Basics in bioinformatics

Editor's Notes

• #2: Good morning, honorable teacher and dear audience welcome to my presentation. Basics in Bioinformatics is my presentation topic, now come to the point….
• #3: What is bioinformatics? The bioinformatics word came from two words biology and information. It’s the Application of powerful computational tools to DNA and protein sequences for the purpose of Create, organize, analyze, visualize, store, retrieve, share, and distribute biological, genomic, proteomic, clinical and biomedical information. In short it can be called the marriage between the biology and the computer science.
• #4: It’s not only includes the biology and computer science but also the chemistry, statistics.
• #5: The most prominent contributor in this field is Frederick Sanger. In 1955 he invented the DNA and protein sequencing methods. Although it’s considered that bioinformatics history was started with an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel known as the "Father of Genetics". He cross-fertilized different colors of the same species of flowers. He kept careful records of the colors of flowers that he cross-fertilized and the colors of flowers they produced. Here’s some historical milestones in bioinformatics field... Watson and crick in 1953 double helix model, 1955 protein sequencing, and in 1990 human genome project was started for ten years long project
• #6: Now I will discuss how bioinformatics work? How bioinformatics create biological information? Biological information means the information that is contained by an organisms, it’s may be two types genetic information and protein information. Genetic information contain only A T G C U contents in several arrangement. protein sequencing information contain the amino acid sequce in different arrangement. This two information are retrieved by DNA and protein sequencing in bioinformatics.
• #7: Here’s is the process, how computational tools in bioinformatics store biological information. DNA and Protein informations are stored in organized structures called databases that store biological information. Databases are mainly two type’s nucleic acid and protein databases. It’s also categorized as primary, secondary and composite databases. DDBJ- DNA databank of Japan EMBL-European Molecular Biology laboratory NCBI- National Center of Biotechnology. This three databases collaborates to from an INSDC international nucleotide sequence database collaboration. Protein databases are PIR, SWISS PROT, and TrEMBL. These databases store biological information for the future purposes.
• #8: In Bioinformatics the biological information also analyzed. Several types of analysis are found such as Comparison between two sequences. Short region of query sequence is compared with a stored sequence as local alignment, sometimes entire length of query sequence is compared with stored sequence as global alignment.
• #9: DNA to protein sequence is Also another type of bio-information analysis where identifying the protein sequence from the DNA sequence. ExPASY bioinformatics web tool convert any DNA or RNA sequences to its complementary amino acids then protein
• #10: Restriction sites are identified in any query sequence by the bio-information analysis. Sites containing (4-8 base pairs in length) which are recognized by restriction enzymes. This sites are recognized by bioinformatics web tools NEB CUTTER.
• #11: Application of computational tools for visualization such as - Proteins secondary structure visualization, PROSITE secondary databases determines the motifs in the protein sequence. Motifs are the repeated pattern present in DNA or protein which is marking something signature for specific protein family. In chau Fasman method (Chemical properties of amino acids such propensity value determine alpha helix or beta helix formation) PROSITE databases determine the alpha helix or beta sheet.
• #12: Powerful computational tools can also has an interpretative analysis of biological information. Evolutionary ties, ancestral relationship and time of divergence between two organisms is can be interpretated. Depending upon their similarity and dissimilarity by MSA (multiple sequence alignment). Two similar sequence are linked with close evolutionary relationship. Less similarity between two sequences indicates distant evolutionary relationship. MSA determine the conserved domain in the two sequence. Web tool transforms two sequences into evolutionary phylogenetic trees. Clustal W web tools performs this activities.
• #13: Drug modeled against the specific protein binding sites by the analysis of bio-information. Click2drug and CRDD web tools determines the drugs ligands for specific protein binding sites.
• #14: The specific bio-information can be recovered and retrieved by the application of computational tools.