basic structural system in architecture

Study On Basic
Structural System
Submitted By:
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Title Page No
1. Introduction 1
2. The Relationship Of Structure To Building 2-3
3. Structural Requirements 4
4. Structural Development In Architectural History 5-8
5. Basic Structural Elements 9-10
6. Analysis Of Structural System 11
6. Wall Slab Structural System 12-21
7. Post Lintel Structural System 22-31
8. Post Slab Structural System 32-47
9. Common Feature 48
CONTENT

GROUP 03
Structure
Structure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion
Construction or framework of identifiable elements (components,
entities, factors, members, parts, steps, etc.) which gives form and
stability, and resists stresses and strains.
The basic frame work and skeleton provide for both erection
and stability of any structure consist of two portion:
1. substructure
2. superstructure
Introduction
01

GROUP 03
The simplest way of describing the function of structure is to say that it is the part of a building which
resists the loads that are imposed on it. building may be regarded as simply an envelope which encloses
and subdivides space in order to create a protected environment. The surfaces which form the envelope,
that is the walls, the floors and the roof of the building, are subjected to various types of loads.
Gravitational loads and the occupation of the building cause roof and floor structures to bend and
induce compressive internal forces in walls. Wind causes pressure and suction loads to act on all
external surfaces.
The relationship of
structure to building
external surfaces are exposed to the
climatic loads.floors are subjected to the gravitational loads
of the occupants and their effects
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GROUP 03
A building structure must be able to support two types of
load.
1. Static load.
2. Dynamic load.
Static load: Assumed to be constant in nature. Its two type.
1.Dead load
2.Live load
Dead load:
Dead loads are relatively fixed and include the weight of the
building structure itself as well as the weight of any
permanent elements with in the building such as mechanical
equipment.
Live load:
Live loads are moveable loads which may not be present all
of the time . They include the weight of a building occupants
and , furnishing as well as show loads no roof.
Dynamic load:
Can be applied to a structure suddenly and vary in magnitude
and location.
The relationship of
structure to building
Dynamic load
03

GROUP 03
Structural requirements
To perform its function of supporting a building in response to whatever loads may be applied to it, a structure
must possess four properties:
 it must be capable of achieving a state of
equilibrium.
This requires that the internal configuration of the
structure together with the means by which it is
connected to its foundations must be such that all
applied loads are balanced exactly by reactions
generated at its foundations.
 it must be geometrically stable.
Geometric stability is the property which
preserves the geometry of a structure and
allows its elements to act together to resist
load. The distinction between stability and
equilibrium is illustrated by the framework
 it must have adequate strength.
The requirement for adequate strength is
satisfied by ensuring that the levels of stress
which occur in the various elements of a
structure, when the peak loads are applied, are
within acceptable limits.
 it must have adequate rigidity.
Structural calculations allow the
and rigidity of structures to be controlled
precisely. They are preceded by an
assessment
of the load which a structure will be required
to carry.
04

GROUP 03
Time period: 6000 BC
Pre-Historic period:
Man came from cave for
hunting.
Use of timber for building
materials.
The structural system was
post and lintel type.
Materials were clay, timber
and stone.
Time period: (3000-2750) BC
Stone henge:
The massive stones that
made up the monuments of
stone henge.
Trabiated structural system.
Load is transferred from
beam to column.
Accurate structural system is
since unknown.
Structural Development in Architectural History
Time period: (3200 BC 14 AD)
Egyptian Architecture:
Huge structure to show their
power.
Use of timber beam.
Works of monolithic stone
masonry.
Columns made by single rock.
The structural system was post
lintel or post slab.
Massive walls and lintels was
supported by flat roof.
Time period: (2371-325BC)
Aesian Architecture:
Stone was rarely used as building
materials as it was not available.
Sun dried or kiln burnt bricks were
used as building materials.
Use of timber as a column and
logs as main roofing materials.
Flat timber roof was used to cover
a larger span and it allowed
columns to be slander and
graceful.
05

