bsc comp scienceINTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING_final.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO
CLOUD COMPUTING
By,
Prof. S. S. Tathare,
Assistant Professor,
Comp Engg Dept,
GIT Lavel

INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING
● Definition
● Types of Clouds
● Deployment of software solutions and web applications
● Types of Cloud Platforms
● Essential characteristics – On-demand self-service, Broad network access,
Location independent resource pooling ,Rapid elasticity , Measured service
● Comparing cloud providers with traditional IT service providers

Definition
● “Cloud computing introduces both the applications delivered as services over
the Internet and the hardware and system software in the data centers that
provide those services.”
● Here is the concept of everything as a service, like XaaS, the different
components of a system IT infrastructure, development platforms, databases,
and so on can be delivered, measured, and consequently cost as a service.
● Cloud computing is a model for defining ubiquitous, convenient, on demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
like networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be
instantly provisioned and free with less management effort or service provider
interaction

Definition
Utility-oriented approach is an important aspect of cloud computing
● Cloud computing concentrates on delivering services with a given pricing model, in most cases a
pay-per-use method.
● It is also possible to access online storage, rent the virtual hardware, or use development platforms and
pay only for their effective usage, with no or minimal upfront costs.
● All these operations can be executed and billed simply by entering the credit card details and accessing
the exposed services through a Web browser.
● The criteria to declare whether a service is delivered in the cloud computing style:
○ The service is accessible through a Web browser or a Web services application programming interface.
○ Zero capital expenditure
○ pay only for what you use

Types of Clouds
● Clouds compose the primary outcome of cloud computing.
● They are a type of parallel and distributed system, physical and virtual computers conferred
as a unified computing asset.
● There are four different types of cloud:
1. Public clouds- The cloud is open to the wider public.
2. Private clouds- The cloud is executed within the private property of an institution and
generally made accessible to the members of the institution
3. Hybrid clouds- The cloud is a combination of the two previous clouds and most likely
identifies a private cloud that has been augmented with services hosted in a public cloud.
4. Community clouds- The cloud is distinguished by a multi administrative domain consisting
of different deployment models (public, private, and hybrid). A community cloud is a cloud
infrastructure in which multiple organizations share resources and services based on common
requirements.

Types of Clouds
Public clouds
● Public clouds account for the first expression of cloud computing.
● They are an awareness of the canonical view of cloud computing in which the services provided are made available
to anyone, from anywhere, and at any time through the Network.
● From a structural point of view they are a distributed system, most likely composed of one or more data centers
connected together, on top of which the specific services offered by the cloud are implemented.
● Any customer can easily agree with the cloud provider, enter her username and password and see the billing
details.
● They extend results to reduce IT infrastructure costs and serve as a viable option for handling peak loads on the
local infrastructure.
● They are used for small enterprises, which are able to initiate their businesses without large up-front investments by
completely relying on public infrastructure for their IT needs.
● A public cloud can recommend any type of service such as infrastructure, platform, or applications. For example,
Amazon EC2 is a public cloud that delivers infrastructure as a service. Google AppEngine is also called public cloud
that provides an application development platform as a service; and SalesForceservice.com is a public cloud that
provides software as a service.

Types of Clouds
Private clouds
● Private clouds, which are the same as public clouds, but their resource
provisioning model is restricted within the boundaries of an organization.
● Private clouds have the benefit of keeping the core business operations in
house by depending on the existing IT infrastructure and reducing the cost of
maintaining it once the cloud has been set up.
● The private cloud can provide services to a different range of users.
● The main advantages of a private cloud computing infrastructure:
1. Customer information protection.
2. Infrastructure ensuring SLAs.
3. Compliance with standard procedures and operations.

Types of Clouds
Hybrid clouds
● A hybrid cloud could be an attractive opportunity for taking advantage of the best of the
private and public clouds.
● Hybrid clouds enable enterprises to utilize existing IT infrastructures, maintain sensitive
information within the area, and naturally increase and reduce by provisioning external
resources and releasing them when they’re no longer needed.
Figure 5 demonstrate the a general overview of a hybrid cloud:
○ It is a heterogeneous distributed system consisting of a private cloud that integrates
supplementary services or resources from one or more public clouds.
○ For this intention they are also called heterogeneous clouds.
○ Hybrid clouds look into scalability issues by leveraging external resources for
exceeding the scope of implementation

Types of Clouds
Fig. Hybrid cloud

Types of Clouds
Community clouds
● Community clouds are distributed systems created by integration of services of different clouds to
handle the specific requirement of an industry, a community, or a business sector.
● The National Institute of Standards and Technologies characterizes community clouds as follows:
○ The infrastructure is shared by different organizations and supports a certain community that has shared
concerns.
○ It may be controlled by the organizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise.
Fig. 6 general view community clouds
● Figure 6 shows a view of the usage scenario of community clouds, jointly with reference architecture.
● The users of a distinct community cloud fall into a well identified community, sharing the same concerns
or needs such as government bodies, industries, or even simple users, but all of them concentrate on the
same problem for their interaction with the cloud.
● Community clouds are the services that are generally delivered within the institution that owns the cloud.

