Biological classification introduction..
- 1. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
- 2. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
- 3. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basic for classification. INTRODUCTION Simple morphological characters for Classification.
- 4. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Plants Trees Shrubs Herbs Aristotle classification….
- 5. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD The other classification which Aristotle classified animals into…. Animals with Red Blood Animals without Red Blood Animals e.g. Mammals Lizards Birds Fishes e.g. Insects Jellyfish
- 6. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Linnaeus made two kingdom systems of classification. Classification of the Organisms into Plants and animals was easily done. That includes both Plants and Animals.
- 7. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Two kingdom Plantae (Plants) Animalia (Animals) Two kingdom system of classification was used till very recently. Linnaeus system did not distinguish between the Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes, Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms, Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms.
- 8. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Two kingdom classification included under plants…. The character that unified the whole kingdom was the presence of cell wall in their cells. Bacteria Algae Fungi Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms
- 9. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Organisms are grouped under one category even though they widely differ other characters. Linnaeus placed Prokaryotic bacteria, blue- green algae and other groups under eukaryotes. Blue-green algae Prokaryotic bacteria
- 10. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Two kingdom system included unicellular and multicellular organisms under one group. e.g. Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together under algae. Spirogyra Chlamydomonas
- 11. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD The classification did not differentiate between the heterotrophic group (Fungi) and the autotrophic green plants. Considering the above reasons two kingdom classification found inadequate for classification organisms. Plants The cell wall in fungi is made up with chitin while, in green plants it has a cellulosic cell wall. Chitin
- 12. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Classification system of living organisms have undergone several changes overtime. After two kingdom system, classification scientists felt that other characters like….. • Cell structure • Nature of cell wall • Mode of nutrition • Methods of reproduction • Evolutionary relationships • Habitat Have undergone several changes over a period of as time.
- 13. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Plant and animal kingdoms have been constant under all different systems. R.H.Whittaker 1969 proposed a five kingdom classification. R.H.Whittaker
- 14. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Five kingdom classification Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
- 15. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Characters Five Kingdoms Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Noncellulosic (Polysaccharide + amino acid) Present in some Present (without cellulose) Present (cellulose) Absent Cell Type Cell Wall Nuclear membrane Absent Present Present Present Present Body Organisation Cellular Cellular Multicellular /loose tissue Tissue/ organ Tissue/organ/ organ system Characteristics of the five kingdoms
- 16. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Characters Five Kingdoms Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Autotrophic (chemosynthetic and photosynthetic) and Heterotrophic (saprophytic/para sitic) Autotrophic (Photosynthetic) and Heterotrophic Heterotrophic (Saprophytic/ Parasitic) Autotrophic (Photosynthetic) Heterotrophic (Holozoic/ Saprophytic etc.) Mode of nutrition
- 17. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Let us look at this five kingdom classification. All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under kingdom Monera.
- 18. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in the kingdom protista. Chlamydomonas, Chlorella e.g. Paramecium, Amoeba e.g. Chlamydomonas, Chlorella placed in plant kingdom. Paramecium, Amoeba placed in animal kingdom. Fungi were placed in a Separate Kingdom.
- 19. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD 1. Aristotle classifications are mainly based on…. 1) Morphological 2) Physiological 3) Secondary characters 4) All the above
- 20. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD 2. Two kingdom classifications are proposed by…. 1) Aristotle 2) Linnaeus 3) Swami Nathan 4) none of these
- 21. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD 3. According to two kingdom system classifications chlamydomonas and spirogyra are placed under…. 1) Fungi 2) Protista 3) Algae 4) None of these
- 22. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD 4. R.H. Whittaker proposed…. 1) Multi kingdom classification 2) Phylogenetic classification 3) Five kingdom classification 4) None of these
- 23. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
- 24. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD KINGDOM MONERA All prokaryotes like Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Mycoplasma and Actinomycetes are included in the kingdom monera. Archaebacteria: These are the special monerans since they live in some of the most harsh habitats.
- 25. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Extreme salty areas (Halophiles). Hot springs (Thermoacidophiles). Marshy areas (Methanogens).
- 26. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure. Cell membrane contains Branched Chain Lipids. Methanogens is also present in the gut of the several ruminant animals such as cow and buffaloes. Methanogens are the producers of methane gas. Cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan but contains pseudomurein. This feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.
- 27. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Eubacteria: Bacteria are the most abundant micro-organisms. They also live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans. Where very few forms can survive. They occur almost everywhere.
