Biosystematics.

- SABAHAT BATUL ALIAS KHUSNUMA
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https://www.deviantart.com/scumbugg/art/Diversity-of-Species-Brushes-62840690
Newly discovered
organisms
Describe
Classify into
groups

 Systematic arises from Latinized Greek word- Systema, applied to the system of
classification, developed by naturalist Linnaeus [Systema naturae, 1735 I edition].
 Carolus Linnaeus – father of Systematics.
 Biological systematics is the scientific study of diversification of living forms and
its evolutionary history.
 It’s the systematic classification of living things from the past and present, and
their relationship among organisms through time. Its basically used to
understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.
 Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees , example:- phylogenies,
phylogenetic trees.
PHYLOGENIES
Branching
order .
Branch
length .
(shows amount of evolution)
(showing group relationships)

In 1830, it was John Lindley who first defined
systematics. But he just wrote about Systematic
Botany rather than Systematics.
Later in 1970 Michener et al. defined that
Systematic Biology and taxonomy are related to
one another.

1. Provides the organisms with a scientific name.
2. Describes an organism.
3. Collects and preserve organisms.
4. Scientifically classifies the organisms.

 Biosystematics classifies species through 3 specific branches.
1. Numerical systematics:- it is a system of grouping of species by numerical
methods based on their character. Biological statistics is used to identify and
classify animals.
Eg :- cluster analysis :- here the grouping of a set of objects is in such a way that
objects in the same group are more similar to each other than those in other groups.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis

2. Biochemical systematics:- in this branch of systematics animals are identified
and classified based on the molecules / materials that make up the living part of
a cell.
Some of the characters analyzed in the biochemical systematics are
 Metabolic factors.
 Amino acid sequence.
 DNA and RNA sequences.
 Restriction endonuclease analyses. Etc ..
3. Experimental systematics:- this branch of systematics deals with identification
of various evolutionary units within a species and the role they play in the
process of evolution.
Here factors like mutations, genetic divergence, and hybridization are considered as
evolutionary unit.
Taxonomy is a part of systematics with concern to a organisms name, description
and classification

 Originated from Greek word taxis and nomos, taxis-– arrangement and nomos-–
law.
 Proposed by A . P. de Candolle for the theory of plant classification in 1813.
 Its is a branch of biology that deals identification, nomenclature, and classification
of organisms into their respective groups.
 with it is essential to place new organisms into a previously described group.
 According to Mason (1950), Taxonomy is the synthesis of all the facts about
organisms into a concept and expression of the inter relationship of organisms.
 According to Heslop-Harrison (1953), Taxonomy is the principles and practices of
classification, in particular methods, the principles and even in part the results of
the biological classification.

 According to Simpson (1961), Taxonomy is the theoretical study of classification,
including its bases, principles, procedures and rules.
 Davis and Heywood ( 1963), Taxonomy is the way arranging and interpreting
information.
 Blackwelder (1967), Taxonomy is the day to day practice of handling different
kinds of organisms. It includes collection and identification of specimens, the
publication of data, the study of literature and the analysis of variations shown by
the specimens.
 According to Johnson (1974), Taxonomy is the science of placing biological forms
in order.
 Christoffersen (1995), Taxonomy is the practice of recognizing, naming and
ordering taxa into a system of words, consistent with any kind of relationships
with among taxa that the investigator has discovered in nature.

Alpha
• Classify
based on
morphology
BETA
• Genetic
• Anatomical
• Cytological
GAMA
• Evolutionary
patterns.

Levels of taxonomy
• ALPHA TAXONOMY :-
It is the first and the basic step of taxonomy. Also called as classical
taxonomy
It involves detecting, describing and naming of an organism.
It is used to name new species as well as revising the classification of
previously described species.
• BETA TAXONOMY:-
It is the second level of taxonomy.
It includes the identification of natural groups and biological classes.
It logically follows alpha taxonomy.
It involves the morphology and arrangement of the species into the
suitable biological categories (having similar species).
• GAMA TAXONOMY:-
This level of taxonomy deals with the intra specific variations and
evolutionary sequence.

 It is the form of naming of a particular organism according to some standardize
system.
 The fundamental rule of nomenclature is that each organism must have only one
scientific name.
 Binomial nomenclature- given by Carolus Linnaeus.
 Genus and species name.
 Genus is capitalized, species is lowercase.
 Underline both separately. Or italicized .
 Eg:- Homo sapiens - human
Tursiops truncatus. – bottle-neck dolphin.

 The scientific name of an animal is composed of two Latin words; the first word
stands for the genus and the second for the species.
 The system of using the generic and specific names is known as the binomial
system of nomenclature.
https://forestrypedia.com/binomial-nomenclature/

 Arrangement of taxa into some type of order.
 Its main purpose is to sketch and express relationships between taxa.
 Classification is a hierarchy of steps, where each step represents a category called
rank.
 Every organism can be classified into 7 ranks.
 Each rank contains organisms with similar characteristics.
The ranks are as follows……………

1. Kingdom.
2. Phylum.
3. Class
4. Order.
5. Family.
6. Genus.
7. Species.
o Kingdom is the largest unit of classification., it splits into smaller units called
phylum.
o Phylum splits into classes.
o Classes into orders.
o Orders into family.
o Family into genus, and
o Genus into species.
KING
PHILLIP
CAME
OVER
FOR
GREAT
SPAGHETTI

 “Systematics: Meaning, Branches and Its Application,” Biology Discussion, May
27, 2016. https://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/systematics-meaning-
branches-and-its-application/32374 (accessed Dec. 31, 2020).
 “What is the difference between alpha and beta taxonomys?,” Brainly.in, Jun. 19,
2018. https://brainly.in/question/4261907 (accessed Dec. 31, 2020).
 Wikipedia Contributors, “Systematics,” Wikipedia, Sep. 22, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics#Definition_and_relation_with_taxonom
y (accessed Dec. 31, 2020).
 D. A. Morrison, “Phylogenetics: The Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic
Systematics, 2nd edition.—E. O. Wiley and Bruce S. Lieberman,” Systematic
Biology, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 1087–1088, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.1093/sysbio/sys065.

Biosystematics.

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