public html directory. It Must be placed here.

(e.g. scm...) and password.

• index.html should be the “home” file for every subdirectory

• Change the directory to your project html or public html

of your web space — Browser always look for this file if just a
directory is referenced, E.g.:

directory.

• Put the file(s) in this directory.

http://users.cs.cf.ac.uk/A.B.Surname/: You home page
is assumed to be index.html

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http://users.cs.cf.ac.uk/A.B.Surname/SubDIR:
index.html is assumed to be present in the SubDIR.

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Viewing HTML Source in your Browser

The Best Way to Learn HTML

• Find a Web page you like or wish to learn how it is formatted.

The best way to learn HTML (or any programming language) is by
example.
You can read many books but practice, i.e. writing your own HTML
pages and learning from example WWW pages on line, is the best
way to learn tips and constructs.

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• Use Samba/FTP to access your UNIX File space.

• Make sure this Web page is currently being viewed by Web Browser.
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• You can view the WWW page by selecting the View Source

(Safari) item or Source (Explorer) item from the View Menu.

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• Compare the HTML with the browser display of the Page.

• Portions of the file may be selected with the mouse (click and

drag mouse) and then Copied and Pasted into other documents
(E.g. BBEdit/Dreamweaver windows.

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HTML Tags

Anatomy of Any HTML Document
Every HTML document consists of two elements:

All HTML commands or tags have the following form:

<name of tag>...</name of tag>

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Tags control the structure, formatting and hypertext linking or
HTML pages.

• Head elements — provides page title and general page
formatting commands

• Body elements — put the main HTML text in this part.

Tags are made active by <name of tag> and must be made inactive
by an associated </name of tag>.
HTML is not case sensitive — tags can be upper or lower case
letters (even mixtures of cases) — Not recommended.

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Basic HTML Page Structure

Basic HTML Coding
Head elements

We can now meet or first three HTML tags html, head and body

• <head>....</head> tag delimits head part of document.

Note that these specify the basic anatomy of every HTML page.
<html>
<head>
head elements go here
</head>
<body>
body elements go here
</body>
</html>

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• <title>....</title> Defines the title of the Web page.
• Ever Web page should have a title
–
–
–
–
–
–

NOTE:

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Displayed as Title of Web Browser Window
Used in Bookmarks or Hot lists to identify page
Make title succinct but meaningful
Only one title per page
Only plain text in title (no other tags).
Usually <body> first level one header same as title (see
below).

• <html> is the first tag of any HTML page. It indicates that the
contents of the page is in HTML.

• </html> has to be the last tag of any HTML page

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The Body Element

Headings

• <body>....</body> tag delimits body part of document.

• Headings are used to title sections and subsection of a document.

• All other commands that constitute web page nested inside body.
• Body must follow head.

• HTML has 6 levels of headings labelled h1, h2, ..., h6.
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• Delimit headings between the <hn>....</hn> tags
where n = 1 . . . 6

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• The ﬁrst heading should be <h1> item

In most documents the ﬁrst heading is the same as the page title.

• Headings are displayed in larger/bolder fonts than normal body
text.

• Increment headings linearly — do not skip.

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Example of HTML headings

Which looks like this when viewed through a browser:

<html>
<head>
<title> HTML Heading Levels
</title>
</head>
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<body>
<h1> This is a level 1 heading </h1>

This is not a heading.

<h2> This is a level 2
</body>
</html>

It is a paragraph.
heading
heading
heading
heading
heading

</h2>
</h3>
</h4>
</h5>
</h6>

Figure 11: HTML Heading Levels Example

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HTML Comments

Paragraphs

Comments delimited by:


• .... tag delimts a paragraph.

• HTML ignores most carriage returns in a file — so must use 
or tag to get a newline in the browser.

• Ignored by browser – No formatting function

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• Like all good programming practice:

• Text is wrapped until a or encountered.

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– HTML assumes that if a is encounterd before a then
a paragraph should be inserted. (Old HTML Legacy)
– Bad practice to leave out .

