Beyond artificial intelligence

Chapter 4
Usage of “Formal Rules” in Human Intelligence
Investigations

Tzu-Keng Fu

Abstract. In this paper, we challenge the anti-mechanism in the philosophy of mind
and artificial intelligence by explaining that human intelligence, expertise, and skills
acquaintance, relying mainly on the unconscious instinct could have been taken in
formal rules. I do so, showing thereby the usage of the formal rules in unconscious
processes for the study of human intelligence was raised in the second half of the
20th century by psychoanalyst Matte Blanco. In this way, by exploring the bi-logic
framework with the general rules of unconscious processes, some positions that anti-
mechanism has already taken should be re-examined in an interdisciplinary manner.

4.1 Introduction
Traditionally, the unconscious processes investigations might have been thought of
as a privilege of psychoanalysts, psychotherapists, philosophers, etc. However, to
taking modern logic to support some interdisciplinary studies between unconscious
and logic has been made by Matte Blanco. Just as in the field of non-classical log-
ics, he draw on a small array of formal logics with varying the domains within the
Sigmund Freud’s theories of unconscious processes and directed toward a differ-
ent framework to characterize the unconscious and conscious processes. We here
explore the interplay between unconscious processes and logic, the characteristics
they have, and ways with which logic can be combined ([6], [7], [34]).
More specifically, this paper is about the intersections between the main char-
acteristics in unconscious processes and some modern formal methods. It is not,
however, about therapy, nor does it discuss the psychoanalysis. Rather, we outline
a theoretical environment to discuss the formal characteristics of unconscious
processes.

Tzu-Keng Fu
Department of Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
e-mail: tzukeng.fu@gmail.com

J. Kelemen et al. (Eds.): Beyond Artificial Intelligence, TIEI 4, pp. 63–74.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-34422-0 4 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

64 T.-K. Fu

The structure of the paper is as follows: In Section 2, we present the bi-logic
framework based on the Matte Blanco’s theory of mind and introduce the concept of
“mental depth” with respect to the processes of symmetrization. We here introduce
five stratum used in the Matte Blanco’s theory of mind, and discuss their varying
unconsciousness. Section 3 then discusses a number of physical features of uncon-
scious processes. Section 4 discusses the logical features of unconscious processes,
including inconsistency, explosion, and paraconsistency that have already taken as
the formal properties in modern science, in particular, we turn our attention to the
area of non-classical logics. Finally, section 5 summarizes the paper and discusses
future work.

4.2 From Freud to Bi-logic Framework
The study of unconscious processes can be carried out to a quite large extent that
Freud’s theory has used in psychoanalysis. Generally speaking, Freud’s greatest
contribution was probably to show the importance of unconscious processes and
to formulate five main characteristics of unconscious processes: the timelessness,
the replacement of external by internal reality, the condensation, the displacement,
and the absence of mutual contradiction (compare e.g. [7], [16], [17], [34]).
The characteristics of unconscious processes was re-explained by Matte Blanco
in the later 1970s. He captured a very abstract and flexible notion of logical system
to describe the unconscious processes, moreover related the psychoanalytic studies
to this logical system, namely the bi-logic framework (see e.g. [6], [7], [8], [34]).
The insight of bi-logic viewpoint shows the importance of the symmetrization in
mental processes. In this way, the part-whole identity and the experiences of infin-
ity, observed in psychoanalysis practices can be fully explained. Blanco followed
Freud and shew how the main characteristics of unconscious functioning can be
seen as arising out of symmetrized thought. In the following, we describe the bi-
logic framework to illustrate the characteristics in the unconscious processes.

4.2.1 Two Principles in the Bi-logic Framework
4.2.1.1 The Principle of Generalization
It is the first principle in bi-logic framework. It says that any individual thing (per-
son, object, concept) is treated as if it was a member of a class (set) which contains
other members. The class is further treated as a subclass of a more general class,
and so on.
It is one function of the unconscious processes to look for the similarities with the
classification. It has been treated as one peculiarity of the unconscious processes. It
states that people abstract a particular thing to a general level in terms of the class
membership, i.e., leap upward to the more general level of the class hierarchies in
the unconscious processes.

