Basics of Computer

Introduction to Computer
Session (FALL-2020)
Course Instructor:
Engr. Taimoor Muzaffar Gondal
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
The Superior College (University Campus) Lahore
taimoor.muzaffar@superior.edu.pk
Department of Physiotherapy

Contents: Week 1
 Course Description
 Need and Emergence of Computer
 Computer vs Human Race
 Computer Application in Medical Domain
 Physiotherapy and Computer
 Computer and its functionalities
 Hardware and input / output devices
 System Based Software(s) and Application Based Software(s)
FALL 2020- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BY ENGR. TAIMOOR MUZAFFAR GONDAL 2

Course Description
This is an introductory course on Information and Communication Technologies.
Topics include ICT terminologies, hardware and software components, the internet
and world wide web, and ICT based applications.
Number Systems, Networking, Operating Systems (Windows / Linux), Computer
Organization, Downloading helpful material.
E-commerce and its emergence in physiotherapy
Software; Software installation, MS Word, MS Power Point, MS Excel, MS Visio,
Editing Software(s),
Online Tools; Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Whats App (Business), Instagram,
Google search,

Need and Emergence of Computer
What is Computer?
Computer is a programmable machine.
Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of
computations or calculations.
Three principles characteristic of computer:
It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

History of Computer
Earliest Computer:
Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers.
These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical
expression.
The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of
training in mathematics.
The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who
carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that
sense until the middle of the 20th century.

Tally Sticks
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers,
quantities, or even messages.
Pair of Tally Sticks

Abacus
An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an
individual in performing mathematical calculations.
The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was
first used in China in around 500 B.C.
It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
Abacus

Napier’s Bones
Invented by John Napier in 1614.
Allowed the operator to multiply,
divide and calculate square and cube
roots by moving the rods around and
placing them in specially constructed
boards.

Slide Rule
Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
Is based on Napier's ideas about
logarithms.
Used primarily for
– multiplication
– division
– roots
– logarithms
– Trigonometry
Not normally used for addition or
subtraction.

Pascaline
Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
It was its limitation to addition and
subtraction.
It is too expensive.

Stepped Reckoner
Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and
divide automatically.

Jacquard Loom
The Jacquard loom is a mechanical
loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard
in 1881.
It an automatic loom controlled by
punched cards.

Arithmometer
A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de
Colmar in 1820.
The first reliable, useful and commercially successful
calculating machine.
The machine could perform the four basic mathematic
functions.
The first mass-produced calculating machine.

Difference Engine and
Analytical Engine
It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to
tabulate polynomial functions.
Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834.
It is the first mechanical computer.

First Computer
Programmer
In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that
he use the binary system.
She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
Oh! Programmer Girl Spotted.

Scheutzian Calculation
Engine
Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
The first printing calculator.

Tabulating Machine
Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
To assist in summarizing information
and accounting.

Havard Mark 1
Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator (ASCC).
Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943.
The first electro-mechanical computer.

Z1
The first programmable computer.
Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany
from 1936 to 1938.
To program the Z1 required that the
user insert punch tape into a punch tape
reader and all output was also generated
through punch tape.

Atanasoff-Berry
Computer (ABC)
It was the first electronic digital computing device.
Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate
student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University
between 1939 and 1942.

ENIAC
ENIAC stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer.
It was the first electronic
generalpurpose computer.
Completed in 1946.
Developed by John Presper
Eckert and John W. Mauchl.

UNIVAC 1
The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer 1) was
the first commercial computer.
Designed by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.

EDVAC
EDVAC stands for Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer.
The First Stored Program
Computer.
Designed by Von Neumann in
1952.
It has a memory to hold both a
stored program as well as data.

The First Portable Computer
Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer
Corporation.

The First
Computer
Company
The first computer company
was the Electronic Controls
Company.
Founded in 1949 by J. Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.

Computer
Generations
There are five generations of computer:
First generation – 1946 – 1958
Second generation – 1959 – 1964
Third generation – 1965 – 1970
Fourth generation – 1971 – today
Fifth generation – Today to future

The First Generation
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry
and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms.
They were very expensive to operate and in addition to
using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat,
which was often the cause of malfunctions.