Use meaning comments in your HTML

• Paragraphs can be aligned — LEFT, CENTER, RIGHT – with

Simple comment example:

the ALIGN attribute via





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Paragraph Align Example



Left aligned paragraph



Links and Anchors
Which looks like this when
viewed through a browser:

Linking to Other Documents — The Bread and Butter of the Web

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Regions of text can be linked to other documents via the anchor,
<a>, tag which has the following format:



<a href=‘‘filename or URL’’> link text </a>
• The opening <a> tag has a href attribute that is used to specify

Right aligned paragraph


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• Text between the <a> and </a> (closing tag) is highlighted by

Center aligned paragraph


the link to URL or local file.

the browser to indicate the hyperlink.

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• Depending on browser and web page configuration highlight style
can differ.

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Relative and Absolute Links

Anchors — Jumping to specific places in a document

There is a subtle and very important between the links in the previous
example:

Anchors are special places within documents that can be linked to.

Relative links — refer to a page in relation to the current document

• sub-directories and included files can be specified in the

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relative link.
• Makes for very portable web pages.
Whole directory systems can be moved easily.
• e.g.

• Anchors may placed anywhere in a document with

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<a name = "anchor_name">Anchor Position</a>

• Anchors within the same document are referred to by
<a href = "#anchor_name">Go to anchor</a>

<a href="SportFootball.html">Football</a>

• Anchors in the external document are referred to by

Absolute links — reference files based on the absolute location on
the local file system or WWW.

<a href = "link#anchor_name">
where link may a relative, absolute or remote URL link.

• e.g.

<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/Sport/Football.html">Football</a>}
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Lists

Anchor Example - Same code for external or internal:
<ul>
<li><a href="#apples">apples</a></li>
<li><a href="#oranges">oranges</a></li>
<li><a href="#bananas">bananas</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Information</h2>
<a name="apples">
Apples are green

<a name="oranges">
Oranges are orange

<a name="bananas">
Bananas are yellow


HTML supports a variety of lists.
Unordered or Bulleted lists

• <ul> ... </ul> delimits list.
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• <li> indicates list items.

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• Closing </li> is not strictly required. (Old HTML Legacy)
But recommended.

<ul>
<li> apples. </li>
<li> bananas.</li>
</ul>

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Ordered or Numbered lists

Preformatted Text

• <ul> ... </ul> delimits list.

The <PRE> tag generates text in a fixed width font and causes spaces,
new lines and tabs to be significant. Often used for program listings.
Example:

• <li> indicates list items.
• Closed with </li>.

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For Example:

<ol>
<li> apples.</li>
<li> bananas.</li>
</ol>

<pre>
This is preformatted

text.

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New lines, spaces etc. are
significant.
</pre>
which looks like this when viewed through a browser:


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In-Line Images

In-Line Image Example Pixel Size
HTML:

All browsers can display in-line images that are in JPEG or GIF format.


An image mixed in with text 

• Use the img tag with src attribute to include an image in you HTML page:
<img src=image link>

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where image link is the the relative, absolute or remote URL link of the image
file.

<img src="niagara.jpg" align=middle
width = 300 height = 200
alt="Niagara Falls">


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• Include alt=‘‘replacement’’ attribute for browsers that may not be set to

display graphics, where replacement is a meaningful short text description.

– Some people preserve Bandwidth/ Download time by turning off image
display in a browser
– If image is corrupted or URL is “misdirected” — perhaps some files/directories
moved.
– Lynx text only browser
– Special needs Browsers for Blind/Partially sighted people
• Images can be aligned like paragraphs.

• Images can be resized in pixel size or percentage with width and/or height

attributes.

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In-Line Image Example Percentage Size

Differences between Absolute Pixel and
Percentage Image Size?

HTML:

• Note: Only have set width here to preserve image aspect.


An image mixed in with text 

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• Pixel size fixes size of image — if window resizes too small then
scrolling will be invoked.

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• When you resize browser window always rescales image to fit

<img src="niagara.jpg" align=middle
width = 50%
alt="Niagara Falls">


window – to within a reasonable minimum size.


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External Images, Sounds, Video

Embedded (in-line) Audio, Midi and Video

External Images will be loaded into their own page as a simple
URL. The href field within the anchor tag is used.