4 The Usage of “Formal Rules” 65

4.2.1.2 The Principle of Symmetry
It is the second principle in bi-logic framework. It says that some relation is
selectively identical with its converse. More specifically, the unconscious pro-
cesses selectively treat the logically asymmetric relations as if they were symmetric
([7], p. 38).
There are some examples of asymmetric relation as follows:
Example 4.1. Some A is before some B has the converse of some B is after some A,
and some C is the mother of some D has the converse of some D is the child of some
C. Here, we say that there is an asymmetric relation between A and B with respect
to the “before-after” relationship. Similarly, there is another asymmetric relation
between C and D with respect to the “mother-child” relationship.
There are some examples of symmetric relations as follows:
Example 4.2. Some A is near some B has the converse of some B is near some A, and
some C is the sibling of some D has the converse of some D is the sibling of some
C. Here, we say that there is a symmetric relation between A and B with respect to
“near-near” relationship. Similarly, there is another symmetric relation between C
and D with respect to “sibling-sibling” relationship.
The asymmetric relation gains an importance from its function of locating the self
within the physical world. The symmetric relation gains an dual-importance from
it function of transforming or rotating an identity between different states in the
physical world.

4.2.2 The “Logic” of Unconscious Processes
Following Freud’s theory, Matte Blanco examines the characteristics of uncon-
scious, and he concludes that the unconscious processes follow something non-
conventional style than that in the conscious processes.
“Matte Blanco concluded that the mind can usefully be conceived as partly function-
ing by the combination of at least two distinct modes of knowing which are often
polarized.” ([34], p. 1)

First of all, to describe highly complex dynamic mental structures, Blanco followed
Freud’s analysis of unconscious in terms of the interactions between some precise
concepts in mathematics, including the concepts of sets, numeration, symmetry,
asymmetry, dimension and infinity, to produce the “logic” of unconscious processes.
Secondly, he proposed a combination of the conventional logic with the “logic” of
unconscious to describe the overall mind, namely the bi-logic framework (compare
e.g. [6], [7], [20], [34]).
Readers have to note that we are talking about the bi-logic framework in the
general level of logic. Each individual logic of the bi-logic will be specified, if we
are downward from the general level to the concrete level. With respect to the con-
ventional logic that has already been referred to classical logic by Matte Blanco

66 T.-K. Fu

(compare e.g. [6], [7], [34]), the “logic” of unconscious processes is an augmenta-
tion of classical logic by adding two extra principles: the principle of generalization
and the principle of symmetry. In this way, the concept mental depth was proposed
as follows:
The whole mind is continuously stratified with respect to the degree of sym-
metrization. One side of the spectrum of the mind is about the unemotional phys-
ical world, the other side is about the unbounded emotional psychic world. As de-
scribed by Matte Blanco’s theory of mind, there are five stratum of the mental depth
that range from unemotional physical world (asymmetric) to the emotional psychic
world (symmetric):
• the conscious and well-delimited objects stratum,
• the more or less conscious emotions stratum,
• the symmetrization of the class stratum,
• the formation of wider classes which are symmetrized stratum,
• the mathematical limited stratum
This stratified structure represents “a model of the whole mind at work” to look at
the mind overall. There is a similar opinion proposed by Eric Rayner:
“The stratified structure is Matte Blanco’s major essay into creating a model of the
whole mind at work rather than the functioning of aspects of simply one way of look-
ing at the mind overall. It is different from both Freud’s id, ego, super-ego model and,
for instance, from Fairbairn’s endopsychic structure; but it is not intended to be a re-
placement for either.” ([34], p. 77)

4.3 The Physical Features of Unconscious Processes
According to the bi-logic framework, to study the unconscious processes by formal
methods becomes potentially reliable. As we have seen, Matte Blanco’s theory of
mind sets up a two poles structural analysis of mind by taking the bi-logic frame-
work. It explains the five main Freudian characteristics of unconscious processes:
the timelessness, the replacement of external by internal reality, the condensation,
the displacement, the absence of mutual contradiction, as arising out of the sym-
metrization. In this section, we pin down each of these characteristics.

4.3.1 The Conceptions of Space-Time Taken in Matte Blanco’s
Theory of Mind
4.3.1.1 The External Space
In Matte Blanco’s theory of mind, the physical external space was not referred
to the Newtonian absolute space but much closer to the Einstein’s conception of


space-time. It is a system of relations in spatial dimensions (three-dimensions) with
time that is of a different sort from the spatial dimensions.

4.3.1.2 Psychological Space
In Matte Blanco’s theory of mind, the psychological space was defined as the intu-
itive notion of the external space. More specifically, this internal space was referred
to the “inner place” that experiences reside. Such a conception of psychological
space based on the anthropocentric thinking.