Types of Clouds
Fig. Community Cloud

Types of Clouds
Applications coming under the category of community clouds are as follows:
○ Media industry
■ Where Companies are finding low-cost, agile, and simple solutions to improve the efficiency of
content production.
■ Community clouds can provide a shared environment where services can ease business to
business participation and give the horsepower in terms of aggregate bandwidth, CPU, and
storage required to efficiently support media production.
○ Healthcare industry
■ The naturally hybrid deployment model of community clouds supports the storing of patient
data in a private cloud while using the shared infrastructure for noncritical services and
automating processes within hospitals.
○ Energy and other core industries
■ These industries concern different service providers, vendors, and organizations, a community
cloud can give the right type of infrastructure to create an open and upright market.

Types of Clouds
The Advantages of community clouds:
● Openness.
Clouds are open systems in which fair competition between different solutions can occur.
● Community.
Providing resources and services, the infrastructure turns out to be more scalable.
● Graceful failures.
There is no single provider & vendor in control of the infrastructure, there is no chance of a single
point of failure.
● Convenience and control.
There is no dispute between convenience and control because the cloud is shared and owned by
the community, which makes all the decisions through a collective representative process.
● Environmental sustainability.
These clouds tend to be more organic by increasing and shrinking in a symbiotic relationship to
support the demand of the community.

Deployment of software solutions and web applications
Approach to Cloud Deployment
● Effective Cloud deployment depends upon the organization’s requirements.
The approach to Cloud deployment should include identifying the need for a
Cloud system, assessing the available options, and choosing the best one. It
must also consider an organization’s current infrastructure, budget, and other
constraints that can affect a successful deployment.
● The commonly used Cloud deployment models are:
1. SaaS – Software as a Service
2. PaaS – Platform as a Service
3. IaaS – Infrastructure as a Service

SaaS – Software as a Service
● Software as a service is a software licensing and distribution paradigm where your entire application
stack is supplied as a Cloud service.
● The software program and its supporting infrastructure are centrally hosted on a vendor’s Cloud
service and receive complete maintenance and updates from them.
● It eliminates the need for complex network setup and hardware purchases.
● With SaaS, users can access their applications on any device with an internet connection without
worrying about setting up or maintaining anything on their own servers.
● Additionally, businesses can avoid costly IT infrastructure investments required for traditional
software deployment models as the vendor oversees application support and maintenance.
● SaaS Cloud deployment does not require vendor-required downloads or installations on your end.
● Popular examples of SaaS include Google Workspace, Microsoft 365 Slack, InfinCE, and ReachOut
Suite.

PaaS – Platform as a Service
● Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a Cloud service category that provides users access to a scalable
and flexible Cloud platform for building, deploying, and managing apps.
● PaaS solutions provide the underlying infrastructure for creating and managing applications,
including hardware and software.
● They are designed to make it easier for developers to create and deploy apps without worrying
about scalability or infrastructure issues.
● PaaS solutions offer a range of advantages for businesses, such as enabling faster development
time by providing pre-built modules that can be reused in multiple applications.
● As a result, companies can leverage cost savings from shared resources and economies of scale.
● It offers scalability so companies can quickly add features or services when needed.
● Advanced security measures make them better than traditional web hosting providers.
● PaaS solutions often have built-in analytics tools that help users better understand app usage and
performance.

IaaS – Infrastructure as a Service
● Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a Cloud service model that provides access to virtualized
computing resources such as servers, storage, and networking.
● It allows businesses to use Cloud-based services without investing in physical infrastructure.
● IaaS solutions are ideal for organizations that need flexible, scalable solutions but do not have the
capital or technical expertise required to build their own data centers or manage their own IT
infrastructure.
● With Infrastructure as a Service, customers pay only for what they use and benefit from the
economies of scale associated with Cloud computing.
● IaaS enables customers to spin up virtual machines (VMs) in minutes and customize them with the
operating systems and applications needed for their specific use case.
● Furthermore, many IaaS providers offer advanced features such as auto-scaling and application
performance monitoring that further accelerate deployment times and optimize resource utilization.

Risks or Vulnerability of Cloud Deployment
● Malicious Insiders: Cloud providers may not have
adequate security controls to detect malicious insiders
who can easily access and modify data.
● Lack of Visibility: The infrastructure used by a
company’s Cloud-based resources is not part of the
corporate network or owned by the company. As a
result, organizations may not have full visibility into the
environment. This can make it tough to detect security
threats and track changes in data over time. A
significant problem is it might delay responding to
threats and can lead to a data breach.
● Insecure APIs: APIs, or application user interfaces,
are a well-liked technique for streamlining Cloud
computing. These APIs can be vulnerable if the proper
security measures are not in place, leading to potential
breaches of confidential customer data or other
sensitive business information.

