Basics of automobile

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Basic Fundamentals of
Automobiles
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Automobile
Automobile is a vehicle driven by an internal
combustion engine and it is used for transportation of
passengers and goods on the ground. Automobile can
also be defined as a vehicle which can move by itself.
Examples : Car, jeep, bus, truck, scooter, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES
Automobiles or vehicles can be classified on different bases as
given below :
On the Basis of Load :
(a) Heavy transport vehicle (HTV) or heavy motor vehicle
(HMV),
e.g. trucks, buses, etc.
(b) Light transport vehicle (LTV)
e.g. pickup, station wagon, etc.
(c) Light motor vehicle (LMV),
e.g. cars, jeeps, etc.

On the Basis of Wheels :
(a) Two wheeler vehicle,
for example : Scooter, motorcycle, scooty, etc.
(b) Three wheeler vehicle,
for example : Auto rickshaw, three wheeler scooter and tempo,
etc.
(c) Four wheeler vehicle,
for example : Car, jeep, trucks, buses, etc.
(d) Six wheeler vehicle,
for example : Big trucks with two gear axles each having four
wheels

On the Basis of Fuel Used
(a) Petrol vehicle,
e.g. motorcycle, scooter, cars, etc.
(b) Diesel vehicle,
e.g. trucks, buses, etc.
(c) Electric vehicle,
e.g. battery drive
(d) Steam vehicle,
e.g. an engine which uses steam.
(e) Gas vehicle,
e.g. LPG and CNG vehicles, where LPG is liquefied petroleum
gas and CNG is compressed natural gas.

On the Basis of Body
On the basis of body, the vehicles are classified as :
(a) Sedan with two doors
(b) Sedan with four doors
(c) Station wagon
(d) Convertible, e.g. jeep, etc.
(e) Van
(f) Special purpose vehicle,
e.g. ambulance, milk van, etc.

Body Style
 Saloon/Sedan Esteem, City, Ikon, SX4, Verna, Camry etc.
 Station Wagon/Estate Tata Estate
 Roadster
 Coupe Maruti Zen
 Hatchback/notchback Palio, Indica, Zen
 Cabriolet Sand storm (san motors)
 Tall Boy Santro
 Van Omni
 MUV Tavera, Innova
 SUV Tata Safari
 Pick up Vehicle Tata mobile
 Bus/Trucks Tata, Ashok Leyland, AMW

Know about Car
LXi LDi
VXi VDi
ZXi ZDi
ZXi+ ZDi+
CRDI
TDI
?

Xi – Petrol Car
Di – Diesel Car
L – Base Model
V – Full option Model
Z – Added features
CRDI – Common Rail Direct Injection
TDI - Turbocharged Direct Injection

LP - Long Platform or full forward control
LPO - Long platform overhang
LPK - Long platform Tipper (Kipper)
LPT - Long platform Truck
S - Semi tractor trailer
LP1613/62 ?
Volume of engine ?

Position of Engine
Engine in Front :
Most of the vehicles have engine in the front.
Example : most of the cars, buses, trucks in India.
Engine in the Rear Side:
Very few vehicles have engine located in the rear.
Example : Nano car.

Chassis Type:
1) Conventional (engine in front of driver)
2) Full forward (engine with driver)
3) Semi Forward (engine half in front and half with
driver)

TYRE
ENGINE GEAR BOX
DIFFERENTIAL
TYRE
BRAKE
BRKA E
TYRE
TYRE
BRAKE
BRKA E
CLUTCH
PROPELLOR
SHAFT - REAR
STEERING
SUSPENSION
ANATOMY OF AN AUTOMOBILE
(REAR WHEEL DRIVE - 2WD)
WHEEL BASE
WHEELTRACK

TYRE
ENGINE GEAR BOX
DIFFERENTIAL
TYRE
BRAKE
BRAKE
TYRE
TYRE
BRAKE
BRKA E
CLUTCH
PROPELLOR
SHAFT - REAR
TRANSFER
CASE - 4WD
DIFFERENTIAL
4WD
SUSPENSION
(FOUR WHEEL DRIVE)
STEERING
WHEEL BASE
WHEELTRACK
PROPELLOR
SHAFT - FRONT

TYRE
ENGINE
TYRE
BRAKE
BRKA E
TYRE
TYRE
BRAKE
BRKA E
STEERING
SUSPENSION
WHEEL BASE
WHEELTRACK
TRANSAXLE
CLUTCH
(FRONT WHEEL DRIVE)
DRIVESHAFTS

A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE

TYRE
ENGINE GEAR BOX
DIFFERENTIAL
TYRE
BRAKE
BRAKE
TYRE
TYRE
BRAKE
BRKA E
CLUTCH
PROPELLOR
SHAFT - REAR
STEERING
TRANSFER
CASE - 4WD
DIFFERENTIAL
4WD
SUSPENSION
ANATOMY OF AN AUTOMOBILE - POWER PLANT
WHEEL BASE
WHEELTRACK
PROPELLOR
SHAFT - FRONT

ENGINE
ENGINE IS THE HEART OF THE AUTOMOBILE
•IT GENERATES MOTIVE POWER FOR LOCOMOTION
•IT CONVERTS CHEMICAL ENERGY OF THE FUEL TO
MECHANICAL ENERGY
• ENGINE DEVELOPS POWER & TORQUE
TORQUE : - Is the capacity to do work
Measured in Kg-m , N-m , Lb-ft
POWER : - How fast the work can be done
Measured in - Horse Power, Kilo watt

CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINES
ENGINES CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN MANY WAYS :
1.By Mechanical construction - 4 Stroke/2-Stroke
2.By type of Ignition - Compression Ignition/Spark Ignition
COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES
• Basically Diesel engines
• Use diesel fuel
• Combustion is initiated by heat, on its own
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
• Basically Petrol engines, LPG engines, CNG engines
• Use leaded or unleaded petrol, Alcohol, LPG or CNG
• Combustion is initiated by a spark from a spark plug

DIESEL ENGINE
DIESEL ENGIENS ARE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES & USE DIESEL FUEL
DIESEL ENGINES ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS DIRECT INJECTION (DI) AND
INDIRECT INJECTION (IDI)
DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE (DI)
ON DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES, FUEL IS SPRAYED DIRECTLY ON TOP OF
THE PISTON.
• Highly fuel efficient
• Noisy
• Easy cold starting ability
INDIRECT INJECTION ENGINE
ON INDIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES, FUEL IS SPRAYED ON TO A SEPERATE
PRE-CHAMBER.
• Less fuel efficient
• Less Noisy/smoother
• Requires pre-heating for starting

PETROL/CNG/LPG ENGINES
PETROL ENGINES ARE SPARK IGNITION ENGINES & USE GASOLINE/CNG/LPG FUEL
PETROL ENGINES ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS CARBURATED AND FUEL
INJECTED ENGINE
CARBURETED ENGINE
ON CARBURETED ENGINE , THE PETROL & AIR ARE MIXED IN THE CARBURETER
BEFORE BEING SENT IN TO THE ENGINE
FUEL INJECTED ENGINE
ON FUEL INJECTED ENGINES, THE PETROL IS INJECTED SEPERATELY AND THE
PETROL AND AIR ARE MIXED INSIDE THE CYLINDER.
FUEL INJECTED ENGINES CAN BE FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS :
SINGLE/MULTI POINT FUEL INJECTION, Where the fuel is injected outside the cylinder
GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION (GDI) , Where the fuel is injected directly in to the engine
cylinder

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
RECIPROCATING ROTARY
SPARK IGNITION
(GASOLINE/LPG/CNG)
COMPRESSION IGNITION
(DIESEL)
GAS TURBINE
INDIRECT INJECTION
• XD3P
• XDP 4.90
• SD 25
DIRECT INJECTION
• MDI 3200
• SZ 2600 (SCORPIO)
• NEF NA (LOADKING)
• SIMPSON S4
• GREAVES
MULTI POINT INJECTION
• RENAULT F4R
• ISUZU
CARBURETED
• F4-134
• P 2150
• P2150 CNG
SINGLE POINT INJECTION
4STROKE 2STROKE

ENGINEFUEL
C
O
O
L
I
N
G
E
X
H
A
U
S
T
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY =
%
OUTPUT
INPUT
100%
33%
33%
WORK
33%
TYPICAL EFFICIENCIES
PETROL - 25%
DIESEL IDI - 28-30%
DIESEL DI - 32-33%
INPUT OUTPUT