4.3.1.3 Mathematical Space
In Matte Blanco’s theory of mind, the mathematical space was conceived as an
“ideal space” that usually employed in the scientific studies about the physical
world. The mathematical space is an approximate description of the physical space
with three basic dimensions (length, width, height). It should be treated as achieving
the generality that suitable for the deductive thinking.

4.3.2 The Dimensional Transformation between the Conscious
Processes and Unconscious Processes
It was observed that the unconscious processes have the capacity of multi-
dimensional representations. A particular event happened in the external space can
be represented to an abstraction expression (compare e.g. [6], [7], [34]). For exam-
ple, it is straightforward that some events in external space can be found easily in
the dreams, where people view the dream situations as the unconscious processes.1
The capacity of representation in conscious processes is 3 + 1 dimensional. If
someone tries to have some interpretations of dreams, it implies that he is trying to
represent the abstract expressions in the unconscious processes within the conscious
processes. The abstract expressions in dreams will be replaced by some specific vi-
sual or pictorial expression that are able to be represented as the images of conscious
processes. A mathematical notion that some relatively higher dimensional spaces
can be represented as some lower dimensional spaces will help us to realize the di-
mensional transformation between unconscious processes and conscious processes.
To take the triangle ABC as an example, an triangle is a two-dimensional surface
consists of three lines AB, BC, and CA, respectively. If we consider representing
triangle ABC as a straightline in one-dimension, then it is necessary that some point
will be the repetition, e.g. ABCA.
Yet, the multi-dimensional reduction could be used to explain some basic facts
described in the psychoanalysis. Some clinical examples can be found in [34], pp.
87-92.
1 “Sigmund Freud saw dreams as the ‘royal road to the unconscious’ whose bizarre charac-
ter was due to censorship and disguise of thwarted drives [...]” ([22], p. 230).

68 T.-K. Fu

4.3.3 The Infiniteness of Emotion in Psychotic
Reviewing two principles that have been added to the conventional logic by Matte
Blanco, we should say that the principle of generalization endorses some concep-
tion of set theory, and the principle of symmetry is about the logical system itself.
These two principles, in their combination, perfectly contribute to the psychoanaly-
sis practices.
According to Matte Blanco’s theory of mind, the experience of infinity in psy-
choanalysis refers to a certain sense of part–whole identification. The part–whole
identification, deriving from the principles of generalization and symmetry, is the
underlying process of the infiniteness in the unconscious processes. By associating
with a notion in set-theory that the part–whole equivalence between an infinite set
and its subset, Matte Blanco moreover treats the “unconscious as the infinite sets”
([7]).
In psychoanalysis, the emotion was seen as rooted in the unconscious processes.
The emotional states and the degree of unconsciousness were influenced with each
other. Thus, the highly emotional and irrational states lie near to the unconscious
states, albeit they are still with some conscious content. As described by Matte
Blanco, these observations about the unconscious processes in psychoanalysis could
be illustrated by the abovementioned two principles in the bi-logic framework. To
put the idea of symmetrization together with infiniteness, some unconventional logic
was perceived as some “reasoning” about emotion. For example, the extremely fear,
anger, hate, love, etc. which are expressed by the patients will appear unlimited.

4.3.4 The Characteristics of Space-Time in the Unconscious
Processes
The unlimited (infinite) emotion can have been expressed or rooted as a psycholog-
ical consequence of symmetrization. Some physical consequences could have been
formulated in the same way, including timelessness, displacement, condensation.
To the extend that the symmetrization implies timelessness, given one event A
comes after the other B (or event B comes before A), by the symmetrization, it
follows that event B is after event A (or event A comes after B). The terms “after”
and “before” lost their canonical meanings. There is no time presented in serial.
Similarly, following the timeless situation, the spaceless is simultaneously presented
to make every spatial terms meaningless.
To the extend that symmetrization implies condensation and displacement, it
leads to an unusual spatial geometry in the unconscious processes. These two char-
acteristics could have been found in the dreams. For example, somebody dreamed
of his different periods of life at once, both his child life at the primary school and
his adult life in the university. This example accompanies with not only timeless
but also the condensation. By the principle of generalization, both the child-life
event and adult-life event are treated as members of the general situation, e.g. “at
the school”, further by the principle of symmetry, the child-life event belongs to the


general situation implies that the general situation belongs to the child-life event.
The adult-life event behaves in the same way. Thus, the equivalence holds between
the child-life event, adult-life event, and the general situation. The condensation
phenomenon occurs.
The displacement is a similar phenomenon. People may evoke some feeling felt
toward another. Taking the following facts as examples:
• Your mother feeds you.
• Your professor feeds you the knowledge.
The former belongs to the more general class of someone who feeds, and the lat-
ter belongs to the class of someone who feeds mentally that belongs further to the
general class of someone who feeds. It is the displacement that someone felt the
professor feed him like the mother did.
Finally, it is straightforward that the feature: the replacement of external by in-
ternal reality could be treated as the consequence of the spacelessness.

