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This chapter discusses three theories related to inflation, interest rates, and exchange rates: 1) Purchasing power parity (PPP) theory suggests that inflation differentials between countries will be offset by exchange rate changes. 2) International Fisher effect (IFE) theory suggests that higher interest rates in a country reflect higher expected inflation, so the currency of that country will depreciate. 3) Tests of these theories show they do not always hold perfectly due to other factors affecting exchange rates. However, PPP and IFE provide useful frameworks for understanding long-run relationships between macroeconomic variables.
![Impact of Inflation on an MNC’s Value
Effect of Inflation
m
n ∑
[
E ( CFj , t ) × E (ER j , t ) ]
j =1
Value = ∑
t =1 (1 + k ) t
E (CFj,t ) = expected cash flows in
currency j to be received by the U.S. parent at the
end of period t
E (ERj,t ) = expected exchange rate at
which currency j can be converted to dollars at
the end of period t
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Basic08
- 1. Chapter 8 Relationships Between Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates South-Western/Thomson Learning © 2003
- 2. Chapter Objectives • To explain the theories of purchasing power parity (PPP) and international Fisher effect (IFE), and their implications for exchange rate changes; and • To compare the PPP theory, IFE theory, and theory of interest rate parity (IRP). A8 - 2
- 3. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) • When one country’s inflation rate rises relative to that of another country, decreased exports and increased imports depress the country’s currency. • The theory of purchasing power parity (PPP) attempts to quantify this inflation - exchange rate relationship. A8 - 3
- 4. Interpretations of PPP • The absolute form of PPP, or the “law of one price,” suggests that similar products in different countries should be equally priced when measured in the same currency. • The relative form of PPP accounts for market imperfections like transportation costs, tariffs, and quotas. It states that the rate of price changes should be similar. A8 - 4
- 5. Rationale behind PPP Theory Suppose U.S. inflation > U.K. inflation. ⇒ ↑ U.S. imports from U.K. and ↓ U.S. exports to U.K., so £ appreciates. This shift in consumption and the appreciation of the £ will continue until in the U.S., priceU.K. goods ≥ priceU.S. goods, & in the U.K., priceU.S. goods ≤ priceU.K. goods. A8 - 5
- 6. Derivation of PPP • Assume home country’s price index (Ph) = foreign country’s price index (Pf) • When inflation occurs, the exchange rate will adjust to maintain PPP: Pf (1 + If ) (1 + ef ) = Ph (1 + Ih ) where Ih = inflation rate in the home country If = inflation rate in the foreign country ef = % change in the value of the foreign currency A8 - 6
- 7. Derivation of PPP • Since Ph = Pf , solving for ef gives: ef = (1 + Ih ) – 1 (1 + If ) ⇒ If Ih > If , ef > 0 (foreign currency appreciates) If Ih < If , ef < 0 (foreign currency depreciates) If Ih = 5% & If = 3%, ef = 1.05/1.03 – 1 = 1.94% ⇒From the home country perspective, both price indexes rise by 5%. A8 - 7
- 8. Simplified PPP Relationship • When the inflation differential is small, the PPP relationship can be simplified as e f ≈ Ih _ If • Suppose IU.S. = 9%, IU.K. = 5%. Then PPP suggests that e£ ≈ 4%. Then, U.K. goods will cost 5+4=9% more to U.S. consumers, while U.S. goods will cost 9-4=5% more to U.K. consumers. A8 - 8
- 9. Testing the PPP Theory Conceptual Test • Plot the actual inflation differential and exchange rate % change for two or more countries on a graph. • If the points deviate significantly from the PPP line over time, then PPP does not hold. A8 - 9
- 10. Testing the PPP Theory Statistical Test • Apply regression analysis to the historical exchange rates and inflation differentials: ef = a0 + a1 { (1+Ih)/(1+If) - 1 } + µ • The appropriate t-tests are then applied to a0 and a1, whose hypothesized values are 0 and 1 respectively. A8 - 10
- 11. Testing the PPP Theory • Empirical studies indicate that the relationship between inflation differentials and exchange rates is not perfect even in the long run. • However, the use of inflation differentials to forecast long-run movements in exchange rates is supported. A8 - 11
- 12. Why PPP Does Not Occur PPP may not occur consistently due to: confounding effects, and ¤ Exchange rates are also affected by differentials in interest rates, income levels, and risk, as well as government controls. lack of substitutes for traded goods. A8 - 12
- 13. PPP in the Long Run • PPP can be tested by assessing a “real” exchange rate over time. ¤ The real exchange rate is the actual exchange rate adjusted for inflationary effects in the two countries of concern. • If this rate reverts to some mean level over time, this would suggest that it is constant in the long run. A8 - 13
