Bcc comp4 ppt1
- 1. Component 4: Introduction to Information and Computer Science BCC PPT 1
- 2. Computer Definition • According to Webster's Dictionary: one that computes; specifically : a programmable usually electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data • Originally term applied to people Component 4 2
- 3. Types of Computers Personal Computers • Desktop computer • Laptop/Notebook/Netbook • Tablets/iPad • Smartphones Laptop http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop iPad © Glenn Fleishman Android Smartphone http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android_home.png Component 4 3
- 4. Computer Software Application Software • Application software are the programs you run • Includes – Word processors – EMR – Spreadsheets – Browsers OpenOffice Word Processor – Video Games Component 4 4
- 5. More Components • Networks – Allow computer to connect to others and to Internet – Hardware: network ports, connections, routers – Software: OS and NOS • Databases – Collection of data easily stored and retrieved – Hardware: server (computer and storage) – Software: DBMS Component 4 5
- 6. Computer Software and Hardware • Software is the interface between the user and the computer • Without meaningful, easy to use applications, people wouldn't use computers • If the hardware is slow, people won't use the applications • Important to get a good balance Component 4 6
- 7. Early Electronic Medical Records • At this time, early EMRs were developed • Dr. Morris Collen began storing patient data at Kaiser Permanente in the late 1960s • COSTAR was developed at Massachusetts General in 1968 • Health Evaluation through Logical Processing (HELP) was started at LDS Hospital in 1967 • The concepts and plans that eventually became VA VistA were developed in 1970s Component 4 7
- 8. Electronic Medical Records • Become more pervasive in the 1990s • In 1996, HIPAA was passed establishing rules for accessing and storing electronic medical records • By 2000, 16% private physicians, VistA screenshot < 10% hospitals used EMRs • By 2005, 25% private physicians used EMRs Component 4 8
- 9. Since Then… • Personal Data Assistants introduce hand held computing – Smartphones replace PDAs • Wireless networks are widely available – Mobile computing is now pervasive • Social networking sites connect people • Computers and the Internet are ubiquitous • HITECH Act passed in 2009 to provide incentives for EMR use starting in 2011 Component 4 9
- 10. The Future? • Computing technology will continue to become faster, more powerful and smaller • Mobile and cloud computing are hot topics • More ubiquitous? • More embedded computers? • Difficult to say for sure… Cloud Computing Diagram Component 4 10
- 11. Internet Security and Privacy Concerns • Why be concerned about Internet Security? Your personal data is always at risk when connected to the Internet, regardless of connection type. Checking account may be drained before you can act. Credit may be destroyed if personal data stolen (and impersonated). Corporate secrets may be stolen and sold to competitors. Component 4 11
- 12. Everyone’s Online Today • Information Overload When debit cards emerged, many people refused to use them because of privacy and security concerns. People today are very comfortable with online banking and are comfortable conducting business over the Internet. • Social networking sites facilitate sharing People are comfortable sharing personal information in online communities even though this subjects them to privacy invasion. Posting your birth date, mother’s maiden name, etc. may enable an attacker to impersonate you. Component 4 12
- 13. What is Privacy? • Most privacy law revolves around privacy between a person and the government. • According to Wikipedia, “The law of privacy regulates the type of information which may be collected and how this information may be used and stored.” i.e., privacy relates to people. Component 4 13
- 14. What is Confidentiality? • Not the same as privacy. • According to Wikipedia, “Confidentiality is commonly applied to conversations between doctors and patients. Legal protections prevent physicians from revealing certain discussions with patients, even under oath in court. The rule only applies to secrets shared between physician and patient during the course of providing medical care.” i.e., confidentiality relates to data. Component 4 14
- 15. Federal Rules Emerge • HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) was enacted in 1996 by the federal government. • HIPAA requires that health care providers and health insurance companies as well as care clearinghouses (organizations that translate claims data into and out of HIPAA-standard format) abide by privacy and security standards. Component 4 15
- 16. HIPAA and Privacy • Privacy Rule HIPAA requires those covered by the act to provide patients a “Notice of Privacy Practices” when care is first provided. The Privacy Rule covers paper and electronic private health information. • Security Rule Covers administrative, physical, and technical data safeguards that secure electronic health record data. Component 4 16
- 17. Free Online PHR Systems Readily Available • PHRs are maintained by individuals. • Some PHRs are not covered by HIPAA rules. • Resources: Google Health - www.google.com/health/ Microsoft HealthVault - www.healthvault.com/ WebMD Health Manager - http://www.webmd.com/phr Component 4 17
- 18. EHRs Used by Health Care Providers • EHRs are maintained by health care providers. • EHRs are covered by HIPAA rules. • EHRs utilize centralized database systems to integrate patient intake, medical care, pharmacy, billing, etc. into one system. • Departments/entities may not be in same physical location, so patient data must travel over the Internet. • People can view their own health record, taking ownership of its contents, ensuring accuracy, etc. Component 4 18
- 19. EHR Security Q & A • How is my data sent over the Internet? It is to be sent in an encrypted, secure manner over the Internet. • Is my data safe? • Much depends on each organization’s physical record and network security practices. • No data is 100% secure against theft or misuse. • Who can view my health records? Only those who need to know or view the contents of your health record should be able to view it. You must authorize all other access. Component 4 19