GROUP 03
Time period: (1700-1380)
Crete Architecture:
Structural system was post lintel ,
it was mostly flat roof which were supported by
walls constructed of stone blocks , rubbles and
mud brick with reinforced.
Time period: (1250-300)BC
West Asiatic Architecture:
Trabiated structural system.
Columns were well ornamented.
Time period: (600-30)BC
Greek Architecture:
Stone was the main construction materials
Trabiated structural system.
Stablishment of post lintel system.
Columns were used in Greek pattern.
Columns are set as vertical supporting element of
the main structure.
Acropolis: Great example of Greek Architecture.
06

GROUP 03
Time period: (300BC-365AD)
Roman Architecture:
The Architecture was that of Greek but they developed the post
and lintel system.
Structural system was post slab and post lintel.
Post lintel system developed as column are used in circular and
rectangular way.
Stability of Structure was easily ensured.
Time period: (313-800AD)
Early christian:
Handmaid rubble, concrete brick or stone were main building
materials.
Construction system was archuated and trabeated.
Time period: (330-1453AD)
Byzantine architecture:
Construction material was limestone and sand mortar.
Construction system was wall slab.
07

GROUP 03
Time period: (12th
-16th
century)
Gothic architecture:
Structural system was mainly post-lintel.
Use of tall structure.
Time period: (14th
-17th
century)
Renaissance architecture:
Symmetrical arrangement in free standing wall
and support.
The wall thickness was lessened.
It diminished equally from the center.
01
08

GROUP 03
Basic structural elements
Slabs:
Slabs generally refer to various types of floor
systems designed to support floor and sometimes
roof
loads.
Walls- Load Bearing:
Structural walls are the vertical
constructions of a building that enclose a
building. Structural
walls may also be internal partitions used
for load-bearing conditions forming part of
the
structural framing system. There are two
types of load bearing slab. Load bearing wall
slab
One Way Slab Two Way
Slab
Waffle Slab
MAIN BAR
DISTRIBUTIO
N BAR
09

GROUP 03
Beam:
Beams are typically horizontal structural
members designed to carry a load. Steel is
one of the
most common materials used for beams,
since it can withstand very heavy loads.
Column:
Are upright vertical structural members that
support
slabs, beams or trusses
10

GROUP 03
In strictly technical terms , structure may be considered as the means of translating external force into internal
loads caring mechanism in order to support and reinforce an Architectural concept.
There are basic three types of structural system
.
Analysis of Structural system:
3.Post slab structural system.
2.Post-lintel structural system
1.Wall slab structural system.
Slab
11

03
WALL SLAB
Continuous or linear support system to transfer the external loads to the ground with the help of wall and
slab. A load bearing wall is a wall that bears a load resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation
structure.
Structural Member
i.Wall ( vertical load bearing member )
•Cellular wall arrangement :
WALL SLAB STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
Vertical load bearing member
The structure consists of walls each joined to its neighbor. The external walls
form the boundaries of the building and the internal walls divide the building
into cells (rooms) making the building cellular.
Non load bearing wall
Load bearing wall
GROUP
12

GROUP 03
• Double cross wall structure:
• Simple cross wall structure
• Complex wall arrangement
If the rooms are to have effective day-lighting it will be
observed that there is a limit to the depth of building which
can be constructed on more complex system of cross
walls set parallel to both major axes of the building.
This type of structure is suitable for a hostel or hotel
building having a large number of identical rooms.
All kind of hybrids between cellular and
cross-wall arrangements are included
under the heading complex wall
arrangement
Non load bearing wall
Load bearing wall
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GROUP 03
ii. Slab ( horizontal load bearing member )
Slab
• One way slab
• Two way slab
• Waffle
For Large Span waffle slab constructed
Length / width >=2 …one way slab
Length / width <=2…two way slab
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GROUP 03
Opening
•Not more than 30% of the load bearing wall
•Continuous horizontal opening avoided
•Arch framework or lintel is used
•Opening can be made from floor to wall
•Small opening
•Opening is of trabeated or arcuate system
Load transfer method
Live load & dead load
Slab
Wall
Footing
Ground
• Load transferring system towards
ground through wall
• Load of the dome transfers with circular
planned wall according to its periphery.
• Dome supported on squinches .
First Unitarian church: Kahn Massagno; Mario Botta
15

