BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC_SUPPORT_IN_PETROLEUM_EX.pdf
- 1. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL SATUAN KERJA KHUSUS PELAKSANA KEGIATAN USAHA HULU MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI (SKK Migas) Awang H. Satyana Special Staff to Chairman of SKK Migas Biostratigraphic Support in Petroleum Exploration and Production - A Controversial Reluctance: TEKNIK GEOLOGI, UNIVERSITAS TRISAKTI Symposium, Micropaleontology in Petroleum Exploration and Production Jakarta 28 April 2015 Cases from Indonesia
- 2. 2 PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL Contents 1. Progress of Biostratigraphy 2. Biostratigraphy in Petroleum Exploration and Production 3. Roles of Biostratigraphy: Cases from Indonesia 4. Reluctance to Biostratigraphy: A Controversy 5. Conclusions and Suggestions
- 3. 3 PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL Contents 1. Progress of Biostratigraphy 2. Biostratigraphy in Petroleum Exploration and Production 3. Roles of Biostratigraphy: Cases from Indonesia 4. Reluctance to Biostratigraphy: A Controversy 5. Conclusions and Suggestions
- 4. "A bad fossil is more valuable than a good working hypothesis’’ R. Trumpy , 1971 - Stratigraphy in mountain belts Quart. J. Geol. Soc.,126, p. 293-318 Nummulites from Halmahera (Lunt and Allan 2004)
- 5. Distinct Stages of Biostratigraphy 1. 1800's to the 1950's were times of cataloguing, focusing on species descriptions, gave paleontology an immediate practical application. 2. Since the 1930's there is more focus on biostratigraphy (a shift from basic units of stratigraphy- stages- to identify more precise evolution or extinction datums). Milestones in Indonesia were the establishment, then refinement, of the larger foraminifera 'Letter zonation. 3. “tarti g i the s a d o ti ui g to toda : i rease in studies on modern environmental distribution patterns, developing increased understanding of facies distribution of modern and fossil species. van Gorsel et al. (2014)
- 6. Distinct Stages of Biostratigraphy 4. s- s: the development of the global planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil zonations, mainly by micropaleontologists working in the oil industry and by academics associated with the DSDP/ODP deep sea drilling programs. 5. “i e s: i rease in interdisciplinary, oxygen and carbon isotopes chemistry of fossil carbonate shells is now commonly used in paleoclimate and paleoceanographic studies, micropaleontology and palynology are frequently used together in sequence stratigraphy studies. 6. “i e s: e focus areas include DNA genetic studies on fossil material, adding constraints to classification and evolution studies, many recent biostratigraphic studies also focus on paleoclimate modeling and studies of the global shifts i iodi ersit 'hotspots . van Gorsel et al. (2014)
- 7. Lunt (2013)
- 8. Lunt (2013)
- 9. Lunt (2013)
- 10. 10 PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL Contents 1. Progress of Biostratigraphy 2. Biostratigraphy in Petroleum Exploration and Production 3. Roles of Biostratigraphy: Cases from Indonesia 4. Reluctance to Biostratigraphy: A Controversy 5. Conclusions and Suggestions
- 11. Micropaleontology in Petroleum Exploration • Biostratigraphy and applied micropaleontology are essential tools in exploration activities for oil and gas industry. Microfossils, such as foraminifera, are of high importance since they occur in a variety of marine environments and through the geological time. • Together with their high preservation potential, the wide range of environments in which foraminifera occur makes them ideal tools for biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental studies. Biostratigraphy is the differentiation of rock units based upon the fossils which they contain. Paleoenvironmental analysis is the interpretation of the depositional environment in which the rock unit formed, based upon the fossils found within the unit. • In general, the benthic group is more suitable for reconstructing depositional environments, as the occurrence of certain species is restricted to well-defined habitats. The planktic group is highly suitable for detailed biostratigraphical age- dating and correlation due to its cosmopolitan distribution and high evolutionary rates. van Gorsel et al. (2014)
- 12. Biostratigraphy • In oil and gas exploration, biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental reconstructions are the most common applications of microfossils. Whereas biostratigraphy provides the temporal constraint of rock units based on the fossil content, paleoenvironmental reconstruction provides the interpretation of the depositional environment in which source and reservoir rocks were formed. • Since the increase need for detailed stratigraphy, the classical biostratigraphy does not provide sufficient information. Therefore, paleoenvironmental interpretation is more and more required. Quantitative and semi-quantitative micropaleontological analyses provide information on the paleoenvironmental changes, such as paleobathymetric variation and also paleoproductivity. Paloebathymetry is mainly determinate by the integration of depth marker species, and the ratio between the number of planktic and the benthic foraminifera. van Gorsel et al. (2014)
- 13. benthic foraminifera planktic foraminifera calcareous nannofossil palynomorphs Singh (2008) Three microfossil groups most commonly used in petroleum exploration
- 14. Paleodepth model based on marker foraminifera and variation in the microfossils assemblages www.tno.nl
- 15. Distribution patterns of Cenozoic foraminifera reflecting the Standard Facies Zones differentiated by Wilson (1975) platform-basin transect with marginal reefs and ternary diagram, (from Hallock and Glenn, 1986).