To include Audio, MIDI and Video Elements in a web page use the
embed tag, syntax:

These are easily included by using
<a href=“image url”>link anchor</a>
<a href=“video url”>link anchor</a>
<a href=“audio url”>link anchor</a>

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<EMBED SRC="media_url"
HEIGHT=
WIDTH=
AUTOPLAY= TRUE/FLASE
LOOP= TRUE/FALSE>

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• height, width as before
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/sound_file.wav">MADE UP LINK!</a>

• autoplay = TRUE forces media to play on page load

• loop = TRUE forced media to loop continously on page

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Logical Character Tags Examples

This is emphasised Text


This is Strong Text


Example Embedded Audio, Midi and Video

Embedded Audio: 
<EMBED SRC="Shaggy.wav"
HEIGHT=50 WIDTH=200
AUTOPLAY=FLASE LOOP=FALSE>


Which looks like this when
viewed through a browser:

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Which looks like this:

Code Text looks like this: 
<code>
begin

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for i:= 1 to N
end
</code>
Variable text looks like this: 
<var>
my_var_name = 2;
</var>


Embedded Midi: 
<EMBED SRC="mars.mid"
HEIGHT=50 WIDTH=200
AUTOPLAY=FALSE LOOP=FALSE>


<dfn>
By definition
</dfn>


Embedded Video: 
<EMBED SRC="JawsII.mov"
HEIGHT=250 WIDTH=200
AUTOPLAY=TRUE LOOP=FALSE>


this the dfn logical style

Address style looks like this:
<ADDRESS>
dave@cs.cf.ac.uk Dr. A.D. Marshall
</ADDRESS>


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Citation style looks like this: 
<cite>
Internet Computing Notes, David Marshall 2003
</cite>

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Physical Character Tags Examples

Special Characters


This is bold text.


Certain characters need to be referred to in a special way.



This is italic text.


This is text is underlined.


These include:
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• Character strings that represent special symbols, e.g.
–
–
–
–

<tt>
This is fixed width text.
</tt>
<s>
This is text is struck through.
</s>

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&amp for &
&lt for <
&gt for >
&quot for double quote (“)

This is normal text.
<big>
This is bigger text.
</big>
This is normal text.

This is smaller text.

X1 is subscripted (1).
X2. the squared (2) is superscripted
Fractions can be made with a mix of sup and sub:
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Horizontal rules and Line breaks

Horizontal Rule <hr>
The <hr> has 4 attributes that may be associated with it.

There are two tags that can be used to control the layout of your
page.

• The size attribute to specify thickness of line in pixels (pixels
are individual dots displayed on the screen).

• Horizontal Rule <hr>

• Line break — inserts a end of line where it appear

For example:


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2 Pixels 
<hr size=2>
4 Pixels 
<hr size=4>
8 Pixels 
<hr size=8>
16 Pixels 
<hr size=16>

Neither have a closing tag or associated text.
Their use is fairly straightforward.

Can also add/remove shading, alter alignment and change width
e.g.
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<hr noshade align=right width=50%>

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Fonts and Font Sizes

Example uses of font tag: face and absolute size

The tag is used to change the font size and type face of text
enclosed between the begin and end tag.

Sans Serif fonts are fonts
without the small "ticks" on the strokes of the characters.


• The size attribute changes the size of the font. Allowed values
are 1 to 7.

Normal font size. Larger font size.
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– size attributes can be incremented or decrements with
+ operator within the above range.
E.g size = +2.

• The face attribute to select a type face.

font
size=2>font
size=3>font
size=4>font
size=5>font
size=6>font
size=7>font

size
size
size
size
size
size
size

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 

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looks looks like this

E.g. face = "futura,helvetica", face = ”courier”

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Web Page Backgrounds

Colour in HTML

You can do a few simple yet effective things to spice up your web
pages.

Colour is widely used in many HTML contexts.
We, brieﬂy, introduce the concept of colour in HTML here.

It is straightforward to

• Change the colour of your background.

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There are two ways to specify colour:

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• Use Hexadecimal numbers to specify each red, green and blue

• Make a (GIF or JPEG) image a background

component.

• Use one of a set of predeﬁned colour names.

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Hexadecimal Colour Representation in HTML

Example Hexadecimal Colours

Colour for each red, green and blue colour component is represented
by a range 0 (0 Hex) to 255 decimal (FF hex) where

Thus, we can form:

• 255 indicates full colour component

Green
0
255
0
255
255

Blue
0
255
0
0
0

x

x

255
0

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• Other values a proportion of a the colour value.