4.4 The Logical Features of Unconscious Processes
The rational people proportion their beliefs in the conscious processes. The consis-
tency, no doubt, indicates a fundamental criterion of specifying conscious processes
and some states of rationality. Obviously, the unconscious processes are in lack of a
portion of consistency and rationality. What role does, or should, inconsistency play
in the unconscious processes? The question was hardly a new one, yet the devel-
opment of modern non-classical logics has provided the background, if we tried to
discuss the logical properties in this perspective.

4.4.1 The Absence of Classical Negation
When acknowledging the situation that there is the absence of mutual contradiction
in the unconscious processes, it implies that each underlying “logic” of various strat-
ified unconscious processes should not be the traditionally bivalent. More specifi-
cally, it implies there is no “classical logic negation” in the unconscious processes.
The classical negation behaves as follows: if we assign the true value to a propo-
sition p, then the classical negation of p will have the false value; if we assign the
false value to p, then the classical negation of p will have the true value. Generally
speaking, in classical logic, the conjunction of a proposition and its negation should
be a contradictory proposition with the false value.
In order to understand the “negation” better, let us discuss it in a bit more de-
tail. An abstract structural bi-logic framework consists of various “logical” modes
for different mental depth, where the grades of symmetrization appear differently.
Typically, the more someone appears closer to the consciousness with less sym-
metrization, the more significant negation mechanism he will equip with; the more
someone appears closer to the unconsciousness with more symmetrization, the less
significant negation mechanism he will equip with. In this way, the symmetrization

70 T.-K. Fu

runs between them to weaken the classical negation mechanism to some kinds of
non-classical negations with a gradual of decrease. In other words, the logic of each
mental depth is decorated with its non-classical negation.

4.4.2 The Paraconsistency
To be able to write down such bi-logic framework in a precise manner, we use the
typical way taken in modern formal logic. Traditionally, the principle of explosion
(ex contradictione sequitur quodlibet) (ECSQ) is admitted in classical logic. ECSQ
means “from a contradiction, anything follows”. Or we can see it as a combination
of inconsistency (two contradictory propositions) and explosion (any proposition
follows from the contradiction).
In Matte Blanco’s theory of mind, the conventional logic refers to the classical
logic. With the gradual of decrease of asymmetrization, the conscious processes
gradually close to the threshold, after which would enter into the unconscious pro-
cesses. The feature that the absence of mutual contradiction in unconscious pro-
cesses could be interpreted as the absence of classical negation in classical logic
([34], p. 45). However, it does not mean the mind never knows “negation”. Here is
such a voice:
[...] he did not invent the way the unconscious levels of the mind work. Nor is he
precisely proposing a mind that never knows negation or contradiction anywhere –
very deﬁnitely not. ([34], p. 46)

As we have seen, the processes between unconscious and conscious accompany
with the selectively localized symmetrization. Thus, the negation accordingly ap-
pears selectively between the conscious processes and the unconscious processes.
On the side of conscious processes, this theory employs some conventional logic
that rejects inconsistent propositions. Whilst it moves to the side of unconscious
processes, if the symmetrization occurs extremely, then it will be inclined to a situ-
ation that includes everything.
In the modern non-classical logics, paraconsistent logics have gained some atten-
tion. Moreover, this attention is particularly directed toward the problems of mea-
suring the degrees of inconsistency, incoherence in an ontology, and the reasoning
(compare e.g. [24], [25], [26], [29], [30]). The common agreement of formulating
the paraconsistent logics is to reject the ECSQ or to accept “the inconsistency with-
out triviality”.
We can say that the Matte Blanco’s theory of mind formulated the symmetric-
continuum of mind in a bi-logical perspective. Theoretically speaking, except two
poles of the bi-logic framework, one pole adopts the consistent classical logic, and
the other pole adopts the inconsistent logic that includes everything, the rest of
symmetric-continuum has to be paraconsistent, since it admits some inconsistent
propositions without the explosion. However, it is hard to say that the whole bi-
logic framework is paraconsistent, since one pole of it rejects the explosion and the
other pole accepts the explosion.


