BONE PHYSIOLOGYBONE PHYSIOLOGY
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMYINDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental EducationLeader in continuing Dental Education
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
ContentsContents
 IntroductionIntroduction
 BiochemistryBiochemistry
 OsteologyOsteology
 Types of bone tissueTypes of bone tissue
 Bone metabolismBone metabolism
 Calcium conservation and dietCalcium conservation and diet
 Osteoblast histogenesis and boneOsteoblast histogenesis and bone
formationformation
 Osteoclast recruitment and boneOsteoclast recruitment and bone
resorptionresorption www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
 Skeletal adaptation: modeling andSkeletal adaptation: modeling and
remodelingremodeling
 Cortical bone growth and maturationCortical bone growth and maturation
 Markers and physiologic indexes of boneMarkers and physiologic indexes of bone
cell functioncell function
 Clinical co-relationClinical co-relation
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Indian Dental academy
• www.indiandentalacademy.com
• Leader continuing dental education
• Offer both online and offline dental courses
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
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BIOCHEMISTRYBIOCHEMISTRY
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OsteologyOsteology
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Differential osteology of the maxillaDifferential osteology of the maxilla
and the mandibleand the mandible
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BONE GROWTHBONE GROWTH
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Structure ofStructure of
typical long bonetypical long bone
before and afterbefore and after
epiphysial closureepiphysial closure
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Types of bone tissueTypes of bone tissue
 Lamellar bone (99%)Lamellar bone (99%)
COMPACTCOMPACT OROR CORTICAL BONE (80%)CORTICAL BONE (80%)
TRABECULARTRABECULAR OROR SPONGY BONE (20%)SPONGY BONE (20%)
 Woven boneWoven bone
 Composite boneComposite bone
 Bundle boneBundle bone
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StructureStructure
ofof
CompactCompact
andand
TrabecularTrabecular
BoneBone
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Bone Metabolism
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Calcium ConservationCalcium Conservation
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Osteoblast histogenesis and boneOsteoblast histogenesis and bone
formationformation
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Osteoblasts are derivd from paraOsteoblasts are derivd from para
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PHOSPHATE ESTERSPHOSPHATE ESTERS
HYDROLYSED BY THE ALKALINEHYDROLYSED BY THE ALKALINE↓↓PHOSPHATASE FROM OSTEOBLASTSPHOSPHATASE FROM OSTEOBLASTS
PHOSPHATESPHOSPHATES
INCREASED CONCENTRATION IN THE VICINITY OF THE OSTEOBLASTSINCREASED CONCENTRATION IN THE VICINITY OF THE OSTEOBLASTS
↓↓
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE PRECIPITATECALCIUM PHOSPHATE PRECIPITATE
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Bone ProteinsBone Proteins
 CollagenCollagen
 Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMP’s)Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMP’s)
Matrix G1a Protein (MGP)Matrix G1a Protein (MGP)
Bone G1a Protein (BGP, osteocalcin)Bone G1a Protein (BGP, osteocalcin)
 OsteonectinOsteonectin
 OsteopontinOsteopontin
G1a =G1a = γγ carboxylated glutamic acid residues whichcarboxylated glutamic acid residues which
bind calcium ionsbind calcium ions
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Osteoclast recruitment and boneOsteoclast recruitment and bone
resorptionresorption
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OsteoclastOsteoclast resorbingresorbing bonebone
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FACTORS AFFECTING OSTEOBLASTS ANDFACTORS AFFECTING OSTEOBLASTS AND
OSTEOCLASTSOSTEOCLASTS
STIMULATE OSTEOBLASTSSTIMULATE OSTEOBLASTS
PTHPTH
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
IL-1IL-1
T3, T4T3, T4
Hgh, IGF-1Hgh, IGF-1
PGE2PGE2
TNFTNF
ESTROGENS (?)ESTROGENS (?)
INHIBIT OSTEOBLASTSINHIBIT OSTEOBLASTS
CORICOSTEROIDSCORICOSTEROIDS
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STIMULATE OSTEOCLASTSSTIMULATE OSTEOCLASTS
PTHPTH
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
IL-6, IL-11IL-6, IL-11
INHIBIT OSTEOCLASTSINHIBIT OSTEOCLASTS
CALCITONINCALCITONIN
ESTROGENSESTROGENS
TGF-TGF-ββ
INF-INF-αα
PGE2PGE2
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SKELETAL ADAPTATION:SKELETAL ADAPTATION:
MODELING AND REMODELINGMODELING AND REMODELING
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CORTICAL BONE GROWTH ANDCORTICAL BONE GROWTH AND
MATURATIONMATURATION
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The cutting cone has a head of osteoclasts that cut through the bone and
a tail of osteoblasts that form a new secondary osteon.
The velocity is measured by two tetracycline labels 1 and 2
administered 1 week apart.