FUEL EFFICIENCY
(FUEL CONSUMPTION)
FUEL EFFICIENCY IS A COMBINATION OF ENGINE EFFICIENCY,
VEHICLE PARAMTERS & DRIVING PATTERN
ENGINE EFFICIENCY
+
TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY
(CLUTCH+GEARBOX+DIFFERENTIAL+ WHEELS + TYRES)
+
WEIGHT/LOAD/SPEED
+
AERODYNAMIC PARAMETERS
(DRAG - BODY SHAPE)
+
DRIVING PATTERN
(DRIVING STYLE & TRAFFIC CONDITIONS)
FUEL EFFICIENCY - Kms/Lit OR Lit/100 Kms

ENGINE PARAMETERS
STROKE, mm
BORE,mm
CYLINDER CAPACITY,cc
ENGINE CAPACITY, cc = CYL. CAPACITY X No OF CYL
UNITS - cc - Cubic centimeter
- Lit - Liters = cc/1000
CLEARANCE VOLUME

ENGINE PARAMETERS
BORE, mm : The diameter of the cylinder
STROKE, mm : The distance between top most point of piston travel to the
bottommost point of piston movement
CAPACITY, cc : Also called displacement. The volume displaced by all
pistons while moving from top to bottom. Also indicated in Liters.
CLEARANCE VOLUME : The volume available above piston, with the
piston in top most point.
COMPRESSION RATIO : The ratio between the total volume to the
clearance volume.
VALVE MECHANISM : The mechanism by which the valves are
operated. It could be push rod type or overhead camshaft type
TIMING SYSTEM : The mechanism by which the camshaft & fuel
injection pump are operated . It could be gear driven, chain driven or
belt driven.

VALVE OPERATING MECHANISM
(NO. OF VALVES PER CYLINDER)
E I
II
E E
I I
2 VALVES/CYL
• ALL M&M MODELS
E
3 VALVES/CYL
4 VALVES/CYL
• SCORPIO PETROL
I
E
2 VALVES/CYL

CYL
BLOCK
CYL H ADE
CRANKSHAFT
CAMSHAFT
ROCKER ARM
PUSHROD
TAPPET
ROCKER SHAFT
FUEL PUMP
PUSH ROD ENGINE
• XD3P
• XDP4.90
• SZ 2600
• MDI 3200
• SIMPSON S4
• GREAVES
(CAMSHAFT LOCATIONS)
CYL
BLOCK
CYL HEAD
CAMSHAFT
ROCKER ARM
ROCKER SHAFT
VALVE
HYDRAULIC
TAPPET
OVERHEAD CAM ENGINE
CYL
BLOCK
YC L HE DA
DOHC
• RENAULT F4R
SOHC

SINGLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (SOHC)
E I E I E I E I
E E
I I
E E
I I
E E
I I
E E
I I
2 VALVES/CYL , SOHC - VALVES OPERATED EITHER DIRECTLY OR THROUGH
ROCKERS
4 VALVES/CYL , SOHC - VALVES OPERATED THROUGH ROCKERS

DOUBLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (DOHC)
E E E E E E E
E
I I I I I I I I
4 VALVES/CYL , DOHC - VALVES OPERATED EITHER DIRECTLY OR THROUGH
ROCKERS

TIMING MECHANISM
CYL HEAD
CAMSHAFT FUEL PUMP
IDLER
CRANKSHAFT
CYL HEAD
GEAR DRIVE ENGINE
• XDP4.90
• SZ 2600
GEAR DRIVE ENGINE
• MDI 3200
CYL HEAD
CHAIN DRIVE ENGINE
• XD 3P
• SZ 2600
BELT DRIVE ENGINE
• RENAULT F4R
CYL HEAD

ENGINE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
FOR THE ENGINE TO FUNCTION, IT REQUIRES SUPPORT SYSTEMS.
THE MAJOR SUPPORT SYSTEMS OF AN ENGINE ARE :
FUEL SYSTEM
INTAKE SYSTEM
EXHAUST SYSTEM
COOLING SYSTEM

FUEL SYSTEM
•FUEL SYSTEM IS THE HEART OF THE ENGINE
•IT TRANSPORTS FUEL FROM THE FUEL TANK AND INJECTS IT UNDER
HIGH PRESSURE IN TO THE ENGINE
•FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM IS A HIGH PRECISION, HIGH TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCT
•FUEL INJECTION PUMPS ARE OF 2 TYPES - INLINE PUMP & ROTARY
PUMP
•IN INDIA, MICO & DELPHI-TVS MANUFACTURES FUEL INJECTION
SYSTEM
• COMPONENTS OF FUEL SYSTEM ARE :
• FUEL INJECTION PUMP(FIP)
• FUEL TRANSFER PUMP
• FUEL INJECTORS
• FUEL FILTERS
• FUEL LINES

ENGINE
FUEL SYSTEM
ENGINE
FIP
INLINE PUMP
MICO
TRANSFER PUMP
PRIMER
FUEL TANK
FIP
ROTARY PUMP
MICO/DELPHI-TVS
OVERFLOW
FUEL TANK
INJECTOR
SUPPLY
FUEL FILTER

FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1. FUEL INJECTION PUMP - Fuel injection pump sucks fuel from the
tank , pressurises the fuel to approx. 600 - 1000 bar and sends it to
the injectors.
•Inline FIP - Has separate pumping chambers for each cylinder
•Rotary FIP(Distributor pump) - Has one pumping chamber and the
pump distributes to each cylinder as per sequence- firing order
2.INJECTORS - Inject the high pressure fuel in to each cylinder.
3.FUEL FILTER - Filters the fuel from dirt & sediments, since the Fuel
injection pump requires clean fuel.

INTAKE SYSTEM
INTAKE SYSTEM CLEANS & TRANSPORTS ATMOSPHERIC AIR
TO THE ENGINE CYLINDERS
NA ENGINE - NATURALLY ASPIRATED ENGINE - The air is
transported to the engine cylinder , at atmospheric pressure
TURBO ENGINE - TURBO CHARGED ENGINE - The air is
compressed and transported to engine cylinder, at higher than
atmospheric pressure.
COMPONENTS OF THE INTAKE SYSTEM
• AIR FILTER
• TURBO CHARGER
• INTERCOOLER
• AIR FILTER CLOGGING INDICATOR
• HOSES

INTAKE SYSTEM
ENGINE
AIR FILTER
NATURALLY ASPIRATED ENGINE
• MDI 3200
• XDP 490
• XD 3P
CLOGGING INDICATOR
EXHAUST

INTAKE SYSTEM
ENGINE
AIR FILTER
TURBO CHARGED/INTERCOOLED ENGINE
• SZ 2600
INTERCOOLER
CLOGGING INDICATOR
TURBOCHARGER
EXHAUST
AIR AT ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
HOT COMPRESSED AIR
COOL COMPRESSED AIR

INTAKE SYSTEM
1.AIR FILTER - The purpose of the air filter is to clean the atmospheric air
of dirt & dust before entering the engine cylinder. Air filters needs to
cleaned regularly and replaced at recommended intervals.
2.CLOGGING INDICATOR - Clogging indicator indicates the condition of
the air filter as to whether is clean or choked.
A visible RED band in the indicator indicates choked air filter

INTAKE SYSTEM
3. TURBOCHARGER - The turbo charger utilizes the wasted heat energy
in the exhaust system, to run a compressor which compresses the intake
air. Compressed intake air has more density and hence more fuel can be
injected increasing the power of the engine.
Turbo charging is an ideal way to increase the engine power without
increasing the engine size.
For trouble free performance of turbocharger a clean air filter element is a
must.
A turbo charger spins at very high speed (~ 1.6 Lakh RPM). The turbo
charger is lubricated by engine oil. If the engine is switched off abruptly ,
the oil supply to turbo bearing stops instantly. Since the turbine is
running at very high speeds, it takes some time to wind down. During this
time the turbine bearing can be starved off oil.
Hence it is recommended to idle the engine for some time before shutting
off the engine.

