Blasting and rock fragmentation
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This document discusses rock fragmentation in mining through blasting. It describes the objectives of fragmentation and factors that control fragment size, such as specific charge, spacing and burden. It explains the mechanisms of blasting including detonation shock waves and gas pressure. Methods for quantifying and optimizing fragmentation are provided, such as mean fragment size and oversize content. A case study reports on blasting results from a Tata Steel mine in India. The document also discusses secondary blasting and modeling fragmentation using the Kuz-Ram model and software.
Blasting and rock fragmentation
- 2. - OBJECTIVES At the end of this chapter, participants will be able to achieve: • Fragmentation principles •Evaluation of fragmentation • Factors controlling fragment size
- 3. - CONTENT • Fragmentation Principles • How to Quantify the Fragmentation • Evaluation of Fragmentation in Tata Steel West Bokaro • Factors Affecting Fragment Size
- 4. - INTRODUCTION • The term ‘rock (or blast) fragmentation’ is an index that is used to estimate the effect of bench blasting in the mining industry. • it is generally understood that both the stress wave and the gas pressurization make significant contributions to rock fragmentation.
- 5. - INTRODUCTION(contd.) •It is well known that the rock fragmentation in bench blasting is affected by blast condition such as specific charge, spacing and burden etc.
- 6. - BLASTING MECHANICS Upon detonation, explosives affect rock by various interrelated means. Which are- 1.Detonation Shock Wave -an energy pulse is generated and transmitted to the adjacent rock & the rock immediately surrounding the borehole is crushed to some extent. 2.Shock Wave Reflection -when the shock wave reaches a free face, the outward-bending compressive force releases, and the wave is reflected back into the rock as a tension wave.
- 8. - BLASTING MECHANICS (contd.) 3. Gas Pressure and Rock Movement – 1.Upon detonation the solid explosive is instantly converted to superheated gas 2.Gas tries to occupy a space 10,000 to 20,000 times its original solid volume 3.exerting a pressure that can exceed 1.5 million psi. 4.The fractured rock mass has a certain inertia which the gas pressure must initially overcome to start rock movement 5.Once inertia is overcome, the rock moves outward away from the borehole at around 60 mph
- 9. - Processes involved in primary blasting of rock in bench blasting. 1. Face survey - estimating overburden 2. Drilling the shot holes - preparing charge hole 3. Charging with explosive and stemming top 4. Detonating the explosive 5. Shot pile ready for loading
- 10. - Secondary blasting Blasting conducted to reduce the size of boulders resulting from a primary blast which can then be handled by the loading, hauling, and crushing system. Secondary fragmentation can be accomplished by: 1. Drilling method - small diameter hole is drilled into the oversize fragment and a hydraulic rock breaker device inserted to split the rock .
- 11. - Secondary blasting 2. Plaster blasting- An explosive charge may be packed loosely into a crack or depression in the oversize fragment then covered with a damp earth material and fired. plaster boulder 3. Pop shooting - blast hole is usually drilled near a crack or depression in the rock, and is directed toward the centre of the mass and then charged is filled in it and
- 12. - OPTIMUM FRAGMENTATION • Minimise oversize boulders (less secondary breaking) • Minimise ultra fines production • Maximise Lump product • Fragmentation enough to ensure efficient digging and loading • Muck pile loose enough for fast cycle times and full buckets
- 13. - OPTIMUM MUCKPILE SHAPE Depends mainly on- •Pit geometry •Loading machines
- 15. - BENCH HEIGHT & HOLE DIAMETER Large hole diameter and small bench •Energy yield are difficult to control •Bad blast effect charge hole bench
- 16. - BENCH HEIGHT & HOLE DIAMETER In Small hole diameter and tall bench •energy yield are reduced. •Drill and blast cost is high Blast hole
- 17. - FRAGMENTATION RATIO Blasting Crushing Ratio = 800mm 150mm Ratio=infinite dimension 800 mm block
- 18. - How delay interval can help to achieve better fragmentation in different conditions The delay time between individual holes in a row: i) The delay time between holes in a row should be between 1 ms and 5 ms per foot of burden, with 3 ms yielding good results in most instances. ii) Where air blast is a problem or potential problem, the delay time between holes in a row should be at least 2 ms per foot of spacing. iii) This will result in a blast progression along the face or along a row of holes that is approximately half the speed of sound (or less) and reduces the low frequency air blast generated by face area movement or by surface area mounding. iv) Where possible, corner holes at the end of rows should be given extra delay time because of the greater degree of fixation of the rock in those locations requires more time for the rock blasted by previously fired adjacent holes to move away.