Risks or Vulnerability of Cloud Deployment
● Cloud Misconfiguration: One of the main reasons for Cloud
data breaches is incorrectly configured Cloud security
settings. If the Cloud infrastructure is not configured
correctly, access control policies might fail to be enforced,
and data can be stored in unsecured areas.
● Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks: Distributed
denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks are illegal attempts to bring
down a website or other web service. These attacks are
designed to disrupt the availability of a service or website by
overloading it with traffic from multiple sources. Cloud
infrastructure is particularly vulnerable to DDoS attacks
because its scalability allows attackers to flood networks with
more requests than before. Many Cloud providers have
built-in defenses for DDoS attacks. However, organizations
should still employ additional security measures, such as
DDoS protection services and monitoring their network traffic
for suspicious activity.

Choosing the Right Cloud Deployment Model
Here are some steps you can take to make sure you choose the best Cloud deployment model for your business:
1. Assess Your Requirements: Take time to analyze your organization’s needs and requirements when selecting a Cloud
deployment model. Consider factors like budget, performance goals, security requirements, and scalability needs to ensure you pick
the most suitable solution for your business.
2. Research Options: Once you have determined what type of Cloud deployment model is necessary for your organization, research
each option thoroughly. Understand how each one works and what features and benefits each one offers.
3. Evaluate Resources: Consider the resources available when selecting a Cloud deployment model. Ensure you understand the
hardware, software, and personnel required to implement the chosen option.
4. Compare Costs: Compare the costs associated with each Cloud deployment model before deciding to ensure you get the best
value for your money.
5. Monitor Performance: Once you have implemented a Cloud deployment model, monitor its performance closely over time to
ensure that it continues to meet all of your requirements and needs as changes occur within your organization or in the technology
industry.
6. Make Adjustments: Make any necessary adjustments to your chosen Cloud deployment model over time based on changes in
requirements or preferences or as new products and services become available that better fit your needs.
7. Have a Backup Plan: Finally, be sure to have a backup or recovery plan in place if something goes wrong with your Cloud
deployment model.

Benefits of a Cloud Deployment Model
● Scalability and flexibility- Businesses may readily access
and process data without needing extra cash, thanks to the
connectivity to various servers made possible by
Cloud-based infrastructure.
● Cost reduction- By using Cloud models, businesses can
spend less on infrastructure and equipment.
● Efficiency boost- By allowing businesses to reduce on-site
equipment and personnel, Cloud computing can help
enhance the efficiency of everyday operations.
● Agility and innovation- The agility of Cloud computing
makes it easier for businesses to innovate and launch new
services quickly and helps them stay ahead in the
ever-changing market.
● Enhanced collaboration- By leveraging Cloud technology,
teams can share documents in real-time, enabling them to
work together more effectively across various platforms.
Additionally, remote workers can access files from anywhere
with an internet connection. It boosts productivity and allows
for better visibility into project progress.

Types of Cloud Platforms
Cloud Computing Models There are three main models for cloud computing.
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Infrastructure as a Service, sometimes abbreviated as IaaS, contains the
basic building blocks for cloud IT and typically provide access to networking features, computers (virtual or on
dedicated hardware), and data storage space. Infrastructure as a Service provides you with the highest level of
flexibility and management control over your IT resources and is most similar to existing IT resources.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) Platforms as a service remove the need for organizations to manage the
underlying infrastructure (usually hardware and operating systems) and allow you to focus on the deployment
and management of your applications. This helps you be more efficient as you don’t need to worry about
resource procurement, capacity planning, software maintenance, patching, or any of the other undifferentiated
heavy lifting involved in running your application.
3. Software as a Service (SaaS) Software as a Service provides you with a completed product that is run and
managed by the service provider. In most cases, people referring to Software as a Service are referring to
end-user applications. With a SaaS offering you do not have to think about how the service is maintained or
how the underlying infrastructure is managed; you only need to think about how you will use that particular
piece of software. A common example of a SaaS application is web-based email where you can send and
receive email without having to manage feature additions to the email product or maintaining the servers and
operating systems that the email program is running on.

Cloud Based Services
Types of Cloud Computing
Most cloud computing services fall into five
broad categories:
1. Software as a service (SaaS)
2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4. Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)
5. Function as a Service (FaaS)

Software as a Service(SaaS)
● Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and applications over
the Internet.
● Instead of installing and maintaining software, we simply access it via the Internet,
freeing ourselves from the complex software and hardware management.
● SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase on a pay-as-you-go
basis from a cloud service provider.
● Most SaaS applications can be run directly from a web browser without any
downloads or installations required.
● The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based software, on-demand
software, or hosted software.