INTAKE SYSTEM
HOT COMPRESSED AIR COOL COMPRESSED AIRINTERCOOLER
4. INTERCOOLER - When the atmospheric air is compressed by the
compressor in the turbocharger, the temperature of the air increases. The
temperature of the air needs to be reduced before it enters the engine
cylinder. The hot compressed air is passed through a intercooler to
reduce the temperature.
Intercooler is a heat exchanger where the hot compressed air flows on
the inside and cool atmospheric air flows on the outside leading to
cooling of the compressed air
ATM
AIR

EXHAUST SYSTEM
EXHAUST SYSTEM TRANSPORTS THE BURNED EXHAUST
GASES FROM ENGINE CYLINDER TO THE ATMOSPHERE,
TOWARDS THE REAR OR TO THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE VEHICLE.
Since the exhaust gases are at higher pressure than atmospheric
pressure, the exhaust system has to reduce the pressure of
exhaust gases so that there is no noise on discharge to
atmosphere.
Catalytic converter (if fitted) reduces harmful pollutants in the
exhaust gases to un-harmful gases.
COMPONENTS OF EXHAUST SYSTEM
• SILENCER/MUFFLER/EXPANSION CHAMBER
• CATALYTIC CONVERTER
• OXYGEN SENSOR (PETROL VEHICLES)

EXHAUST SYSTEM
ENGINE
INTERCOOLER
CLOGGING INDICATOR
AIR FILTER
TURBOCHARGER
EXHAUST
UPSTREAM
OXYGEN
SENSOR
(PETROL)
DOWNSTREAM
OXYGEN
SENSOR
(PETROL)
CATALYTIC
CONVERTER
SILENCER
MUFFLER
TO ATMOSPHERE

EXHAUST SYSTEM
1.SILENCER/MUFFLER/EXPANSION CHAMBER - Silencers are separate
chambers fitted on the exhaust system fitted with baffles on the inside. The
silencer reduces the pressure of the exhaust gases progressively and lets
out the exhaust gases to atmosphere at atmospheric pressures.
2.CATALYTIC CONVERTER - Catalytic converters are emission control
devices fitted on the exhaust system. Catalytic converters convert harmful
exhaust gases to un-harmful gases. Catalytic converters are coated with
noble metals like Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium on the inside.
Catalytic converters are of 2 types, namely :
A.OXIDATION CATALYST - Fitted on diesel engines. Converts CO, HC to
CO2 and H20.
B.THREE WAY CATALYST - Fitted on Petrol engines. Converts CO, HC &
NOx to CO2 , H20 & N2.

COOLING SYSTEM
COOLING SYSTEM REMOVES THE EXCESSIVE HEAT OF
COMBUSTION FROM THE ENGINE.
Cooling system circulates coolant (Combination of water and a
chemical) through the engine components which absorbs the heat
and transfers the heat to the atmospheric air through a heat
exchanger.
COMPONENTS OF THE COOLING SYSTEM
• WATER PUMP
• THERMOSTAT
• COOLING FAN
• OIL COOLER
• RADIATOR
• RADIATOR PRESSURE CAP
• COOLANT RECOVERY TANK/DEGASSING TANK
• DRIVE BELTS

COOLING SYSTEM
ENGINE
RADIATOR PRESSURE CAP
RADIATOR
WATER PUMP
THERMOSTAT
OIL COOLER
BASIC SYSTEM
COOLING
FAN
AIR

ENGINE
COOLING SYSTEM
RADIATOR PRESSURE CAP
RADIATOR
WATER PUMP
THERMOSTAT
OIL COOLER
COOLANT RECOVERY SYSTEM
(No Loss System)
• SCORPIO DIESEL
• ALL UV MODELS
COOLING
FAN
AIR
COOLANT
RECOVERY
TANK

COOLING SYSTEM
ENGINE
WATER PUMP
RADIATOR
OIL COOLER
DEGASSING TANK SYSTEM
(No Loss System & Degassing)
• BOLERO
• SCORPIO PETROL
COOLING
FAN
THERMOSTAT
AIR
DEGASSING
TANK
PRESSURE CAP
MAX
GASES

COOLING SYSTEM
1.WATER PUMP - Water pump sucks water from the radiator bottom tank
and pushes the water in to the engine block/cylinder head. Water pump is
driven by the engine crankshaft by a belt (in some cases it may be gear
driven)
2.THERMOSTAT - Thermostat is a temperature sensitive valve fitted on the
outlet of the engine. The thermostat will open only when the predetermined
temperature (75-90 C) is reached. Thermostat ensures that a cold engine
warms up faster and also ensures engine runs at optimum temperature for
best fuel efficiency.
2.RADIATOR - Radiator is a heat exchanger. The hot coolant (water) from
engine enters to the top tank of the radiator and passes through the core to
the bottom tank of the radiator. Cool atmospheric air is drawn over the core
by the cooling fan, leading to cooling of the radiator water. Radiators can be
of :
Down Flow type - Water passes from top tank to bottom tank in a downward
direction.
Cross Flow type - Water passes from left to right across the radiator.
Radiators can be made of Copper or Aluminum

COOLING SYSTEM
4. RADIATOR PRESSURE CAP - Water normally starts boiling at 100 deg C.
In order to increase the boiling temperature of water, the cooling system is
pressurized. The Radiator pressure cap is set at 0.9 Bar so that the cooling
system operates under a pressure of 1.9 Bar. When the pressure exceeds
1.9 Bar, the pressure valve opens and lets out the excessive pressure along
with some coolant. When the engine cools down , the vacuum valve opens
and let in air so that the radiator does not collapse inwards due to vacuum.
5. COOLING FAN - Cooling fan sucks in fresh cool air through the radiator,
thus cooling the hot water. Cooling fan can be of 3 types based on how it is
driven & controlled.
MECHANICAL FAN - Is driven by the engine crankshaft by a belt. Cooling fan speed is
dependent on engine speed.
VISCOUS FAN(Scorpio - Diesel) - Is driven by the engine by a belt. However, the
speed of the fan is controlled by a viscous clutch based on the radiator temperature.
ELECTRIC FAN(Scorpio - Petrol)- Is driven by an electric motor. The motor is
controlled by a controller based on various parameters like engine temperature,
engine speed, A/c operation etc.

COOLING SYSTEM
OIL COOLER
6. OIL COOLER - Oil cooler is a heat exchanger which uses coolant to cool
the engine oil. The hot engine oil is passed through the inside of the oil
cooler and a relatively cool coolant flows on the outside.
ENGINE
COOLANT
HOT ENGINE OIL COOLER ENGINE OIL

SAMPLE LEAFLET
MARSHAL 2000
ENGINE
TYPE
BORE/STROKE
CUBIC CAPACITY
MAX POWER
MAX TORQUE
FUEL INJ SYSTEM
COMPRESSION RATIO
WEIGHT
COOLING SYSTEM
: MDI 3200 L ; DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL
: 4 STROKE, 4 CYLINDER, INLINE
: 88.9 mm/101.6 mm
: 2523 cc
: 58 HP @ 3200 RPM
: 16.55 Kg-m @ 1500 RPM
: INLINE
: 18 : 1
: 260 Kg
: BELT DRIVEN PUMP ON CYLINDER HEAD
THERMOSTAT CONTROLLED
Engine3.exe

TYRE
ENGINE GEAR BOX
DIFFERENTIAL
TYRE
BRAKE
BRAKE
TYRE
TYRE
BRAKE
BRKA E
CLUTCH
PROPELLOR
SHAFT
STEERING
TRANSFER
CASE - 4WD
DIFFERENTIAL
4WD
SUSPENSION
ANATOMY OF AN AUTOMOBILE - DRIVELINE
WHEEL BASE
WHEELTRACK

DRIVELINE - POWER TRANSMISSION
POWER IS GENERATED BY THE POWER PLANT (ENGINE)
THE GENERATED POWER NEEDS TO BE MODIFIED &
TRANSMITTED TO THE WHEELS FOR VEHICLE LOCOMOTION.
DRIVELINE MODIFIES & TRANSMITS THE POWER/TORQUE TO
THE WHEELS OF THE AUTOMOBILE.
COMPONENTS OF DRIVELINE
• CLUTCH
• PROPELLOR SHAFT
• DIFFERENTIAL
• AXLE SHAFTS
• WHEELS
• TYRES