- 16. Paleoenvironmental Distribution of Benthic Foraminifera Assemblages Kadar et al. (1996)
- 17. Discrimination of marine environments by cross-plots of foraminiferal morphogroups Kirsch (2006)
- 18. Wellsite Biostratigraphy: Biosteering Biosteering: drilling horizontal well using microfossils in order to confine the drilling in the reservoir target www.tno.nl
- 19. 19 PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL Contents 1. Progress of Biostratigraphy 2. Biostratigraphy in Petroleum Exploration and Production 3. Roles of Biostratigraphy: Cases from Indonesia 4. Reluctance to Biostratigraphy: A Controversy 5. Conclusions and Suggestions
- 20. ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( Bone 1 Maau 1 Siri 1 Tuyu 1 SSA 1X Doang 1 Birah 1 Rubah 1 Nenang 2 Pagar 1A Kelara 1 Pangkat 1 Sanggur 1 Jangeru 1 Adang F-1 Sambang 1 Bangkung 1 Martaban 1 Tanakeke 1S Jawa Dome 1 Taku Talu 1 Kura Kura 1 Attaka J-04 Taku Talu 2 Tengkawang 1 Larilarian 1 Pamukan Bay 1 Bangkerak A-1 Saka (Shell) 1 Kampung Baru 1 Makassar A-1ST Tanah Grogot 1 Makassar Straits 1 Kariorang Northeast 1 Kaluku-1 Bravo-1 Rangkong-1 Romeo-1 Kaluku-1 KALIMANTAN SULAWESI SOUTH MAKASSAR BASIN NORTH MAKASSAR BASIN PATERNOSTER PLATFORM Kaluku-1 (ConocoPhillips, 2012) The first well confirming Paleogene rifting history of the Makassar Straits, based on biostratigraphic data Satyana (2015)
- 21. Mahakam Delta West Sulawesi Fold Belt Top Basement W E 100 km Mantle Attenuated Crust Continental Lower Crust Syn-rift Bsmt? Continental W E Satyana (2015)
- 23. 50 Ma-early Eocene 42 Ma-middle Eocene Wilson & Moss (1999) Rifting History of the Makassar Straits
- 24. Surface Geology and Stratigraphy of Muna-Buton Islands Milsom et al. (1999) Muna Buton Benteng-1 Benteng-1 (Japex, 2012), based on wellsite biostratigraphy, confirming complicated collision tectonics of Buton Island
- 25. WNW ESE Schematic Collision History of the Buton-Tukang Besi Microcontinent Nolan et al. (1989), Davidson (1991)
- 26. Complicated structure degrade seismic imaging due to poor seismic quality Japex (2012)
- 27. Dry Well Analysis, South Buton Thick Shaly Tondo Formation (Cap Rock) Karsted Lst Reservoir “World Class” source Winto Formation Japex (2007) Benteng-1
- 28. 28 PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL Contents 1. Progress of Biostratigraphy 2. Biostratigraphy in Petroleum Exploration and Production 3. Roles of Biostratigraphy: Cases from Indonesia 4. Reluctance to Biostratigraphy: A Controversy 5. Conclusions and Suggestions
- 29. Micropalaeontology under Threat (!) • Curre tl ou a still all o a biostratigrapher to provide you with a relatively heap a d si ple ethod of k o i g hat ou re drilli g through. U fortu atel , there ight ot e o e there i fi e to te ears ti e. Baile & Jo es, , Micropalaeontology Under Threat! • U fortu atel , the s ie e is ot i a er health o ditio . The s ie e of macropaleontology and biostratigraphy is even further down the path to 'e ti tio '. a Gorsel, Lu t, Morle , , I trodu tio to Ce ozoi biostratigraphy of Indonesia- SE Asia • ‘e e tl , there ha e ee fe er stude ts ho are taki g or are i terested i micropaleontology as their final year undergraduate thesis. Many students prefer to evaluate subsurface data (e.g. seismic and log data) from petroleum companies for their fi al proje ts. Akmaludin, 2014 in Darman, , Micropaleontological education in Indonesia • We a o lude that I do esia i ropaleo tolog is also u der threat . (Darman, , Micropaleontological edu atio i I do esia