4.5 Discussion and Outlook
A certain sense of anti-mechanism stated that various human intelligence, exper-
tise, and skills acquaintance which mainly rely on the unconscious instinct could
not be taken in formal rules in this manner (compare e.g. [12], [13], [14], [15]). The
core of this paper introduced the bi-logic framework that provides the theoretical
underpinnings and gives psychoanalytic insights on the unconscious processes in-
vestigations. By some notions in mathematical logic, the formulation of basic rules
in unconscious processes was given in Matte Blanco’s theory of mind.
Concerning human intelligence investigations as our starting point, the uncon-
scious processes rest on two main principles, namely an endorsement of the princi-
ple of symmetry and the principle of generalization, observed in the psychoanalysis
studies have led to a systematic analysis of conceptual and logical problems in psy-
choanalysis that were previously not notified before Matte Blanco’s works.
With the development of various logics in the modern logical society, several
logics used in different domains today might be rendered as the options for the
bi-logic framework. In the first place, various paraconsistent logical systems, in-
cluding discussive logic, non-adjunctive systems, preservationism, adaptive logics,
logics of formal inconsistency, many-valued logics, and relevant logics ([31]) can
serve as the paraconsistent systems for studying the continuum of conscious and
unconscious processes. Secondly, with the development of the classical logic and
intuitionistic logic, the intuitionistic logic can serve as the replacement of classical
logic as the conventional logic, since the intuitionistic logic is at least strong as the
classical logic (compare e.g. [1], [18], and chapter 6 in [32]). Thirdly, by the result
in modal logic that S5 is paraconsistent, so is first-order logic ([4]), we can extend
the symmetric-continuum to cover the conventional logic that is assumed as clas-
sical logic by Matte Blanco’s theory of mind. Fourthly, to formulate the bi-logic
framework as context-dependent logic based on a sheaf-theoretical framework has
been suggested by CJS Clarke ([9], [10], [11]).
The investigations about Matte Blanco’s theory of mind and bi-logic framework
have in particular been employed to define some general rules of unconscious pro-
cesses, moreover to be some kind of formalization in an interdisciplinary manner.
The rapid development of institution theory could suggest a picture that, we be-
lieve, will eventually supersede these notions about logic from a general logic view-
point ([24], [27], [28]). For the intersection of theoretical computer science and
unconscious studies, it will be a potential work to specify each individual logic of
stratum in the whole bi-logic framework. In this way, the institution theory will
serve as the new framework for the transition between conscious processes and un-
conscious processes that have already been discussed in this paper. For example, to
institutionalize paraconsistent logics. A relative idea, which discusses the transition
from nonconscious (superpositioned quantum information) to classical information
has also been proposed by Stuart Hameroff ([22], p. 230).
In the perspective of philosophy of mind, a general challenge that will be ad-
dressed in the future is to find out the justification for the bi-logically structuring
unconscious/conscious processes. A more fundamental debate should be as follows:

72 T.-K. Fu

“Whether can the primary statement about “structuring human minds” be justi-
fied or not?”
Following abovementioned perspectives, people have argued that psychoanaly-
sis, including Matte Blanco’s theory of mind and bi-logic framework could have
been viewed in the light of complex systems ([34], pp. 152-154).
A concrete future work concerning interfaces of complex systems includes an
integration of bi-logic framework with the dynamic structures that has captured the
mind structure, to incorporate a realm of mathematical chaos theory into the study
of “unpredictability in living beings”, and to add various applications to psycho-
analysis. Here is such a voice:
“[...] A system that is deterministic is one where, given a initial state, there is precisely
one state that follows it at any one point in time [...] However, there are many natu-
ral systems that are indeterminate, especially living ones, where absolute precision of
prediction is not possible, yet some limited or probabilistic prediction or expectation
can be achieved.” ([34], p. 154)

It gives a first handle on the important applications to bi-logic framework, of which
some scientific areas across the complexity in the living systems, unpredictability,
and the discovery of mathematically chaotic processes in the human intelligence
investigations can be discussed.

Acknowledgements. Some relative works about this paper has been invited to present in
the Agalma Foundation in Geneva. The author thanks the comments from Prof. Dr. Francois
¸
Ansermet, Dr. Mathieu Arminjon, Prof. Dr. Jean-Yves B´ ziau, Prof. Dr. Robert Hinshelwood,
e
Prof. Dr. Pierre Magistretti. Prof. Dr. Daniele Mundici, and Prof. Dr. Hartly Slater.

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