CLUTCH SYSTEM
CLUTCH IS THE CRUCIAL LINK BETWEEN THE POWER PLANT
(ENGINE) AND THE DRIVELINE
THE PURPOSE OF THE CLUTCH IS TO LINK OR DE-
LINK(ENGAGE OR DIS-ENGAGE) THE ENGINE FROM THE
DRIVELINE, AS DESIRED BY THE DRIVER
COMPONENTS OF CLUCH
• CLUTCH ACTUATION MECHANISM
• LINK TYPE
• CABLE TYPE
• HYDRAULIC TYPE
• CLUTCH CABLE
• CLUTCH MASTER CYLINDER
• CLUTCH SLAVE CYLINDER
• RELEASER BEARING
• CLUTCH PRESSURE PLATE
• CLUTCH DRIVEN PLATE

ENGINE GEAR BOX
CLUTCH ACTUATION
MECHANISM
CLUTCH
ENGAGED
ENGINE GEAR BOX
DIS-ENGAGED
CLUTCH PEDAL -PRESSED
CLUTCH SYSTEM
CLUTCH PEDAL -FREE
DE-LINKED
LINKED

CLUTCH ACTUATION MECHANISM
The clutch operating mechanism transfers the force exerted by the
driver at the clutch pedal to the clutch and either engages or
disengages the clutch.
Clutch actuation mechanism can be classified as :
1.Mechanical Clutch - Where the driver’s foot effort is transmitted
to the clutch through a set of levers and links
2.Cable Clutch - Where the driver’s foot effort is transmitted to the
clutch through a cable.
3.Hydraulic Clutch - Where the driver’s foot effort is transferred to
a hydraulic oil medium, which in turn operates the clutch through
master cylinder & slave cylinder. Pedal efforts are lower & doesnot
require clutch pedal free play adjustments.

ENGINE GEAR BOX
CLUTCH PEDAL -FREE
CLUTCH
ENGAGED
DIS-ENGAGED
CLUTCH PEDAL -PRESSED
HYDRAULIC CLUTCH SYSTEM
DE-LINKED
ENGINE GEAR BOX
MASTER CYLINDER
LINKED
RESERVOIR
SLAVE CYLINDER
CLUTCH PIPES/TUBES
RESERVOIR

HYDRAULIC CLUTCH SYSTEM
1.CLUTCH MASTER CYLINDER - Converts driver’s foot effort to
hydraulic pressure and transmits the pressure to clutch slave
cylinder
2.CLUTCH SLAVE CYLINDER - Receives the hydraulic pressure
from Clutch master cylinder and moves the clutch fork to either
disengage or engage the clutch mechanism
3.CLUTCH PIPES/TUBES - The connection between the Clutch
master cylinder and Clutch slave cylinder, transmitting the
hydraulic fluid.
4. RESERVOIR - The storage for clutch fluid

ENGINE GEAR BOX
FLYWHEEL
CLUTCH DRIVEN PLATE
CLUTCH PRESSURE PLATE
CLUTCH MECHANISM
RELEASER BEARING
ENGAGE
CLUTCH FORK
CLUTCH PEDAL FREE
CLUTCH ENGAGED

ENGINE GEAR BOX
FLYWHEEL
CLUTCH DRIVEN PLATE
CLUTCH PRESSURE PLATE
CLUTCH MECHANISM
RELEASER BEARING
DIS-ENGAGE
CLUTCH FORK
CLUTCH PEDAL PRESSED
CLUTCH DISENGAGED

CLUTCH MECHANISM
1.CLUTCH DRIVEN PLATE - Clutch pressure plate is the link
between the engine & gear box transmitting power & torque to the
driveline. In engaged condition, the clutch plate is sandwiched
between the engine flywheel & the Clutch pressure plate.
2.CLUTCH PRESSURE PLATE - Clutch pressure plate ensures that
the clutch plate is clamped tightly to the flywheel in engaged
condition and releases the clutch plate from flywheel in dis-
engaged condition. The drivers’ foot effort is transmitted to the
clutch pressure plate through the actuation mechanism and the
releaser bearing.
3.RELEASER BEARING
4.CLUTCH FORK

SAMPLE LEAFLET
MARSHAL 2000
CLUTCH : MECHANICALLY ACTUATED, SINGLE DRY PLATE
23.5 cm DIA
Clutch2.exe

GEAR BOX
(TRANSMISSION)
GEAR BOX MODIFIES & TRANSMITS THE TORQUE OF THE ENGINE
TO THE DRIVE LINE.
THE AMOUNT OF MODIFICATION OF TORQUE REQUIRED IS
DECIDED BY THE DRIVER AND IS ACTUATED BY A GEAR LEVER
WHICH SELECTS A REQUIRED GEAR RATIO.
COMPONENTS OF GEAR BOX
• GEAR BOX
• GEAR SELECTION LEVER

GEAR BOX
(TRANSMISSION)
GEAR BOXES ARE CLASSIFIED AS :
• STEPPED TRANSMISSION
• STEPLESS TRANSMISSION (USED MOSTLY IN 2 WHEELERS)
STEPPED TRANSMISSION ARE GEAR BOXES WHICH HAS
DEFINED STEPS OR GEAR RATIOS. THE NUMBER OF STEPS CAN
BE 3 , 4 OR 5.
STEPPED TRANSMISSIONS CAN BE FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS
MANUAL TRANSMISSION WHERE THE REQUIRED STEP OR GEAR
IS SELECTED BY THE DRIVER, AS PER THE DRIVING
REQUIREMENT
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION WHERE THE STEP OR GEAR RATIO
IS AUTOMATICALLY SELECTED, AS DECIDED BY A ECU BASED
ON INFORMATION FROM VARIOUS SENSORS

GEAR BOX
FIRSTGEAR
SECONDGEAR
THIRDGEAR
FIFTHGEAR
COUNTER SHAFT
GEAR LEVER
(MANUAL TRANSMISSION)
SHIFT RAILS
MAIN SHAFT
FOURTH GEAR
SYNCHRONISER
FROM CLUTCH
TO PROP SHAFT
REVERSE GEAR NOT SHOWN

GEAR BOX
GEAR RATIO - Gear ratios are gear reduction steps in the gear
box. A gear reduction multiplies the engine torque by the gear
ratio amount. Torque requirement at the wheel depends
operating conditions. For example :
To move a vehicle from standstill requires much more torque than
the peak torque of the engine. Hence the torque is multiplied by
the first gear ratio.
Once the vehicle is started and moved using first gear, it requires
less torque at the wheels to keep it moving. Hence it requires no
multiplication or very less multiplication.
If the vehicle suddenly encounters a gradient , it will require more
torque at the wheels to keep the vehicle moving. Hence a
intermediate ratio is required.

GEAR BOX
2 R4
1 3 5 1
2 R4
5 SPEED TRANSMISSION
• BA10
• NISSAN
• ISUZU
4 SPEED TRANSMISSION
• KMT 90
• MS 90
GEAR SELECTION
GEAR CHANGE MECHANISM(EXTERNAL) - A desired gear ratio
can be selected by the driver by selecting and shifting the gear
lever
GEAR SHIFTING
3

GEAR BOX
GEAR CHANGE MECHANISM(INTERNAL) - The desired gear ratio
selected by the driver is transmitted through the gear lever, set of
shift rails to the gears located inside the gear box.
The gear shifting mechanism inside the gear box can be broadly
classified as :
SLIDING MESH - In which , the gears needs to be moved physically in
to mesh with the corresponding gear. This requires that the vehicle is
stationary when the gears are shifted, Hence sliding mesh is obsolete
and is used only in First Gear or Reverse gear.
CONSTANT MESH - In which, all the gears are in constant mesh and
the required gear engagement is achieved by operating a
synchroniser mechanism. Synchronisation mechanism can be
classified as :
Manual Synchronisation - As in Leyland trucks - Double de-clutching
Automatic Synchronisation - Single stroke shifting

GEAR BOX
SYNCHRONISER MECHANISM - In order to avoid gears crashing,
when shifting from one gear ratio to another, it is required to match
the speeds of both the drive & the driven gears, before the shifting
can happen.
Synchroniser mechanism does the job of synchronising the speeds
of the drive & driven gear so that shifting takes place smoothly.
All forward gears (except First) need to have synchronisers
Synchroniser mechanism are of different designs :
Strut type - As in KMT 90 gear box/Isuzu Gear box
Pin Type - As in BA10 gear box

