THE CELL THEORY AND ITS FUNDAMENTALS AND USE
- 1. Life Science Life Science Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Part 1 Part 1
- 2. All living things are All living things are composed of cells. composed of cells. Cells are microscopic & Cells are microscopic & are the basic unit of are the basic unit of structure. structure. Living cells come from Living cells come from other cells. other cells. Most cells composed of structures called “organelles” that have specific functions The Cell Theory The Cell Theory
- 3. Types of Microscopes Types of Microscopes Light Microscope Light Microscope Simple: one magnifying lense Simple: one magnifying lense Compound: two or more magnifying lens Compound: two or more magnifying lens Electron Microscope Electron Microscope Uses a beam of electrons bounced off of the Uses a beam of electrons bounced off of the specimen to form the image – higher specimen to form the image – higher resolution of image than light microscopes. resolution of image than light microscopes.
- 4. Parts of a Parts of a Microscope Microscope 1. 1. Eye piece (ocular) Eye piece (ocular) 2. 2. Objective lens Objective lens 3. 3. Stage Stage 4. 4. Slide Slide 5. 5. Coverslip Coverslip 6. 6. Diaphragm Diaphragm 7. 7. Base Base 8. 8. Fine adjustment Fine adjustment 9. 9. Coarse Adjustment Coarse Adjustment 10. 10. Stage Clips Stage Clips 11. 11. Arm Arm How much magnification? Simply multiply the magnification of the ocular lens (10x) & objective lenses (40x): 10 power x 40 power = 400 power magnification
- 5. Robert Hooke’s Work Robert Hooke’s Work English Scientist English Scientist In 1663, he used a In 1663, he used a compound microscope compound microscope Looked at tree bark – Looked at tree bark – cork cork Called the structures Called the structures “cells” “cells” Hooke’s actual drawing of “cells”
- 6. Leeuwenhoek’s Work Leeuwenhoek’s Work Dutch scientist Dutch scientist In 1683, he used In 1683, he used Simple microscope Simple microscope Looked at pond Looked at pond water water He saw single celled He saw single celled “animals” swimming “animals” swimming in the water and in the water and called them called them “animicules” “animicules”
- 7. Parts of a typical animal cell Parts of a typical animal cell Cytoplasm – Cytoplasm – jelly-like jelly-like gooey material that gooey material that holds all of the cell holds all of the cell structures structures Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Surrounding envelope , Surrounding envelope , contains the contents of contains the contents of the cell. the cell. Semi permeable – acts Semi permeable – acts like a gate -allows only like a gate -allows only certain things in & out. certain things in & out. Biphospholipid layer Biphospholipid layer – – Made of 2 layers of Made of 2 layers of lipids (fats) w/ lipids (fats) w/ embedded proteins. embedded proteins. Proteins float on lipids Proteins float on lipids like marshmallow in a like marshmallow in a cup of coco. cup of coco. Hydrophobic & Hydrophobic & hydrophilic ends of lipid hydrophilic ends of lipid molecule molecule
- 8. Parts of a typical animal cell Parts of a typical animal cell Nucleus Nucleus the brain – control the brain – control center of the cell.. center of the cell.. 3 parts 3 parts Chromatin Chromatin material material (chromosomes) (chromosomes) Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane – – w/ nuclear pores w/ nuclear pores Nucleolus Nucleolus – makes – makes ribosomes ribosomes Chromosomes Chromosomes are are rod-like structures rod-like structures used to direct the used to direct the activity of the cells – activity of the cells – Chromosomes – are Chromosomes – are coiled up very long coiled up very long strands of DNA strands of DNA
- 9. Parts of a typical animal cell Parts of a typical animal cell Ribosomes Ribosomes – – (the (the tiny dots) made in the tiny dots) made in the nucleolus, move out into nucleolus, move out into the rough ER and into the rough ER and into the cytoplasm. the cytoplasm. ER - Endoplasmic ER - Endoplasmic Reticulum Reticulum long “tube-like” long “tube-like” highways that transport highways that transport materials throughout materials throughout the cell the cell Two types: Two types: Rough ER – ER w/ Rough ER – ER w/ ribosomes attached ribosomes attached Smooth ER – ER W/out Smooth ER – ER W/out ribosomes attached ribosomes attached
- 10. Parts of a typical animal cell Parts of a typical animal cell Mitochondria – Mitochondria – “Powerhouse” of “Powerhouse” of the cell. the cell. Cristae – Cristae – the many the many folds inside the folds inside the mitochondria mitochondria Surrounding envelope , Surrounding envelope , contains the contents of contains the contents of the cell. the cell. Matrix Matrix – space – space between the cristae between the cristae ATP molecules ATP molecules (adenosine triphosphate) (adenosine triphosphate) store high amounts of store high amounts of energy that is released to energy that is released to the cell when needed. the cell when needed.
- 11. Parts of a typical animal cell Parts of a typical animal cell Goli Body, Golgi Goli Body, Golgi Complex Golgi Complex Golgi Apparatus Apparatus – – all 3 are all 3 are names for the same names for the same structure. structure. The Cellular “Post The Cellular “Post Office” Office” packages, stores & packages, stores & transports cellular transports cellular materials (proteins) materials (proteins) to areas of the cell. to areas of the cell.
- 12. Parts of a typical animal cell Parts of a typical animal cell Centrioles – Centrioles – paired paired “churro-like” “churro-like” structures found structures found only in animal cells – only in animal cells – used in cell division used in cell division
- 13. Parts of a typical animal cell Parts of a typical animal cell Lysosome – Lysosome – Spherical organelles Spherical organelles that contain digestive that contain digestive enzymes that enzymes that breakdown broken or breakdown broken or damaged structures. damaged structures. The remaining pieces The remaining pieces can be reused by the can be reused by the cell. cell. Vacuoles Vacuoles Cellular containers Cellular containers 3 types include 3 types include Food vacuoles Food vacuoles Water vacuoles Water vacuoles Waste vacuoles Waste vacuoles
- 14. Parts of a typical plant cell Parts of a typical plant cell Plant cells Plant cells have basically have basically the same types of the same types of organelles as animal cells organelles as animal cells EXCEPT EXCEPT for a few. for a few. Plant cells Plant cells have…. have…. 1. 1. Cell Wall – Cell Wall – surrounds surrounds the outside of the the outside of the plant’s cell membrane. plant’s cell membrane. A. Usually composed of A. Usually composed of cellulose or chitin. cellulose or chitin. B. Offers protection & B. Offers protection & support support 2. 2. Huge “Gigundo” Water Huge “Gigundo” Water Vacuoles – Vacuoles – aids in the aids in the transport of water up the transport of water up the plant plant 3. 3. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts – – contain contain chlorophyll used to chlorophyll used to convert sun’s energy into convert sun’s energy into chemical energy via chemical energy via photosynthesis photosynthesis 4. 4. No Centrioles – No Centrioles – Plant Plant cells have no centrioles & do cells have no centrioles & do not use them in cell division. not use them in cell division.
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