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FACTORFACTOR PEAK LOAD INPEAK LOAD IN
MICROSTRAIN (MICROSTRAIN (µµεε))
MECHANICALMECHANICAL
DISUSE ATROPHYDISUSE ATROPHY <200<200
BONE MAINTAINENCEBONE MAINTAINENCE 200 - 2500200 - 2500
PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERTROPHYPHYSIOLOGIC HYPERTROPHY 2500 - 40002500 - 4000
PATHOLOGIC OVERLOADPATHOLOGIC OVERLOAD >4000>4000
ENDOCRINEENDOCRINE
BONE METABOLIC HORMONES:BONE METABOLIC HORMONES: PTH, VIT D,PTH, VIT D,
CALCITONINCALCITONIN
GROWTH HORMONES:GROWTH HORMONES: SOMATOTROPIN, IGF-I,SOMATOTROPIN, IGF-I,
IGF-IIIGF-II
SEX STEROIDS:SEX STEROIDS: TESTOSTERONE ANDTESTOSTERONE AND
ESTROGENESTROGEN
PARACRINE AND AUTOCRINEPARACRINE AND AUTOCRINE
WIDE VARIETY OF AGENTSWIDE VARIETY OF AGENTS
CONTROL FACTORS OF BONE MODELING
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CONTROL FACTORS OF BONE REMODELINGCONTROL FACTORS OF BONE REMODELING
METABOLICMETABOLIC
PARATHYROID HORMONE:PARATHYROID HORMONE: ACTIVATION FREQUENCYACTIVATION FREQUENCY
ESTROGEN:ESTROGEN: ↓ACTIVATION FREQUENCY↓ACTIVATION FREQUENCY
MECHANICALMECHANICAL
<1000<1000µµεε: MORE REMODELLING: MORE REMODELLING
>2000>2000µµεε: LESS REMODELLING: LESS REMODELLING
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Markers and physiologic indexes ofMarkers and physiologic indexes of
bone cell functionbone cell function
 Mineralized sectionsMineralized sections
 Polarized light birefringencePolarized light birefringence
 Fluorescent labelsFluorescent labels
 MicroradiographyMicroradiography
 Backscatter emission imagingBackscatter emission imaging
 Micro-computed tomographyMicro-computed tomography
 AutoradiographyAutoradiography
 Nuclear volume morphometryNuclear volume morphometry
 Finite element modelingFinite element modeling
 MicroelectrodesMicroelectrodeswww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
Mineralized sectionMineralized section
Radiolucent areas are the young osteons and the radiodense areas are the oldest
and most mineralised portions of the bone.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
Polarized light microscopyPolarized light microscopy
Collagen orientation in the bone matrix, “C” is the lamellae with longitudinally
oriented matrix is strong in tension and the darker horizontally oriented matrix has
most strength in compression.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
Multiple fluorochrome labelsMultiple fluorochrome labels
Multiple fluorochrome labels at 2 week interval show incidence and rate of bone
formationwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
MicroradiographMicroradiograph
An array of concentric secondary osteons characteristic of rapidly remodelling
Cortical Bone.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
Mandibular condyle: young rabbitMandibular condyle: young rabbit
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Mandibular condyle: adult rabbitMandibular condyle: adult rabbit
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Backscatter emission imagingBackscatter emission imaging
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Micro-computed tomographyMicro-computed tomography
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3D microcomputed tomographic3D microcomputed tomographic
view of periimplant radiolucentview of periimplant radiolucent
areasareas
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AutoradiographyAutoradiography
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R=root; B=bone; intermediate area is the periodontal ligament (PDL) inR=root; B=bone; intermediate area is the periodontal ligament (PDL) in
which the nuclei are synthesizing DNA. Thick line is the eventual bonewhich the nuclei are synthesizing DNA. Thick line is the eventual bone
formation.formation.
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Nuclear volume morphometryNuclear volume morphometry
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Finite element modelingFinite element modeling
The mesh for a two dimensional finite element mode of a
rat maxillary first molar with adjacent periodontiumwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
MicroelectrodesMicroelectrodes
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Metabolic bone diseaseMetabolic bone disease
 OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
 Rickets / OsteomalaciaRickets / Osteomalacia
 Real osteodystrophyReal osteodystrophy
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ReferencesReferences
 William F. Ganong: Review of medicalWilliam F. Ganong: Review of medical
physiology 20physiology 20thth
Ed. 2001, McGraw-HillEd. 2001, McGraw-Hill
 Guyton and Hall: Textbook of medicalGuyton and Hall: Textbook of medical
Physiology 10Physiology 10thth
Ed. 2001 W.B. SaundersEd. 2001 W.B. Saunders
 Orban’s: Oral Histology and embryology 11Orban’s: Oral Histology and embryology 11thth
ed.ed.
1997 Mosby1997 Mosby
 Graber, Vanarsdall, Vig: Orthodontics: currentGraber, Vanarsdall, Vig: Orthodontics: current
principles and techniques 4principles and techniques 4thth
ed. 2005, Elseviered. 2005, Elsevier
MosbyMosby
 Atkinson SR: Balance, the magic word, AJO-DOAtkinson SR: Balance, the magic word, AJO-DO
50:189, 196450:189, 1964 www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

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