SAMPLE LEAFLET
MARSHAL 2000
TRANSMISSION : 4 SPEED, 2nd, 3rd & 4th Synchromesh
1st GEAR - 3.986 : 1
2nd GEAR - 2.368 : 1
3rd GEAR - 1.473 : 1
4th GEAR - 1.000 : 1
REVERSE - 5.315 : 1
Driveline_gear.exe

TRANSFER CASE
TRANSFER CASES ARE FITTED ONLY IN 4WD VEHICLES
TRANSFER CASE MODIFIES & RE-DIRECTS THE TORQUE OF THE
ENGINE TO BOTH FRONT AND REAR AXLES, AS DESIRED.
4WD VEHICLES CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS :
FULL TIME 4WD - Where all the 4 wheels are connected to the
engine, permanently. Also known as All Wheel Drive(AWD)
PART TIME 4WD - Where either 2WD mode or 4WD mode can be
selected by the driver by shifting a gear lever (Manual shift)) or by
turning a switch (Electric shift)

TRANSFER CASE
M&M USES 2 TYPES OF TRANSFER CASES , NAMELY :
T-18 TRANSFER CASE - Fitted on all Utility vehicles. T-18 is 2 gear
transfer case - High gear & Low gear, mechanically shifted.
HIGH GEAR RATIO - 1 : 1
LOW GEAR RATIO - 2.46 : 1
All the gears are of sliding mesh type , hence the vehicle needs to
be brought to standstill before shifting.
BORG-WARNER TRANSFER CASE - Fitted on Scorpio & Bolero.
BW is a 2 gear transfer case - High gear & low gear, mechanically or
electrically shifted.
HIGH GEAR RATIO - 1 : 1
LOW GEAR RATIO - 2.48 : 1
Gear reduction is through planetary gear system & Chain

TRANSFER CASE
(T-18)
TO FRONT
FROM GEAR BOX
TO REAR
2WD MODE
LOW GEAR HIGH GEAR
2WD/4WD COUPLING
4WD HIGH
2WD HIGH
4WD LOW
N

TO FRONT
FROM GEAR BOX
TO REAR
TO FRONT
FROM GEAR BOX
TO REAR
4WD HIGH MODE 4WD LOW MODE
TRANSFER CASE
(T-18)
4WD HIGH
2WD HIGH
4WD LOW
N
4WD HIGH
2WD HIGH
4WD LOW
N

TO FRONT
FROM GEAR BOX
RING GEAR
PLANET GEAR
SUN GEAR
CHAIN DRIVE
2WD MODE
TO REAR
TRANSFER CASE
(BORG-WARNER)
2WD HIGH
4WD HIGH
N
4WD LOW

TO FRONT
FROM GEAR BOX
RING GEAR
PLANET GEAR
SUN GEAR
CHAIN DRIVE
4WD HIGH MODE
TO REAR
TRANSFER CASE
(BORG-WARNER)
2WD HIGH
4WD HIGH
N
4WD LOW

TO FRONT
FROM GEAR BOX
RING GEAR
PLANET GEAR
SUN GEAR
CHAIN DRIVE
4WD LOW MODE
TO REAR
TRANSFER CASE
(BORG-WARNER)
2WD HIGH
4WD HIGH
N
4WD LOW

SAMPLE LEAFLET
MARSHAL 2000
TRANSFER CASE : TWO SPEED GEAR REDUCTION
SINGLE SHIFT LEVER
SPEED RATIO : HIGH - 1 : 1 , LOW 2.46 : 1

PROPELLOR SHAFT
PROPOELLOR SHAFT TRANSMITS THE ENGINE TORQUE FROM
THE GEAR BOX/TRANSFER CASE TO THE DIFFERENTIAL.
PROPELLOR SHAFTS CAN BE EITHER :
SINGLE PROPELLOR SHAFT
SPLIT PROPELLOR SHAFT

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL RECEIVES TORQUE FROM THE GEAR BOX,
MODIFIES AND TRANSMITS IT TO THE WHEELS, IN A
PERPENDICULAR DIRECTION.
DIFFERENTIAL ALSO ALLOWS EACH WHEEL TO ROTATE AT
DIFFERENT SPEEDS, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE VEHICLE TAKES A
TURN
COMPONENTS OF DIFFERENTIAL
• CROWN WHEEL /PINION (REAR AXLE RATIO)
• DIFFERENTIAL GEARS

DIFFERENTIAL
LEFT RIGHT
PINION
CROWN/
RING GEAR
AXLE SHAFT SUN GEAR
PLANET PINION
DIFFERENTIAL CAGE
TORQUE FROM GEAR BOX

DIFFERENTIAL
1.CROWN WHEEL/PINION - Also known as rear axle ratio, is fixed
gear reduction at the rear axle. Crown wheel/pinion receives the
torque from gear box (through propeller shaft) , multiplies the
torque and directs it to both wheels in a perpendicular direction,
through the differential. Crown & Pinion pair is known as Hypoid
pair.
2.DIFFERENTIAL MECHANISM - Equalises the torque between both
wheels. Allows both wheels to rotate at different speeds to avoid
tyre slippage during cornering. Due to the feature of “torque
equalisation” , if one tyre is stuck in soft ground.mud, the other tyre
will not rotate.
3.AXLE SHAFTS - Carries the torque from the differential to the
wheels.

WHEELS
WHEELS CARRY THE LOAD OF THE VEHICLE & TRANSMIT THE
TORQUE TO THE TYRES
WHEELS ARE SUPPORTED IN WHEEL BEARINGS
BASED ON WAY IN WHICH THE LOAD IS CARRIED AND THE
TORQUE IS TRANSMITTED, THE AXLE CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS :
SEMI-FLOATING AXLE - In which the vehicle load as well as the
torque are transmitted by the axle shaft
FULL FLOATING AXLE - In which the axle shaft only transmits the
drive torque to the wheels. The vehicle load is taken up by the rear
axle housing.
COMPONENTS OF WHEELS
• AXLE SHAFT
• WHEEL SPINDLE
• WHEEL BEARINGS

WHEELS
WHEEL
WHEEL BEARING
AXLE SHAFT
AXLE HOUSING
FROM DIFFERENTIAL
SEMI-FLOATING AXLE
FULL FLOATING AXLE
WHEELWHEEL BEARING
WHEEL SPINDLE
FROM DIFFERENTIAL

WHEEL RIM
DIAMETER
WHEEL RIMS ARE ATTACHED TO THE WHEEL AND CARRY THE
TYRE & TUBE AT THE OTHER END.
WHEEL RIMS ARE SPECIFIED AS :
1.WHEEL RIM DIAMETER - The diameter of the wheel rim is
specified in inches - 16”, 15” etc
2.WHEEL RIM OFFSET - It is the difference between the wheel rim
centre and the wheel rim mounting face
OFFSET

WHEEL RIM
WHEEL RIM SPECIFICATIONS
6J X 15
WHEEL RIM OFFSET
WHEEL RIM DIAMTER, in

TYRE
THE PURPOSE OF THE TYRE IS TO PROVIDE A FRICTIONAL
INTERFACE WITH THE ROAD SO THAT THE DRIVE TORQUE CAN
BE TRANSMITTED TO THE ROAD FOR VEHILCE MOTION.
TYRE ALSO SUPPORTS THE VEHICLE LOAD
TYRES ARE CLASSIFIED AS :
CROSS PLY TYRES - The inner plies run at an angle to the tyre
centre line
RADIAL PLY TYRE - The inner plies run perpendicular to the tyre
centre line. Radial tyres have low rolling resistance and hence the
fuel efficiency of the vehicle improves. Radial tyres also provide
softer ride due to the softer side walls.