Span
•12’-15’
•Large span of roof Is problem and it may be solved by
waffle slab
•One way slab casting : L=1.5W
GROUP 03
Position of stair
•Landing should be supported by load bearing wall
•The wall in both sides is the main structural member
• Parallel walls on two sides can also provide support.
• Arch also can provide support for stair.
•
Stair case
Waffle
Theatre and Cultural
Centre in Chambery;
Mario Botta
0606
16

GROUP 03
Punch making method
•Generally punch can not be possible.
•Only a punch is appeared on first floor with respect to four
walls around it.
•Punch can not be done 1/3 of the area of the roof
Parekh house
Cantilever
•Generally on cantilever is used
Material
•Reinforced concrete slab with wooden , brick, stone
wall
Wall position/wall thickness
•Primarily 12”at six storey level and increases 4” at every one
storey down
•For buildings not more than 3 stories or 35’ in height,
masonry walls may be 12” thick
•One stored solid masonry walls not more than 9’ high may
be 10” thick.
• Positions of walls are same.
Private house in Losone ; Mario Botta
35’
35’
4”
12”
17

GROUP 03
Cost and time
•Low rise building –this system represents economy
•Generally low cost construction
•Foundation –more shallow than other system
•Construction period –larger than any other system
Formal Expression
•Plan –no grid pattern, can be any desired shape
•Large ,unbroken plans could be expressed
•In elevation – small punches
•For large openings ,arches are provided
•Massive and bold
•Arch, dome, and vaults can be constructed in this
type of structure
•Cantilevers can expressed as planes
•Solid void relation is boldly represented
•For hot dry climate this type of structure gives extra
benefit.
•Screen wall can be added
•This type of structure lasted for thousand years.
Height
•Generally 6 storied
Twin house, Charles Correa
Bangladesh Eye Hospital , Louis I Kahn
First Unitarian Church , Louis I Kahn
18

GROUP 03
Case study : 1
Cymbalista Synagogue ; Mario Botta
Plan- No grid pattern
Section- clear referencing of load
bearing wall
Elevation- clear expression of wall
slab structure in opening
Opening- small openings
Plan
Section
Top view
Elevation
19

GROUP 03
Case study : 2
Church of Santo Volto ; Mario Botta
Brick wall is used which carries the load.
No expression continuous opening.
Solid void relationship is in pleasing condition
No grid pattern in plan
Vertical linear opening
No cantilever space.
06
20

GROUP 03
Strength
 For low storied structures this system is economical.
 Foundation is shallower than other systems, so
foundation cost is the least of all.
 This type of construction lasted for thousands of
years. The construction of Mohenjo-Daro built about
2500 B.C can be still identified
 Arches, Domes and Vaults are used in this system.
 Post does not disturb the free space.
Weakness
 Span of the area is not enough. Maximum 12’.
 Limitation of structure height 6-7 storied.
 Walls must be built over a wall.
 More time is required
 Small space over a big space is not possible.
 Continuous opening can not possible
Opportunity
 Screen wall can be used.
 Natural color can be obtained in the building surface, by
different exposed brick of different hue.
 For hot dry climate this type of structure gives extra benefit.
 Wall thickness sometimes is extra beneficial for shading.
 This system could expresses the composition of Horizontal
and vertical plane.
Threat
 This type of construction is not possible with out
good load bearing capacity of earth.
 Flexibility of massing is very small floors can
taper & up-ward.
 Dampness is also greater problem.
Wall slab structural system
21

GROUP 03
Post lintel
In Architecture post and lintel structural system is a simple construction
technique also called column and beam,
horizontal member is supported by two vertical posts at either end.
All structural opening have evolved from this.
Post-and-beam structures are either loadbearing wall structures or frame
structures.
A large range of spans is also possible depending on the types of
element which are used.
Parthenon, GREEK
COLUMN
BEAMS
22