Red
0
255
255
0
0

x

• 0 indicates zero colour component

0
255

255
255

Colour
Black
White
Red (full)
Green (full)
Blue (full)
x = 0-255
Shade of grey
Magenta
Yellow

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and so on ...

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Predefined Colours in HTML

Setting the Background Colour of Your Browser

You can choose from predefined colours, for example:

To change the background colour you must set the BGCOLOR attribute
in the BODY tag.

Black, White, Green, Maroon, Olive, Navy, Purple, Gray, Red,
Yellow, Blue, Teal, Lime, Aqua, Fuchsia and Silver.

• Colour names are easier to remember. The only drawback is a

• To specify a hexadecimal number you must put a # before the
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restricted choice compared with several million possible colours
possible with hexadecimal representation.

number and then two hex digits for each red, green and blue
component respectively.
For example, whitehex.html:

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<BODY BGCOLOR = "#FFFFFF">

• The fidelity and ultimate rendering of colour will depend on the
hardware you run the browser on.

gives us a white background.

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Some Example Named Colour Backgrounds

Image Backgrounds

To set BGCOLOR with a predefined name simply refer to the name of
one of the allowed colours.

You can use an image as a background for your web pages.

For example, green.html:
<BODY BGCOLOR = "green">

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To do this use the BACKGROUND
attribute of the BODY tag, for
example, my back.html:

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<body background="my_back.gif">

gives us a green background.
URLs (relative or absolute) can be
supplied:
<body background=
"images/my_back.gif">
<body background=
"/server_images/my_back.gif">
<body background=
"http://www.myimageserver/my_back.gif">
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Using Image Backgrounds

Scrolled Image Backgrounds

Some precautions should be taken when using images:

Image backgrounds cane be Scroll controlled via the bgproperties
attribute of the BODY tag

• Keep the size of the images small
• Browsers tile images:

– Small images are repeated in rows and columns to fill the web
page.
– This saves on downloading overheads of large images
– Images should have patterns that “flow” between tiles
– GIF and JPEG image formats allowed

• If bgproperties="fixed" is set when (Web Page) text is
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scrolled background image remains fixed

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For example, my back fixed.html :
<body

background="my_back.jpg" bgproperties="fixed">

• Otherwise the background image also scrolls

• Browsers cache images and web pages so reuse a backgrounds

For example, my back scroll.html.

on several pages.

• Reusing a background creates a consistency to pages providing a
“web site” overall image.

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Text Colour in HTML

Multicoloured Text

You can change the colour of text on your web page in much the
same way as you set the background colour.

Setting the Text colour in the BODY still only gives one colour for all
text on a page:

• You can change the colour of all the text on page by setting the
TEXT attribute of the BODY tag.

• You can also colour individual portions of text with the 
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• For example redtexthex.html:

tag by setting the COLOR attribute.

For Example, fontcol.html:

<body text = "#FF0000">

Multicoloured text:
 

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Which gives:


This is RED text
 

or, redtext.html:
<body text = "red">


This is GREEN text
 

gives us red text on our page.

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This is Blue text
 

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The Role of CGI
The role of this CGI script is to:

CGI Scripting

• Accept the data which the user inputs and

What is a CGI Script?
A CGI script is any program that runs on a web server.

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• Do something with it.

• Usually, send a reply back to user.

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Why CGI Scripts:
CGI stands for Common Gateway Interface
CGI defines a standard way in which information may be passed
to and from the browser and server.
Figure 26: The Common Gateway Interface

Any program or script that can process information according to
the CGI specification (part of HTTP protocol) can, in theory, be used
to code a CGI script.
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Writing and Running CGI Scripts

Calling a CGI Script

CGI scripts can exist in many forms — depending upon what the
server supports.

CGI can be called and run in a variety of ways on the server.

CGI scripts can be compiled programs or batch files or any executable
entity. For simplicity we will use the term script for all CGI entities.

The 2 most common ways of running a CGI script are:
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the CGI script to be run.

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• Direct URL reference — A CGI script can be run directly by giving

Typically CGI scripts are written in:

the URL explicitly in HTML.

• Perl scripts — colorgreen The method we adopt. Most common

– Arguments (values) may be required by the script this will
have to passed in.
– We will see how to do this shortly.

too

• C/C++ programs
• Unix Scripts

One other way CGI scripts are called is in Server-side include
HTML commands.

colorred We will concentrate on Perl in this course.
CGI scripts therefore have to be written (and maybe compiled) and
checked for errors before they are run on the server.