- 28. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Many of the bacteria live in or on other organisms as parasites and some of them as symbionts. Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape. Spherical (Coccus) Rod shaped (Bacillus) Comma shaped (Vibrium) Spiral shaped (Spirillum)
- 29. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Bacteria are characterized by the presence of a rigid cell wall consists of peptidoglycan also called murein or mucopeptide.
- 30. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD The infoldings of the cell membrane called mesosomes.
- 31. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Genetic material is basically naked. Cell organelles are not found in bacteria and in all Prokaryotic cells. Motile bacteria contain one or more flagella. Not enveloped by nuclear membrane. Except Ribosomes.
- 32. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Structure of bacteria is very simple but, very complex in behavior. Bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity.
- 33. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Some of the bacteria are autotrophic. Synthesize their own food from simpler in organic substances. Autotrophic bacteria are of two types 1. Photosynthetic autotrophs 2. Chemosynthetic autotrophs
- 34. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Majority of the bacteria are heterotrophic or heterotrophs. Saprophytes → which lives on dead organic matter They do not synthesize their own food but depend on other living organisms (parasites). Saprophytic bacteria
- 35. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Cyanobacteria They have ‘Chlorophyll’ similar to green plants. Cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial or filamentous, aquatic or terrestrial algae. Also referred to as blue-green algae. Photosynthetic autotrophs.
- 36. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Most primitive organisms show oxygenic photosynthesis. The protoplasm of cyanobacterial cell is differentiated into a Central Colourless Centroplasm with chromatin material and peripheral pigmented chromoplasm.
- 37. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD The colonies and trichomes or filaments are surrounded by gelatinous sheath. They form water blooms in the polluted water. Gelatinous sheath The Red colour of red sea is due to Trichodesmium erythrium present in it.
- 38. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Some of the organisms of cyanobacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen in a specialized cells called heterocyst’s. Nostoc and Anabaena e.g.
- 39. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD During asexual reproduction cyanobacteria forms specialized structure called Hormogonia or thick walled akinetes. Flagella absent in vegetative or reproductive phases
- 40. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria Oxidize various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy for ATP production. Plays important role in recycling of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and sulphur.
- 41. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Majority of heterotrophic bacteria are Saprophytes or Decomposers. • Making curd from milk • Production of antibiotics • Fixing nitrogen in legume roots Significant impact on human affairs.
- 42. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Some are pathogens Causing damage to human beings crops, farm animals and pets. Causative agents of many diseases such as…….. • Cholera • Typhoid • Tetanus • Citrus canker
- 43. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Chemosynthetic Autotrophic Bacteria Reproduction Bacteria reproduce mainly by Fission. During unfavourable conditions produce spores (endospores).
- 44. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Sexual reproduction by adopting a primitive type of DNA transfer from one bacterium to the other.
- 45. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Mycoplasmas Mycoplasmas are the organisms that completely lack cell wall. Mycoplasmas are pleomorphic. Shape of the organisms not constant or exist in various shapes. Organism to alter their shape or size in response to environmental conditions. Smallest living cells can survive without oxygen. Previously called pleuropneumonia like organisms (PPLO).
- 46. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Many mycoplasmas are pathogenic in plants and animals. Witches broom in plants e.g. Pleuropneumonia in cattle Mycoplasma urethritis in humans
- 47. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Actinomycetes Actinomycetes are branched filamentous bacteria which forms radiating colonies in culture. Cell wall contains mycolic acid.
- 48. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Most of them are saprophytes and decomposers. Some of them are parasitic. Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium e.g.
- 49. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD A number of Antibiotics are produced by Actinomycetes. Members especially the genus streptomyces. Streptomyces
- 50. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD 1. Bacteria which live under extreme hot conditions…. 1) Acidophilic bacteria 2) Thermoacidophiles 3) Methanogens 4) None of these
- 51. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD 2. The infoldings of cell membrane are called…. 1) Secondary structure 2) Mesosome 3) Chromatosomes 4) None of these
- 52. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD 3. Heterocyst's relates to following function…. 1) Carbon fixiation 2) Nitrogen fixiation 3) Phosphorous fixiation 4) Magnesium fixiation
- 53. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD 4. Spores or endospores are formed during…. 1) Favourable conditions 2) Unfavourable conditions 3) Both 1 & 2 4) None of these
- 54. DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Thank you…