GROUP 03
LOAD BEARING SYSTEM OF POST LINTEL
Load Dead load and Live load
Lintel
Columns
Footings
Ground
Multiple rectangular gridSingle rectangular gridMultiple square grid
Single square grid
23

GROUP 03
If Length = L Width = W, & L/W > 2
Then the slab works as a one way slab
One way slab
Two way slab
Orientation of members
RECTANGULAR PLAN RADIAL GRID For Column
For Beam
24

GROUP 03
1. An overhang where one floor extends
beyond and over a foundation wall.
2. Can be possible even more than 30-50%
(economic)
3. Span is limited,17’-22’ is economical.
Beam is proportional to span of slab.
Such as span40’ than the width40’’.
Span
Punched on the slab can be obtained without any disturbance.
L/2 L/4L/4
Punch
Not possible
possible
possible
25

GROUP 03
Stair
Wall
Wall must be placed over a beam. As wall
does not carry any load opening can be
created anywhere of the wall,100% opening
in wall surface is possible.
Stair must start with respect to a beam
26

GROUP 03
Material: R.C.C, iron, brick, timber, stone, steel
Expression:
• Post and lintel are shown as a frame work.
• Beam can be shown under or over the roof as inverted beam.
• Column and beam can be identified.
• Columns are placed along the edge line of the building.
• Building height increase for the beam to get clear space.
• Unexpected lines can be formed in elevation.
• Unexpected beam can disturb the indoor spatial qualities.
Time and cost:
Time period less than wall slab system. More costly than wall slab(30% more for low
rise than wall slab). Economical for large span building
Context:
Suitable for composite climate
27

GROUP 03
Designed by -shatotto
South 5053 Apartments
28

GROUP 03
HMC Architects designed the Willow Elementary
School, in the Los Angeles
29

GROUP 03
Disadvantage:
The biggest disadvantage to a post and lintel
construction is the limited weight that can be held up,
and the small distances required between the posts.
The tension induced by deformation of self-weight
and the load above between the posts.
Advantage
•Maximum column to column opening can be
provided easily
• Roof can be provided flat, pitch or any other shape
• Punch in slab can be provided easily
•Aesthetic framework can be done
30

GROUP 03
Post Lintel Structure System
50% cantilever system is applicable. Unexpected beam hampers interior.
Acoustic problem may occur.
Stairs must be started with the reference of beam
:
Maximum column to column opening
Any type of roof can be provided
Aesthetic framework can be done
If beam is not strong enough, where large span, huge
concentrated load may occur bending stress and
deflection.
Short span beams with large concentrated load near
the posts will occur shear stress .
Strength Weakness
Opportunity Threat
31

GROUP 03
Post slab structural system:
Members: Column , Slab
Slab_ Horizontal structural member
Post_ Vertical structural member
Classification of post slab:
A.flat plate
B. flat slab : with capital
with drop
with capital & drop
flat plate post slab flat slab with capital flat slab with drop flat slab with capital & drop
32

GROUP 03
Materials:
R . C . C , iron
Load transfer system:
The load of the slab it self and other live load transfer to the post by the slab. both
the dead load and live load which the post gets form the slab transfer to the ground
by the post.
Load slab column ground▻ ▻ ▻
slab
post
G.L.
footing
L
Middle
strip
Column
strip
33

03GROUP
Span:
effective span
horizontal distance between center points of two vertical support.
clear span
horizontal distance between internal faces of two vertical support.
Ecomonical17’-22’ effective span
clear span
Cantilever:
Floor slab in all across must be cantilevered and it will be 1/3 of the
span of the post
maximum cantilever will be 33- 50% of the span.
Position of wall:
Wall can be built freely as desired in different floors.
it is recommended to built walls on the column strips.
It is better to avoid the middle strips from first floor.
34

03GROUP
Stair position:
Stair can be created from middle strip.
Simply supported stair.
Stair can be created by using cantilever as landing.
Maison Citrohan
Le Corbusier
Opening:
Any kinds of opening of any size can be provided
Ribbon window –possible
Villa savoye; le corbusier
COTTBUS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Villa Stein-De-Monzie
Le Corbusier
35

