BEHAVIOURAL THEORY OF PAVLOV
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The document discusses the behavioral theory of learning, emphasizing classical conditioning as proposed by Ivan Pavlov, which involves the association between stimuli and responses. It outlines key concepts such as unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, as well as principles like extinction and generalization. The implications of classical conditioning in education are also considered, particularly how emotional experiences can affect learning outcomes.
BEHAVIOURAL THEORY OF PAVLOV
- 1. Behavioural Theory of Pavlov S Durga Thiagarajar College of Preceptors
- 2. Introduction Learning means a change in behaviour. Learning is a relatively permanent change in the behaviour of a person over time.
- 3. Learning The process by which a relatively lasting change in potential behaviour occurs because of practice or experience. It is also a process of acquiring modifications in existing knowledge, skills, habits, or tendencies through experience,practice,or exercise.
- 4. Definition Gates and others, “Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience” Skinner, “Learning is the process of progressive behaviour adaptation”
- 5. Behaviourism Behaviourism is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behaviours and discounts mental activities. Behaviour theorists define learning as nothing more than the acquisition of new behaviour.
- 7. J.B.Watson Father of Behaviourism ● Watson is the chief proponent of behaviourism. ● He disagreed both structuralism and functionalism. ● Explanations of ‘why’ and ‘how’s were the important factor. ● Human nature can be studied by one's physical activities, gestures and behavior
- 8. ● Pavlov ● Thorndike ● Skinner ● Bandura Behavioural Theorists
- 9. Behavioural Theories Classical Conditioning Pavlov Pavlovian Conditioning Law of Effect Thorndike Puzzle Box Operant Conditioning Skinner Skinner Box Social Learning Bandura Bobo Doll Experiment Click Click Click Click
- 11. Pavlovian Conditioning Theory Ivan Pavlov Russian Psychologist
- 12. Classical Conditioning A type of learning in which an organism starts giving a particular response to that stimulus, to which it does not give that response in daily routine.
- 13. Important Terms Neutral Stimulus a stimulus which does not generate any response before conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus brings a response naturally Conditioned Stimulus a previously neutral stimulus, starts generating a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned Response a naturally generated response Conditioned Response a response generated by the conditioned stimulus
- 14. The neutral stimulus in classical conditioning does not produce a response until it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Classical Conditioning UCS = UCR The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR) in an organism. NS = no response This stage also involves another stimulus which has no effect on a person and is called the neutral stimulus (NS). The NS could be a person, object, place, etc. UCS + NS = UCR CS = CR A stimulus which produces no response (i.e., neutral) is associated with the unconditioned stimulus at which point it now becomes known as the conditioned stimulus (CS).
- 15. Principles ➔ Extinction Gradual disappearance ➔ Spontaneous recovery Suppressed, forgotten and reemerging ➔ Stimulus generalization Responding in generalized way ➔ Stimulus discrimination Opp. to generalization.
- 16. Does it also apply to humans?
- 17. Watson and Rayner (1920)
- 18. Little Albert was a 9-month-old infant who was tested on his reactions to various stimuli. When Little Albert was just over 11 months old, the white rat was presented, and seconds later the hammer was struck against the steel bar. Little Albert Experiment Click
- 19. Principles 1 Generalization Watson and Rayner found that Albert developed phobias of objects which shared characteristics with the rat; including the family dog, a fur coat, some cotton wool and Christmas mask! 2 Extinction Over the next few weeks and months, Little Albert was observed and ten days after conditioning his fear of the rat was much less marked. 3 Recovery After a full month, it was still evident, and the association could be renewed by repeating the original procedure a few times.
- 20. Application The concept of Classical Conditioning occur in emotional response. Example: associating a beautiful lady with soaps, associating relaxation with coffee, tea or smoking, etc.
- 21. Implications ● In present day, fear, love, hatred is created through conditioning. ● Most learning is associated with the process of conditioning. ● The phenomenon of stimulus generalization and discrimination goes on throughout our lives. ● Conditioning helps in learning what is desirable and what is not.
- 22. Classical Conditioning in the Classroom The implications of classical conditioning in the classroom are less important than those of operant conditioning, but there is a still need for teachers to try to make sure that students associate positive emotional experiences with learning. Variables that may affect the outcome... ● If a student associates negative emotional experiences with school, then this can obviously have bad results, such as creating a school phobia. ● For example, if a student is bullied at school they may learn to associate the school with fear or if a student is humiliated or punished in class by a teachers they show a particular dislike on that subject. Hypothesis support
- 23. Classical conditioning emphasizes the importance of learning from the environment, and supports nurture over nature. However, it is limiting to describe behavior solely in terms of either nature or nurture, and attempts to do this underestimate the complexity of human behavior. A strength of classical conditioning theory is that it is scientific. Classical conditioning is a reductionist explanation of behavior.However, some would argue that the reductionist view lacks validity A final criticism of classical conditioning theory is that it is deterministic. Critical Evaluation
- 24. Conclusion Scientists are interested in discovering laws which can then be used to predict events. However, by creating general laws of behavior, the uniqueness of human beings and their freedom to choose their own destiny gets underestimated. For further understanding watch the video on, Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, Skinner
- 25. Reference ● McLeod, S. A. (2018, August 21). Classical conditioning. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html ● TNTEU-Learning and Teaching pdf Application Used ● Video and Gif made using FLIPACLIP