TYRE
TYRE SPECIFICATIONS
TYRE WIDTH
TYRE HEIGHT
ASPECT RATIO = X 100TYRE HEIGHT
------------------
TYRE WIDTH

TYRE
TYRE SPECIFICATIONS
P 235/75 R 15
PASSENGER CAR
TYRE WIDTH , mm
ASPECT RATIO, %
RADIAL

TYRE
TYRE SPECIFICATIONS
6.00 X 16 8 PR
TYRE WIDTH , in
PLY RATING

SAMPLE LEAFLET
MARSHAL 2000
REAR AXLE : FULL FLOATING, HYPOID TYPE
CAPACITY 1700 Kg, RATIO 4.27 : 1
WHEELS : DISC TYPE, RIM SIZE 6J X 15
TYRE : P215/75 R 15,RADIAL,

RUNNING SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT GENERATES THE POWER/TORQUE
• DRIVELINE MODIFIES & TRANSMITS THE TORQUE
THE RUNNING SYSTEM CONTROLS THE VEHICLE
RUNNING SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
SUSPENSION
BRAKES
STEERING
- Provides a comfortable ride
- Allows to slow down the vehicle
- Allows to change direction of the vehicle

SUSPENSION
SUSPENSION ABSORBS ROAD SHOCKS AND PROVIDES
COMFORTABLE RIDE FOR THE PASSENGERS
SUSPENSION CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS :
RIGID SUSPENSION
INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION
COMPONENTS OF SUSPENSION
• SPRINGS
• SHOCK ABSORBER
• STABILIZER BAR

SUSPENSION
1. SPRINGS - Springs are mounted at each wheel and they absorb
the road shocks created when the vehicle travels over potholes or
speed breakers.
Springs are of various types, namely :
Leaf springs - Leaf springs are multi-layered steel plates clamped
together.
Coil springs - Coil springs are made of thick steel wires wound in a
spring form - Scorpio Front, Bolero Front
Torsion bar - Torsion bar are long steel rods of either circular or
square cross section. The springing action is generated by the
torsional forces when the torsion bar is twisted - Scorpio 4WD
Front

SUSPENSION
BUMP/REBOUND
2. SHOCK ABSORBERS - The springs absorb road shocks. While
absorbing the shock , the spring is compressed. However, due to
the characteristic of springs, the absorbed shock will be released
immediately with the rebound of the spring. Hence , the vehicle will
start oscillating after encountering a road irregularity.
The purpose of the shock absorber is to absorb the shocks when
the spring starts oscillating, thus providing a smooth ride.
Shock absorbers are of Hydraulic , double acting type or Gas filled
REBOUND VALVE
BUMP VALVEHYDRAULIC OIL

SUSPENSION
3. STABILIZER BAR - Stabilizer bars are fitted on the axles to
reduce the amount of body roll, when the vehicle is cornered.
Stabilizers bar acts as torsion bars and twist , restricting the
excessive body roll.

SUSPENSION
TYPES OF SUSPENSIONS
SUSPENSION TYPES CAN BE BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS :
RIGID SUSPENSION - In rigid suspension both the wheels in an
axle are connected by a rigid beam or a tube. Road irregularities
encountered by one wheel is partially passed on to the other wheel
SPRING
AXLE
TYRE

SUSPENSION
TYPES OF SUSPENSIONS
INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION - In independent suspension, each
wheel is mounted separately. Road irregularities encountered by
one wheel is absorbed by that wheel only.
IFS - Independent Front Suspension - Bolero , Scorpio
IRS - Independent Rear Suspension

SAMPLE LEAFLET
MARSHAL 2000
SUSPENSION FRONT : SEMI-ELLIPTICAL LEAF SPRING
REAR : SEMI-ELLIPTICAL LEAF SPRING
: HYDRAULIC , DOUBLE ACTING, TELESCOPIC
SHOCK ABSORBERS
FRONT : STABILIZER BAR
Suspension4.exe

STEERING
THE PURPOSE OF THE STEERING IS TO CHANGE THE
DIRECTION OF VEHICLE MOVEMENT, AS DESIRED BY THE
DRIVER.
STEERING SYSTEMS CAN BE :
MANUAL STEERING
POWER ASSISTED STEERING
COMPONENTS OF STEERING SYSTEM
• STEERING GEAR BOX
• STEERING WHEEL
• STEERING INNER/OUTER COLUMNS
• TIE RODS
• POWER STEERING PUMP
• POWER STEERING RESERVOIR
• POWER STEERING HOSES/PIPES

STEERING
MANUAL STEERING - In which, the driver’s muscular energy is
directly used in steering the wheels of the vehicle.
POWER ASSISTED STEERING - In which, the driver is aided by
an external power assistance, so that the efforts required at the
steering wheel is lower.
In case of failure of the source of power, the steering system
reverts to manual steering.
Power source for the steering can be :
1.Hydraulic power - Hydraulic pressure generated by a power
steering pump, driven by the engine.
2.Electric power - An electric motor driven by the vehicle
electrical system and controlled by a an ECU. Also known as
Electronic Power Steering (EPS)

STEERING
STEERING WHEEL
STEERING INTERMEDIATE COLUMN
STEERING COLUMN
STEERING GEAR BOX
TIE ROD
ENGINE
RESERVOIR
POWER STEERING PUMP
STEERING GEAR BOX
POWER ASSISTED STEERING
(HYDRAULIC)
MANUAL STEERING

STEERING
1. STEERING GEAR BOX - Steering gear box converts driver’s
effort at steering wheel (Rotary) to a linear movement at tie rods.
The tie rods are connected to the wheels which turn either left or
right.
Various types of steering gear box designs are available. The
various designs are based on the type of gear reduction used
inside the steering gear box
Worm & roller
Re-circulating Ball type (RCBT)
Rack & pinion type - Scorpio , Bolero
Steering gear can be either Manual or Power assisted

STEERING
2.STEERING WHEEL - Transmits the driver’s hand effort to the steering
gear box.
3.STEERING COLUMNS - Link between the steering wheel and the
steering gear box.
4.TIE-RODS - The connection between the steering gear box and the
wheels.
5 .POWER STEERING RESERVOIR - Holds the hydraulic steering fluid
and supplies the same to Steering pump , as and when required.

STEERING
6. POWER STEERING PUMP - Driven by engine. Generates hydraulic
pressure and directs it to the steering gear box.
Since the power steering pump is driven by the engine, the pump speed
increases as the engine speed increases. Increase in the engine speed
generates more pressure of the power steering fluid. Due to higher
steering fluid pressures, the amount of assistance also increases at
higher engine/vehicle speeds. This is not desirable as the steering
becomes softer and softer as the vehicle speed increases, leading to
difficulty in controlling the vehicle.
SPEED SENSITIVE POWER STEERING - In which a special valve
reduces the steering fluid pressure as the engine speed increases. This
is known as speed sensitive power steering.

SAMPLE LEAFLET
MARSHAL 2000
STEERING : RECIRCULATING BALL TYPE

BRAKES
THE PURPOSE OF THE BRAKES IS TO SLOW DOWN OR STOP
THE VEHICLE AS DESIRED BY THE DRIVER
BRAKE SYSTEMS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS :
HYDRAULIC BRAKES
POWER ASSISTED BRAKES
• VACUUM ASSISTED
• COMPRESSED AIR ASSISTED
AIR BRAKES (Used in heavy commercial vehicles)
COMPONENTS OF THE BRAKING SYSTEM
• TANDEM MASTER CYLINDER
• WHEEL BRAKES
• BRAKE BOOSTER
• VACUUM PUMP
• PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES (G VALVE/LSPV)
• BRAKE FLUID RESERVOIR

BRAKES
TYRE
BRAKE
TYRE
BRAKE
TYRE
BRAKE
TYRE
BRAKE
TANDEM MASTER CYLINDER
BRAKE FLUID RESERVOIR
BRAKE PIPESG-VALVE
LSPV
MANUAL HYDRAULIC BRAKE
EITHER G-VALVE OR LSPV IS FITETD

BRAKES
BRAKE SPLIT
FRONT/BACK SPLIT
• ALL M&M MODELS
X- SPLIT

BRAKES
TYRE
BRAKE
TYRE
BRAKE
TYRE
BRAKE
TYRE
BRAKE
TANDEM
MASTER
CYLINDER
BRAKE
FLUID
RESERVOIR
BRAKE PIPESG-VALVE
LSPV
POWER ASSISTED BRAKE
(VACUUM)
ENGINE
VACUUM
BOOSTER
VACUUM
PUMP

BRAKES
1. TANDEM MASTER CYLINDER - Converts driver’s foot effort to
hydraulic pressure and transmits the pressure to wheel cylinders.
The tandem master cylinder has 2 compartments for safety . Each
compartment is connected separately and independently to either
front or rear wheel brakes. Failure of one circuit (leakage) will lead
to brake failure in that particular axle. The vehicle can be brought to
stop with the working brakes in the other axle, with higher pedal
effort.