The Second Generation
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in
the second generation of computers.
One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum
tubes.
Allowing computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Still
generated a great deal of heat that can damage the
computer.

The Third Generation
The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second
generation computers.
It could carry out instructions in billionths of a
second.

The Fourth Generation
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to
form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.
Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and
handheld devices.

The Fifth Generation
Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Still in development.
The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
There are some applications, such as voice recognition,
that are being used today.

Computer vs
Human Race
Rise of Machines and
Artificial Intelligence
Computer Vision
Medical Imaging etc.

Computer
Application
in Medical
Domain
Medical Imaging
Patient
Monitoring
Computer-
Assisted Surgery
Networks and
Digital
Communication
Telemedicine
Electronic Health
Records
Medical
Databases
Medical Research
Computers and
Hospital
Administration
Uses of
Computer in
Offices
Physiotherapy and Computer

Computer and its functionalities
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored
in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified
rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use
Functionalities of a computer:
Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
Takes data as input
Store the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required.
Process the data and converts it into useful information
Generates the output
Control all the above four steps.

Hardware and input / output devices
Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer
system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer
such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD),
system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc.

Input Devices
Input device is any peripheral (piece of
computer hardware equipment to provide
data and control signals to an information
processing system such as a computer or
other information appliance. Input device
Translate data from form that humans
understand to one that the computer can
work with. Most common are keyboard and
mouse.
Keyboard Mouse Microphone
Touch Screen Scanner Webcam
Touchpad MIDI Keyboard Pen
Graphics Table Cameras Trackballs
Video Capturing
Hardware
Joystick Gamepad
USB Electronic
Whiteboards
Sensors
Barcode Readers Many More -

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
A CPU is brain of a computer. It is responsible for all functions and processes.
Regarding computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer
system.
Graphical Processing Unit (GPU)
Graphics processing unit, a specialized processor originally designed to
accelerate graphics rendering. GPUs can process many pieces of data
simultaneously, making them useful for machine learning, video editing, and
gaming applications.

RAM
Random Access Memory (RAM) is a memory scheme within the computer system
responsible for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by
the processor as and when needed.
ROM
ROM is a permanent form of storage. ROM stays active regardless of whether power
supply to it is turned on or off. ROM devices do not allow data stored on them to be
modified.

Secondary Memory
Hard drive (HD): A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive,"
or "hard disk drive," that store and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of
data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.
Optical Disk: an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light as part of
the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read
from discs, but recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also called
burners or writers.
Flash Disk: A storage module made of flash memory chips. A Flash disks have no
mechanical platters or access arms, but the term "disk" is used because the data are
accessed as if they were on a hard drive. The disk storage structure is emulated.

Difference Between RAM & ROM

Output devices
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate
the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as
a computer) which converts the electronically generated information into human
readable form.
Example of few devices are
Monitor LCD Projection Panels Printers
Computer output
microfilms
Plotters Speakers
Projects Others -

Software
Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions,
often broken into two major categories:
system software that provides the basic non task-specific functions of the computer.
Application software which is used by users to accomplish specific tasks.

System software
A system software is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the
individual hardware components of a computer system so that other software and the
users of the system see it as a functional unit without having to be concerned with the
low-level details such as transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a
display. Generally, system software consists of an operating system and some
fundamental utilities such as disk formatters, file managers, display managers, text
editors, user authentication (login) and management tools, and networking and device
control software.

Application software
Application software is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the
computer system. Application software may consist of a single program, such as an
image viewer; a small collection of programs (often called a software package) that
work closely together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet or text processing
system; a larger collection (often called a software suite) of related but independent
programs and packages that have a common user interface or shared data format, such
as Microsoft Office, which consists of closely integrated word processor, spreadsheet,
database, etc.; or a software system, such as a database management system, which is a
collection of fundamental programs that may provide some service to a variety of other
independent applications.

Comparison of Software(s)

If you have any question feel free to visit during
consulting hours or write at
taimoor.Muzaffar@superior.edu.pk
End of Week-1

Basics of Computer

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