03GROUP
Punch in slab:
in the area common to the slab middle strips.
in the area common to two column strips, not more than one-eighth the
width of the strip in either span should be interrupted by openings..
in the area common to one column strip and one middle strip, not more
than one –fourth of the re-enforcement in either strip should be interrupted
by the opening. Maison Citrohan
Le Corbusier
36

03GROUP
Wall can be built freely as desired in different floors.
it is recommended to built walls on the column strips
It is better to avoid the middle strips from first floor
Position of wall:
Johnson Wax Administration Building
Frank Loyd Wright
MRF Headquarter
Charles Correa
06
37

03GROUP
Expression:
The plan of the building of post and slab system is regular shaped and
respect strong square grid pattern.
The slab is always cantilevered from the post.
Solid void relationship is strongly achieved
Vertical reference is maintained
38

03GROUP
Massing constructed in post and slab system has an effect of floating
Continuous opening can be provided
Expression:
Advantage:
Ribbon window or large opening is a greater opportunity
Cantilever 33%_50% possible
Slabs can be cut as freely as needed
Position of enclosing wall can be changed in different floor plan
Different types of shading device can be used
Partition wall can be use as required
39

03GROUP
Villa savoya
Le corbusier
CASE STUDY:
06
40

03GROUP
Load transfer system:
slab/floor
Column
Footing
sub soil
41

03GROUP
Orientation:
Square grid pattern
42

03GROUP
Opening:
Continuous opening, ribbon window
Cantilever:
43

03GROUP
Punch in slab:
Large Punch, without disturbance of beam
44

03GROUP
Stair in the middle strip
“.......From structural view point punches in the slabs are best located
well away from the columns, preferably in the area common to the slab
middle strip. Unfortunately architectural consideration usually cause
them to be located close to the columns.”
Ground floor a band of column, and in the first floor strip of
ribbon window.
The main body of the house is limited by four similar
walls.
Solid void relationship found here.
Floating effect
Expression:
45

GROUP 03
Strength
 Economical for low storied structure
 Shallow Foundation
 Long lasting
Weakness
 Continuous ribbon window for panoramic view
is impossible.
 Wall thickness is greater than in the other two
systems.
 As for the poor opening ratio, it is not suitable
for our climatic condition.
 Small space over a big space is not possible.
 Wall must be built over a wall.
Opportunity
 Plans follow no grid pattern; it can be of any desired shape.
 Large, unbroken plans could be formed.
 Extra benefit for hot dry climate
 Wall thickness sometimes extra beneficial for shading.
 Post does not disturb the free space.
Threat
 Not usually suitable for high-rise
 Span of the area is not large enough.
 Allowable amount of cantilever is limited
 Low Flexibility of massing
Post slab structural system
46

03GROUP
Topic Wall slab Post lintel Post slab
Structural system
Load -slab-wall foundation-
ground
Load-slab-beampost-
ground
Load-slab-postground
Opening
Absence of continuous opening
-Nearly 1/3of the
total floor slab area
Can be made
hollow.
-series of openings,
ribbon
Window can be
possible.
-post makes problem in
Placing of windows
Continuous opening in
the wall
-Ribbon window
can be provided.
Wall -wall must be build
one above another
-Must be build over
the beam
-wall does not carry
any load
-opening can be any
where
Of the wall
wall can be made
anywhere
COMMON FEATURE
47

GROUP 03
A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Francis D.K. Ching
Building construction illustrated, Francis D.K. Ching
Complete works of Tadao Ando
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ILLUSTRATED,FRANCIS D.
K. CHING
VISUAL DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE, D.K CHING
Design of concrete structure 14
PHILOPHY AND DESIGN FROM ENGINEERING TO ARCHITECTURE
DESIGN OF MASONARY STRUCTURE , A.W. HENDRY, B. P.
SHINHA,S. R. DEVIS
DESIGN BASED PLLANING FOR COMMUNITIES
STHAPOTTO O NIRMAN
ARCHITECTURAL MONOGRAPHS –MIES VEN DER ROHE
Reference
48

basic structural system in architecture

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