BRAKES
2. WHEEL BRAKES - Wheel brakes are fitted on each wheel.Wheel
brakes can be classified as Drum brakes & Disc brakes
DRUM BRAKES - Where a set of brake liners expand against a
brake drum leading to braking of the vehicle.The brake liners are
operated by a wheel cylinder which receives hydraulic pressure
form the tandem master cylinder.
Drum brakes are normally fitted on Front & Rear brakes
Drum brakes can be further classified as :
Simplex(HNSS) - Hydraulic Normal Shoe Sliding - Fitted at
Rear/Front
Duplex (HLSS) - Hydraulic Leading Shoe Sliding - Fitted at Front
Duo-Duplex -

BRAKE DRUM
BRAKE LINER
WHEEL CYLINDER
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER
SIMPLEX
• REAR BRAKE OF ALL MODELS
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER
DUPLEX
•FRONT BRAKE OF ALL MODELS
(Except disc brake models)
BRAKES
DRUM BRAKES

BRAKES
DRUM BRAKES
DUO- DUPLEX
• LOADKING
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER
BRAKE LINER
WHEEL CYLINDER
BRAKE DRUM

BRAKES
DISC BRAKES - Where a set of brake pads expand against a brake disc
leading to braking of the vehicle.The brake liners are operated by a
wheel cylinder which receives hydraulic pressure form the tandem
master cylinder.
Disc brakes are normally fitted on Front brakes
Disc brakes can be further classified as :
Fixed Caliper - Where there are separate wheel cylinders each for inner
& outer brake pad. (used in earth moving equipment)
Floating Caliper - Where there is only inner pad is moved by the wheel
cylinder , the outer pad is moved by the caliper.
Floating caliper brakes can be further classified as :
Single pot - Where one wheel cylinder operates the inner pad
Twin pot - Where two wheel cylinders operates the inner pad

BRAKES
DISC BRAKES - FLOATING CALIPER - SINGLE POT
BRAKE DISC
WHEEL CYLINDER
BRAKE CALIPER (MOVING)
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER
BRAKE PADS

BRAKES
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER
BRAKE DISC
WHEEL CYLINDERS
DISC BRAKES - FLOATING CALIPER - TWIN POT
BRAKE CALIPER (MOVING)
BRAKE PADS

BRAKES
DISC BRAKES - FIXED CALIPER
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER
BRAKE DISC
WHEEL CYLINDER
BRAKE CALIPER (FIXED)
BRAKE PADS
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER

BRAKES
3. BRAKE BOOSTER - Also known as Brake Servo. Brake booster is
fitted between the brake pedal and the tandem master cylinder.
Brake booster supplies additional effort to the tandem master
cylinder as soon as the brake pedal is pressed by the driver. The
additional effort is derived from the vacuum generated by the
vacuum pump. Brake pedal efforts are lower when equipped with
brake booster.
Brake boosters are specified by the diameter of the diaphragm - 9”
or 10”
In case of failure of the brake booster or loss of vacuum, the braking
system reverts to manual system. More effort will be required to
stop the vehicle.
TANDEM BOOSTER - Tandem boosters are 2 boosters of different
sizes sandwiched in to one housing.

BRAKES
MASTER CYL
VACUUM FROM
VACUUM PUMP
AIR VALVE
- CLOSED
BRAKE RELEASED
VACUUM VALVE
- CLOSED
VACUUM VALVE
- OPEN
AIR VALVE
- OPEN
VACUUM FROM
VACUUM PUMP
BRAKE PRESSED
MASTER CYL
BOOSTER
ATM AIR

BRAKES
TANDEM BOOSTER
BRAKE RELEASED
VACUUM VALVES
- OPEN
AIR VALVES
- CLOSED
MASTER CYL
VACUUM FROM
VACUUM PUMP
ATM AIR
AIR VALVES
- OPEN
VACUUM VALVES
- CLOSED
MASTER CYL
VACUUM FROM
VACUUM PUMP
BRAKE PRESSED

BRAKES
4. PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES - Pressure control valves modify
the brake fluid pressure to the rear braking circuit, under certain
conditions to avoid rear wheel locking.
When a vehicle is braked at high speeds, weight transfer happens.
The vehicle weight shifts to the front axle. There will be relatively
very less weight in the rear axles. The brake fluid pressure is same
for both front & rear axles. This will lead to “Rear Wheel Lock”
condition. A locked rear wheel will lead to vehicle instability and
skidding/Tail swing.
Pressure control valves reduce the brake fluid pressure to the rear
circuit , under these conditions. Pressure control valves are
classified as :
PCRV - Pressure Conscious Regulating Valve
DCRV - Deceleration Conscious Regulating Valve - Bolero (G-valve)
LCRV - Load Conscious Regulating Valve - Scorpio (LSPV)

BRAKES
G-VALVE - G-valve is a deceleration conscious pressure regulating
valve, fitted on the rear brake circuit. When the vehicle is braked
hard, the g-level of the deceleration is sensed by a steel ball , which
rolls forward and partially blocks the brake fluid to the rear brakes.
TYRE
BRAKE
TYRE
BRAKE
TYRE
BRAKE
TYRE
BRAKE
G-VALVE
G-Valves are fitted at a specified angle in direction of vehicle motion

BRAKES
LCRV (Load Conscious Regulating Valve) - Also known as LSPV
(Load Sensitive Pressure Valve). LCRV detects the load on the
vehicle and accordingly regulates the brake fluid pressure to the rear
brakes.
Load (fully laden or unladen) is detected by height difference
between the rear axle and the body , using levers or springs.
BODY
UNLADEN
LCRV/LSPV
SPRING
BODY
LADEN

BRAKES
5.VACUUM PUMP - Vacuum pump generates vacuum for the
brake booster. Vacuum pumps are mounted on the rear side of
the alternator and are generally driven by the engine by a belt.
Failure of the belt will lead to vacuum pump stopping functioning
leading to loss of vacuum to the booster and hard brakes.
6.BRAKE FLUID RESERVOIR - Stores brake fluid and supplies to
tandem master cylinder. Brake fluid reservoir has 2 separate
compartments for front circuit and rear circuit.

SAMPLE LEAFLET
MARSHAL 2000
BRAKES : SERVICE - HYDRAULIC WITH TANDEM
MASTER CYLINDER. VACUUM ASSISTED
SERVO BRAKES
drum_break.exe Disk_break.exe

COMFORT/CONVIENIENCE SYSTEMS
• POWER PLANT GENERATES THE POWER/TORQUE
• DRIVELINE MODIFIES & TRANSMITS THE TORQUE
• THE RUNNING SYSTEM CONTROLS THE VEHICLE
COMFORT/CONVIENIENCE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
HVAC/AC - Provides a comfortable climate inside the vehicle
ELECTRICALS - Operates a host of electrical aggregates
INSTRUMENTS - Provides information about vehicle systems
AUDIO/VIDEO - Provides in-car entertainment
SEAT/UPHOLSTRY

HEATING, VENTILATION & COOLING
HVAC SYSTEM ALLOWS THE PASSENGERS TO CONTROL THE
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS INSIDE THE VEHICLE TO THEIR COMFORT
& CONVIENIENCE.
THE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS OF THE HVAC SYSTEM ARE :
COOLING - Brings down the temperature of air inside the vehicle
when the outside temperatures are very high
HEATING - Brings up the temperature of inside the vehicle when the
outside temperatures are very low.
VENTILATION - Allows to purge the stale air inside the vehicle and
bring in fresh air from outside.