- 19. - Delay interval between rows: i) The delay interval between rows should be from two to three times longer than the delay interval between holes in a row. ii) The last row in the shot should often be delayed slightly more than preceding rows. iii) This serves to allow rock in previously fired rows time to move out and tends to reduce back-break in the rock behind the blast. An additional hazard can exist where delay times (compared to burden and spacing) are excessively long, causing cutoffs of the initiation system or powder columns due to ground shift. Again, this needs to be analysed on a case by case basis and accounted for during blast design
- 20. - Better fragmentation also involves minimizing ground vibrations, so
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- 22. - HOW TO QUANTIFY THE FRAGMENTATION 1 . A commonly used method today to quantify fragmentation is to use the mean fragment size, often designated by k50. •k50 is a figure which represents the screen size through which 50% of the loosened rock would pass if screened. •This implies that a low value represents a fine fragmentation and vice versa
- 23. - HOW TO QUANTIFY THE FRAGMENTATION Another way to quantify the fragmentation is by the oversize content. •This could be expressed in percentage of the broken material exceeding an acceptable stone size. The oversize content is a very good complement to the k50 value as these two values together will provide a much better control of the fragmentation distribution
- 24. - Max Permitted Charge Calculation of the max permitted charge can be done according to two different sets of for-mulas, Method 1.
- 25. - The formula can be rewritten as The constant k is determined by test blasting Method 2. or , The constants k and a must be determined, preferably by test blasting and regression analysis. where v is particle velocity and K represents the initial energy transferred from the explosive to the surrounding rock And R represents the distance.
- 26. - CALCULATION OF FRAGMENTATION Kuz-Ram Model The Kuz-Ram model is probably the most widely used approach for the prediction of rock fragmentation by blasting. The unique feature of this model is that the input data consists of the relevant blast design parameters. Three key equations are the backbone of this model: • Kuznetsov’s Equation: • Rosin- Rammler equation:
- 27. - CALCULATION OF FRAGMENTATION(contd.) The n-value, which is dependent of drilling pattern, hole deviation, hole depth, charge length, etc., commonly varies between 0.8 and 1.5.
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- 29. - REPORT OF TATA STEEL WEST BOKAKO
- 30. - BOKAKO Date of Blasting Powder factor (m3/Kg Explosive) Mean Particle size of muck pile (cm) DAY 1 2.12 47.18 DAY 2 2.23 49.63 DAY 3 2.0 44.51 DAY 4 1.7 37.83 DAY 5 1.6 35.60 DAY 6 1.9 42.28 DAY 7 2.18 48.51 DAY 8 2.0 44.51 DAY 9 2.0 44.51 DAY 10 2.1 46.73
- 31. - REPORT OF TATA STEEL WEST BOKAKO
- 32. - REPORT OF TATA STEEL WEST BOKAKO
- 33. - REPORT OF TATA STEEL WEST BOKAKO Date of Blasting Powder factor (m3/Kg Explosive) Mean Particle size of muck pile coal (cm) DAY 1 4.5 16.02 DAY 2 4.3 15.45 DAY 3 4.3 15.45 DAY 4 4.3 15.45 DAY 5 4.1 14.87 DAY 6 4.4 15.90 DAY 7 4.6 16.08 DAY 8 4.3 15.45 DAY 9 4.3 15.45 DAY 10 4.3 15.45
- 34. - REPORT OF TATA STEEL WEST BOKAKO
- 35. - WORK ON WIPFRAG SOFTWARE We can get – 1) Mean particle size 2) Min & Max fragment size 3) standard deviation and most importantly- 4) percentage of fragment of particular size.
- 36. - Step 1 –Open the Software
- 37. - Step 2- open the file
- 38. - Step 3- chose the image to be analyzed
- 39. - Step-4 Select the proportionate scale
- 40. - Step -5 select the option “Generate Net” for generating net
- 41. - Step-6 Rectify the net using different tools
- 42. - Step-7 select option “sieve” from tools
- 43. - Step-8 Image analyzed and Data obtained
- 44. - Step-9 Save the report
- 45. - CONCLUSION In this project so far we have read about different type of rock fragmentation (i.e. primary & secondary) and different stages involved in fragmentation of rock. This project also projects the necessity of different type of explosives & charge hole design for more power output. In project we have also learned about application of KUZRAM model and WIPFRAG software. This topic has void role in mining industry as it decides the total output and profit of ore.