- 30. Micropalaeontology under Threat (!) • Major oil companies and many smaller ones used to have in-house paleontology laboratories and significant staff, but now retain only few, generally aging specialists. • Most micropaleontologists and palynologists in Indonesia are now employed with oil industry service companies, whose work remains mostly confidential due to company and government data restrictions. • This work is mostly routine work, and of varying quality, with little active research and very few new developments in the last few decades. Publication of work done does not appear to be a priority. • Worldwide, many academic institutions that had thriving paleontology programs have reduced or closed these and no longer train paleontologists. • Many micropaleontologists in academia have now refocused on paleoclimate and paleoceanographic studies. van Gorsel et al. (2014)
- 31. Reluctance in Biostratigraphy • The opportunity to become a professional biostratigrapher is unfortunately restricted. Until the 1970-1980's several oil companies in Indonesia, like Pertamina, Shell, Caltex, Stanvac and Unocal, had their own micropaleontology departments. Today these have all closed and this specialized skill is kept mainly in consulting companies like CoreLab and Geoservices and government institutions such as Lemigas, GRDC, and LIPI. • A small number of biostratigraphers made a career as independent consultants. These experts provide biostratigraphical analysis for petroleum companies. These companies, however, often do not have enough staff with a strong understanding of biostratigraphical concepts to understand and integrate the analysis results delivered by the consultants or institutes. This may result in miss-applications or miss-integration of micropaleontological data in the industry. van Gorsel et al. (2014)
- 32. 32 PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL Contents 1. Progress of Biostratigraphy 2. Biostratigraphy in Petroleum Exploration and Production 3. Roles of Biostratigraphy: Cases from Indonesia 4. Reluctance to Biostratigraphy: A Controversy 5. Conclusions and Sugesstions
- 33. Conclusions 1. There has been progress in biostratigraphy but in slow pace and not massively conducted by its specialists due to limited number of specialists in this field. 2. Biostratigraphy plays fundamental and critical roles in sedimentary basin analysis. In oil and gas exploration biostratigraphy provides data on age and paleo-depositional environment of rocks critical for understanding basin evolution. 3. This however, controvert with the fact that interest in biostratigraphy is low, addition of new specialist in this field is very slow, the senior specialists work for routine analysis in service companies or as consultants in oil companies, or as academia almost never publish their works due to some reasons.
- 34. Suggestions 1. The specialists in this field should make their field to be interesting and fundamental therefore critical. People will give more attentions to a field which is interesting, fundamental, and critical. 2. Most of the microfossil application in petroleum industry are for routine analyses of wells. This has almost never been followed up by geologic studies using microfossils as hard data. It is suggested that biostratigraphers follow up their routine analyses with broader geologic studies cooperating with other geoscientists. This will make a role of biostratigraphy more important than just routine analysis. 3. Create a good biostratigraphic environment in college (facility and expertise of academia) therefore students enjoy learning biostratigraphy and want to major on it. 4. Biostratigraphers should publish more their works so more people will know the importance of this field.
- 35. But, despite the gloom, since biostratigraphy has not yet been replaced by chemical or other methods of age dating and facies analysis of sedimentary rocks, biostratigraphy will continue to be a critical tool that is fundamental to sedimentary basin analysis. There is still hope. Nummulites from Halmahera (Lunt and Allan 2004) (van Gorsel, Lu t, Morle , , I trodu tio to Ce ozoi iostratigraph of Indonesia- SE Asia - Berita Sedimentologi, no. 29, April 2014, p. 38 )