• From an HTML Form — the ACTION attribute of the form specifies

• This is something we will leave until later.
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Creating CGI Scripts

Perl CGI Script Development Cycle

We will be creating CGI scripts in Perl.

The basic cycle of perl script development recommended for this
course is:

Perl has become the default language for creating CGI scripts as it
has many useful features and a rich set of libraries.
On Mac OS X/UNIX perl scripts are executed as scripts

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• Perl Scripts are interpreted — no need to compile

• A special program, the Perl Interpreter, supplied on the system.

1. Write and create Perl scripts on Local Machine
(Mac OS X/PC/LINUX).
2. Test, run and debug Perl script Local Machine
(Mac OS X/PC/LINUX)

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• Possibly not fully functional CGI test
• But test for syntax and basic output.

On PC (also LINUX/Solaris)

3. For permanent storage or permanent Web distribution, Samba/FTP
perl script and HTML to School’s UNIX/LINUX Web Server

• ActivePerl is used (Industry Standard)

• As with HTML home pages there are two distinct ways to
serve CGI (Local (Project) and Global (Public)) scripts.

Perl is a freely available for most platforms — see www.perl.org

• HTML ﬁles must be placed in special directories.
• Perl scripts must be place in special (sub) directories

or www.perl.com
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(cgi-bin subdirectory from HTML directory — more soon).

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Setting up CGI Scripts to run on a server

World Wide CGI Scripts on School’s Web Server

As mentioned above and in similar fashion HTML code need to located
in a special place in order to run and operate properly.

public html/cgi-bin — Files placed in this (sub)directory will
be viewable on the whole Internet.

CGI Scripts on School’s Web Server

• Use URL:
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The process of installing CGI scripts is similar to that of HTML pages,
except different (sub)directories and URLs are used.

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http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/User-bin/A.B.Surname

project html/cgi-bin — Files placed in this directory will be
accessible only within the school.

where A.B.Surname is your long email name to reference
scripts from HTML or direct URL.

• Use URL:

http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/project/A.B.Surname/cgi-bin

from HTML forms or directly.
• Associated HTML ﬁles (i.e. ones whose FORM ACTION calls
the CGI script) must still be placed in the project html
directory (one (sub)directory level above.
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Setting up cgi-bin (sub)directories

Configuring and Running Individual CGI scripts
Simply place (FTP) the CGI script in the public or
project html/cgi-bin subdirectories.

• cgi-bin (sub)directories should already be created for you.
• You will have register your project and

public html/cgi-bin directory on the School’s Web Server.

• CGI scripts placed here will need their access permission
changed.
– See more information of following slide

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Every CGI script will need to have certain access modes changed.
This can be done from Macintosh (with Fetch) or on UNIX/LINUX
(via Telnet connection).

431

CGI scripts have a maximum CPU runtime of 30 secs —
after which they are terminated.

Further information on user and project Web CGI pages at:

• User: http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/html/451 (Web) or

• Project: http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/systems/html/452 (Web) or

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Setting File Access Modes – Fetch FTP Application

Setting File Access Modes – UNIX/LINUX (via Telnet)

To set file access modes from colorgreen Fetch (just before FTP transfer):

To Set CGI file permissions from UNIX:
• Assume we have create the CGI script called test1.pl.

• Select the Set Upload
Permissions... Menu item
from the Remote Menu.

• test1.pl must reside in directory project or

public html/cgi-bin (or copy it there).

432

• To change the mode of the script to make it executable and accessible by the Web

433

server type (from your top level directory in example below):
chmod +x public_html/cgi-bin/test1.pl
touch public_html/cgi-bin/test1.pl
chmodwww public_html/cgi-bin/test1.pl

• A new window appears.

Click on and set the
Owner and Group read,
write and search/execute
permissions and set the
Everyone search/execute
permission

• If you cd into public html/cgi-bin or

project html/cgi-bin then you need not type full paths

• chmodwww test1.pl may be replaced by

chmod og+w test1.pl

You should now be able to access the script using URL:
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/user(project)/A.B.Surname/cgi-bin
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BASIC HTML PROGRAMMING

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