- 14. International Fisher Effect (IFE) • According to the Fisher effect, nominal risk-free interest rates contain a real rate of return and an anticipated inflation. • If the same real return is required, differentials in interest rates may be due to differentials in expected inflation. • According to PPP, exchange rate movements are caused by inflation rate differentials. A8 - 14
- 15. International Fisher Effect (IFE) • The international Fisher effect (IFE) theory suggests that currencies with higher interest rates will depreciate because the higher rates reflect higher expected inflation. • Hence, investors hoping to capitalize on a higher foreign interest rate should earn a return no better than what they would have earned domestically. A8 - 15
- 16. Derivation of the IFE • According to the IFE, E(rf ), the expected effective return on a foreign money market investment, should equal rh , the effective return on a domestic investment. • rf = (1 + if ) (1 + ef ) – 1 if = interest rate in the foreign country ef = % change in the foreign currency’s value • rh = ih = interest rate in the home country A8 - 16
- 17. Derivation of the IFE • Setting rf = rh : (1 + if ) (1 + ef ) – 1 = ih • Solving for ef : e = (1 + ih ) _ 1 f (1 + if ) ⇒ If ih > if , ef > 0 (foreign currency appreciates) If ih < if , ef < 0 (foreign currency depreciates) If ih = 8% & if = 9%, ef = 1.08/1.09 – 1 = - .92% ⇒This will make the return on the foreign A8 - 17
- 18. Derivation of the IFE • When the interest rate differential is small, the IFE relationship can be simplified as e f ≈ ih _ if • If the British rate on 6-month deposits were 2% above the U.S. interest rate, the £ should depreciate by approximately 2% over 6 months. Then U.S. investors would earn about the same return on British deposits as they would on U.S. deposits. A8 - 18
- 19. Graphic Analysis of the IFE • The point of the IFE theory is that if a firm periodically tries to capitalize on higher foreign interest rates, it will achieve a yield that is sometimes above and sometimes below the domestic yield. • On the average, the firm would achieve a yield similar to that by a corporation that makes domestic deposits only. A8 - 19
- 20. Tests of the IFE • If the actual points of interest rates and exchange rate changes are plotted over time on a graph, we can see whether the points are evenly scattered on both sides of the IFE line. • Empirical studies indicate that the IFE theory holds during some time frames. However, there is also evidence that it does not consistently hold. A8 - 20
- 21. Tests of the IFE • A statistical test can be developed by applying regression analysis to the historical exchange rates and nominal interest rate differentials: ef = a0 + a1 { (1+ih)/(1+if) – 1 } + µ • The appropriate t-tests are then applied to a0 and a1, whose hypothesized values are 0 and 1 respectively. A8 - 21
- 22. Why the IFE Does Not Occur • Since the IFE is based on PPP, it will not hold when PPP does not hold. • For example, if there are factors other than inflation that affect exchange rates, the rates will not adjust in accordance with the inflation differential. A8 - 22
- 23. Application of the IFE to the Asian Crisis • According to the IFE, the high interest rates in Southeast Asian countries before the Asian crisis should not attract foreign investment because of exchange rate expectations. • However, since some central banks were maintaining their currencies within narrow bands, some foreign investors were motivated. A8 - 23
- 24. Application of the IFE to the Asian Crisis • Unfortunately for these investors, the efforts made by the central banks to stabilize the currencies were overwhelmed by market forces. • In essence, the depreciation in the Southeast Asian currencies wiped out the high level of interest earned. A8 - 24
- 25. Impact of Inflation on an MNC’s Value Effect of Inflation m n ∑ [ E ( CFj , t ) × E (ER j , t ) ] j =1 Value = ∑ t =1 (1 + k ) t E (CFj,t ) = expected cash flows in currency j to be received by the U.S. parent at the end of period t E (ERj,t ) = expected exchange rate at which currency j can be converted to dollars at the end of period t A8 - 25
- 26. Chapter Review • Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) ¤ Interpretations of PPP ¤ Rationale behind PPP Theory ¤ Derivation of PPP ¤ Using PPP to Estimate Exchange Rate Effects ¤ Simplified PPP Relationship A8 - 26
- 27. Chapter Review • Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) … continued ¤ Testing the PPP Theory ¤ Why PPP Does Not Occur ¤ PPP in the Long Run A8 - 27
- 28. Chapter Review • International Fisher Effect (IFE) ¤ Derivation of the IFE ¤ Tests of the IFE ¤ Why the IFE does Not Occur ¤ Application of the IFE to the Asian Crisis • Impact of Foreign Inflation on the Value of the MNC A8 - 28