HOT AIR
W
A
R
M
A
I
R
(HVAC SYSTEM - SCORPIO)
ENGINE
COOL AIR
RECEIVER-DRIER
RD BOTTLE
CONDENSOR
CONDENSOR
FAN
EVAPORATOR
BLOWER
FAN
HEATER
EXPANSION
VALVE
AC COMPRESSOR
HEATER
VALVE
R-134a REFRIGERANT - CFC FREE
ATM AIR

(HVAC SYSTEM - SCORPIO)
THE HVAC SYSTEM FITTED ON SCORPIO IS OF AIR MIXING TYPE,
WHERE THE DESIRED TEMPERATURE IS OBTINED BY MIXING THE
HOT AIR FROM HEATER & COLD AIR FROM THE EVAPORATOR.
AIR MIXING IS CONTROLLED BY ADJUSTING THE VARIOUS FLAPS
& THE HEATER VALVE INSIDE THE HVAC UNIT.
SCORPIO USES R134a REFRIGERANT, WHICH IS CFC-FREE

W
A
R
M
A
I
R
ENGINE
COOL AIR
RECEIVER-DRIER
RD BOTTLE
(AC SYSTEM - BOLERO)
CONDENSOR
CONDENSOR
FAN
EVAPORATOR
BLOWER
FAN
EXPANSION
VALVE
AC COMPRESSOR
THERMOAMPLIFIER
BLOWER
SWITCH
TEMP
CONTROL
THERMISTOR
ATM AIR

(AC SYSTEM - BOLERO)
THE AC SYSTEM FITTED ON BOLERO IS OF THERMO AMPLIFIER
TYPE, WHERE THE DESIRED TEMPERATURE IS OBTAINED BY
SWITCHING ON & OFF THE AC COMPRESSOR.
REQUIRED TEMPERATURE IS SET BY ADJUSTING THE
TEMPERATURE CONTROL KNOB & BLOWER SWITCH.
BOLERO USES R134a REFRIGERANT, WHICH IS CFC-FREE

HOT AIR
R
W
A
M
A
I
R
ENGINE
COOL AIR
RECEIVER-DRIER
RD BOTTLE
(AC + HEATER SYSTEM - BOLERO)
CONDENSOR
CONDENSOR
FAN
EVAPORATOR
BLOWER
FAN
EXPANSION
VALVE
AC COMPRESSOR
THERMOAMPLIFIER
BLOWER
SWITCH
TEMP
CONTROL
THERMISTOR
ATM AIR
HEATER
VALVE
HEATER
SWITCH

(AC + HEATER SYSTEM - BOLERO)
THE AC + HEATER SYSTEM FITTED ON BOLERO IS OF THERMO
AMPLIFIER + HOT WATER VALVE TYPE, WHERE THE DESIRED
TEMPERATURE IS OBTAINED BY SWITCHING ON & OFF THE AC
COMPRESSOR FOR COOLING AND SWITCHING ON THE HEATER
FOR HEATING
AC AND HEATER CANNOT BE OPERATED SIMULTANEOUSLY
REQUIRED TEMPERATURE IN AC MODE IS SET BY ADJUSTING THE
TEMPERATURE CONTROL KNOB & BLOWER SWITCH.
REQUIRED TEMPERATURE CANNOT BE ADJUSTED IN HEATER
MODE. HEATER HAS TO BE SWITCHED OFF FOR TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
BOLERO USES R134a REFRIGERANT, WHICH IS CFC-FREE

1.COMPRESSOR - Compressor sucks the refrigerant from
evaporator , compresses the same and delivers to condenser.
2.CONDENSOR - Condenser is similar to radiator , where the hot,
compressed refrigerant is cooled.
3.CONDENSOR FAN - Condenser fan sucks fresh atmospheric air
through the condenser aiding in cooling of the refrigerant inside
the condenser.
4.REECEIVER-DRIER (RD BOTTLE) - Receives the compressed
and cooled refrigerant and removes any humidity from the
refrigerant.
5.EXPANSION VALVE - Receives cooled & compressed refrigerant
and expands the refrigerant and passes it in to the evaporator.
Expanded refrigerent gases are very cold
6.EVAPORATOR - Evaporator is similar to radiator. The expanded
cold refrigerant is passed over warm air from inside the vehicle.

7.BLOWER - Blower fan sucks warm air from inside the vehicle
and passes it over the evaporator which has cold refrigerant on
the inner side , thus cooling the vehicle interiors.
8.HEATER - Heater is similar to radiator , where hot coolant from
the engine is circulated on the inside. Blower fan passes cold air
from the vehicle interior.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
THE VEHICLE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM CAN BE BROADLY
CLASSIFIED AS :
POWER GENERATION - Generation of electrical power when the
engine is running - Alternator
STORAGE - Storage of electrical energy for use in the vehicle when
the engine is not running - Battery
TRANSMISSION & CONTROLS - Transmits & controls the power
flow to the consumers - Wiring harness, Fuses, Relays.
CONSUMERS - Electrical aggregates which consume electricity for
functioning.
VEHICLE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OPERATE ON 12 V DC

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
RECTIFIER REGULATOR
POWER GENERATION - Power generation is done by the
Alternator. Alternator is driven by the engine through a belt.
Alternator consists of :
Generation Unit - Generates AC power
Rectifier - Rectifies the AC and converts to DC
Regulator - Regulates the alternator output voltage to a maximum
of 14.5 Volts
VACUUM PUMP
ALTERNATOR PULLEY
Driven by engine

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
AMARON
STORAGE - The electrical energy generated by the Alternator is
stored in a Battery for use when the engine is not running. Battery
stores the energy in an electro-chemical form.
While starting the vehicle , the starter motor , takes electrical
energy from the battery. This drains the battery. As soon as the
engine is started, the alternator starts charging the battery .
- +

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
TRANSMISSION AND CONTROLS - The electrical energy from
alternator or battery is transmitted to the various consumers
through wires. A bunch of wires is called wiring harness. Also, the
flow of electrical energy is controlled by various controls, namely,
Fuses, Relays, Switches etc.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
CONSUMERS - Consumers are electrical aggregates which
consume electricity for functioning. Some of the major consumers
are :
• LIGHTING SYSTEM
• WINDSHIELD WIPE/WASH SYSTEM
• HEATERS/DEMISTERS
• WINDOW OPERATING SYSTEMS
• DOOR LOCKING SYSTEM
• ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
• STARTING SYSTEM
• HVAC - BLOWER FAN/CONDENSOR FAN

VEHICLE DIMENSIONS
ANGLE OF APPROACH ANGLE OF DEPARTURE
WHEEL BASE
WHEEL TRACK GROUND CLEARANCE
OVERALL HEIGHTOVERALLWIDTH OVERALL LENGTH

VEHICLE WEIGHTS
KERB WEIGHT - The unladen weight of the vehicle - No passengers
GVW (Gross Vehicle Weight) - The fully laden weight of the vehicle
with passengers/goods.
PAYLOAD - The difference between GVW and Kerb weight

VEHICLE PARAMETERS
GRADEABILITY - The maximum gradient a vehicle can climb, under
GVW conditions, in first gear.
GRADEABILITY , Deg

VEHICLE PARAMETERS
TURNING RADIUS
MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS - The radius of the circle made by the
outermost point in the vehicle, while taking a turn with maximum
wheel turning

VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
WMI VDS VIS
A AN A
A A N A A A A/N N A N N N N N
MODEL CODE DRIVE ENGINE TRANSMISSION YEAR PLANT MONTH VEHICLE SERIAL NO.
WMI
M ASIA
A INDIA
1 MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA LTD
PLANT CODE
CODE PLANT
1 KANDIVLI
2 NASIK
3 Z'BAD
4 IGATPURI
DRIVE CODE
2 2 WD
4 4 WD
YEAR CODE
YEAR CODE YEAR CODE
1997 V 2019 K
1998 W 2020 L
1999 X 2021 M
2000 Y 2022 N
2001 1 2023 P
2002 2 2024 R
2003 3 2025 S
2004 4 2026 T
2005 5 2027 V
2006 6 2028 W
2007 7 2029 X
2008 8 2030 Y
2009 9 2031 1
2010 A 2032 2
2011 B 2033 3
2012 C 2034 4
2013 D 2035 5
2014 E 2036 6
2015 F 2037 7
2016 G 2038 8
2017 H 2039 9
2018 J 2040 A
MONTH CODE
MONTH CODE
JANUARY A
FEBRUARY B
MARCH C
APRIL D
MAY E
JUNE F
JULY G
AUGUST H
SEPTEMBER J
OCTOBER K
NOVEMBER L
DECEMBER M
MODEL CODE $
ENGINE CODE $
VEH SERIAL NO
$ - REF CHART
TRANSMISSION CODE
CODE TRANSMISSION
A KMT 90 (4 SPEED)
C KMT 90 T 18
J BA 10 / 5
N RS5W81A 2DI
P RS5W81A 5SD

Basics of automobile

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