- 20. Putting it All Together • A computer system is made up of the hardware (including the CPU, RAM, and I/O devices) and operating system (OS) software installed on a computer. – Examples of devices that contain an OS include cell phones, PDAs, robots/robotic devices, routers, switches, laptops, and computers (desktops, servers, and Web servers). • An OS is made up of thousands of computer programs that securely manage how hardware interacts with non OS – or “application” – software installed on the computer. – Google Earth is application software, which is a free program that a user can install on a computer. – Microsoft Word is a commercial application in the Microsoft Office suite of programs. Component 4 20
- 21. Specialized Health Care CPUs • Medical imaging done in CT and MRI scans require specialized architectures. • The GE Healthcare CT750 HD computed tomography scanner scans and stores hundreds of terabytes of data. – This type of equipment, which features Intel’s Xeon-based SGI Altix UV CPU, must discern “the soft tissue and organs at almost a molecular level” and do so in real-time. • Desktop and server CPUs cannot provide this type of performance. Component 4 21
- 22. Purpose of a Database • Receive data • Store data • Retrieve data • Provide internal security Component 4 22
- 23. Hierarchy and Terminology of a Database Component 4 23
Editor's Notes
- #3: Computers, by definition, are very general and include most electronic devices. Far more broad that just your desktop or laptop. Historically, the term referred to people who performed computations. As mechanical and then electronic computers were developed and used, the term no longer has been used for people. Image from http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=552357&jScript=true
- #4: The first computers were extremely large and expensive—were developed by the government, universities and industry. In the 1970's, computers for personal use were introduced. These were used by businesses, too, and eventually become commonplace by the 1980s and 90s. Desktop computers were the first personal computers; then laptops were introduced. Notebooks and netbooks are basically smaller, lighter laptops. Tablet computers have touch screens and are usually small and light. The iPad is the latest tablet computer. Today, personal computing has become even more ubiquitous with the advent of mobile computing and smartphones. Initially mobile phones weren't considered to be personal computers, but now, smartphones have functionality and systems similar to personal computers—operating system, large memory, significant storage, network connectivity, applications (apps). Personal computers are becoming faster, more powerful and smaller as technology progresses. Ipad image from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IPad-02.jpg
- #5: Applications are what make computers fun for most users. They are the reasons we use our computers for work, social networking and play. There are so many applications available it's impossible to list them all. Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OpenOffice.org_Writer.png
- #6: There are still other parts of a computer that could be considered &quot;components&quot;. These two are used on many computers and are a combination of both hardware and software. Networks connect to other computers and to the Internet. There are hardware ports on PC's to do this; cables connect PC's to routers and other network connections. The OS of the computer and the Network OS of the network are what make the network work. Databases are often parts of large applications. You may not have one on your PC, but you may connect to one, especially online. Databases require a server, which is a computer with a large amount of storage, along with a DBMS to make it work. Databases store data in such a way that it's quickly and easily stored and retrieved (much faster than a flat file or a spreadsheet).
- #8: COSTAR is still in use today. Reminds physicians of clinical guidelines. HELP provides decision support, such as the automated antibiotic consultant. Helped physicians prescribe antibiotics more effectively and appropriately, reduced doses, cost and adverse events. VistA still in use today; public domain. Was first to use a graphical user interface.
- #9: As these advances in computing were happening, Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) got their foothold. More versions of them were developed. They became more user friendly with the addition of Graphical User Interfaces. HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) included provisions for establishing standards for electronic medical records.
- #11: What's in store for health care technology?
- #12: A current hot topic is smartphone security. If you lose your phone, could the finder access your finances? Is your phone encrypted? Can it be ‘remote erased’ if lost?
- #14: Wikipedia, Online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_law, 2010. Information about privacy law. Retrieved: July 6, 2010.
- #15: Wikipedia, Online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentiality, 2010. Confidentiality. Retrieved: July 6, 2010.
- #16: Wikipedia, Online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipaa, 2010. Information about HIPAA. Retrieved: July 6, 2010. Joy Pritts, HHS. Internal Privacy and Security Memo: June 1, 2011.
- #17: Governs who views data, how data is transported electronically, security measures, etc.
- #18: A PHR is a Personal Health Record. Note that this term is different than what you usually hear: EHR, or electronic health record.
- #19: Patient data must travel over the Internet, such as when a doctor’s office bills an insurance company. HIPAA is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (including subsequent amendments). Healthcare providers, healthcare clearinghouses, and health plan providers are subject to federal rules governing security and other rules related to electronic health records. The primary federal rule governing EHRs is known as HIPAA [hip-uh]; HIPAA being the “Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act” of 1996, including its subsequent amendments. Organizations that must adhere to HIPAA rules are called “covered entities.” Data in EHRs are also subject to HIPAA rules when they are maintained by covered entities. Google Health, a free, online, electronic, personal health record, offered by Google, is not a covered entity. Data you enter in Google’s health record system are not protected by HIPAA rules.