Advantages of SaaS
1. Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
2. Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their web browser without needing to
download and install any software. This reduces the time spent in installation and configuration and can
reduce the issues that can get in the way of the software deployment.
3. Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
4. Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software, customers rely on a SaaS provider to
automatically perform the updates.
5. Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and features on-demand.
The various companies providing Software as a service are Cloud9 Analytics, Salesforce.com, Cloud
Switch, Microsoft Office 365, Big Commerce, Eloqua, dropBox, and Cloud Tran.

Disadvantages of Saas :
1. Limited customization: SaaS solutions are typically not as customizable as on-premises software,
meaning that users may have to work within the constraints of the SaaS provider platform and may not be
able to tailor the software to their specific needs.
2. Dependence on internet connectivity: SaaS solutions are typically cloud-based, which means that
they require a stable internet connection to function properly. This can be problematic for users in areas
with poor connectivity or for those who need to access the software in offline environments.
3. Security concerns: SaaS providers are responsible for maintaining the security of the data stored on
their servers, but there is still a risk of data breaches or other security incidents.
4. Limited control over data: SaaS providers may have access to a user’s data, which can be a concern
for organizations that need to maintain strict control over their data for regulatory or other reasons.

Platform as a Service
● PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and environment to allow developers
to build applications and services over the internet.
● PaaS services are hosted in the cloud and accessed by users simply via their web browser.
● A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure. As a result, PaaS frees
users from having to install in-house hardware and software to develop or run a new application.
● Thus, the development and deployment of the application take place independent of the hardware.
● The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network,
servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly
configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.
● To make it simple, take the example of an annual day function, you will have two options either to
create a venue or to rent a venue but the function is the same.

Advantages of PaaS:
1. Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the infrastructure and other IT
services, which users can access anywhere via a web browser.
2. Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use basis thus eliminating the
expenses one may have for on-premises hardware and software.
3. Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support the complete web application
lifecycle: building, testing, deploying, managing, and updating.
4. Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with reduced complexity thus, the overall
development of the application can be more effective.
The various companies providing Platform as a service are Amazon Web services Elastic
Beanstalk, Salesforce, Windows Azure, Google App Engine, cloud Bees and IBM smart cloud.

Disadvantages of Paas:
1. Limited control over infrastructure: PaaS providers typically manage the underlying
infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that users have
less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain customizations.
2. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the PaaS provider for the availability,
scalability, and reliability of the platform, which can be a risk if the provider experiences outages
or other issues.
3. Limited flexibility: PaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain types of
workloads or applications, which can limit the value of the solution for certain organizations.

Infrastructure as a Service
● Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers computer
infrastructure on an outsourced basis to support various operations.
● Typically IaaS is a service where infrastructure is provided as outsourcing to
enterprises such as networking equipment, devices, database, and web servers.
● It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS).
● IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month.
● Some providers also charge customers based on the amount of virtual machine
space they use.
● It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security, networking, and
servers for developing such applications, and services, and deploying development
tools, databases, etc.

Advantages of IaaS:
1. Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost and IaaS customers pay on a
per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month.
2. Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive than traditional web hosting.
3. Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better security than your existing software.
4. Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying data center or the introduction of new
releases of the development or underlying software. This is all handled by the IaaS Cloud Provider.
The various companies providing Infrastructure as a service are Amazon web services, Bluestack, IBM,
Openstack, Rackspace, and Vmware.

Disadvantages of laaS :
1. Limited control over infrastructure: IaaS providers typically manage the
underlying infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can
also mean that users have less control over the environment and may not be able
to make certain customizations.
2. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and
applications, which can be a significant undertaking.
3. Limited access: Cloud computing may not be accessible in certain regions and
countries due to legal policies.

Anything as a Service
● It is also known as Everything as a Service.
● Most of the cloud service providers nowadays offer anything as a service that is a compilation of all of the
above services including some additional services.
Advantages of XaaS:
1. Scalability: XaaS solutions can be easily scaled up or down to meet the changing needs of an organization.
2. Flexibility: XaaS solutions can be used to provide a wide range of services, such as storage, databases,
networking, and software, which can be customized to meet the specific needs of an organization.
3. Cost-effectiveness: XaaS solutions can be more cost-effective than traditional on-premises solutions, as
organizations only pay for the services.

Disadvantages of XaaS:
1. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the XaaS provider for the availability,
scalability, and reliability of the service, which can be a risk if the provider experiences outages or
other issues.
2. Limited flexibility: XaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain types of
workloads or applications, which can limit the value of the solution for certain organizations.
3. Limited integration: XaaS solutions may not be able to integrate with existing systems and
data sources, which can limit the value of the solution for certain organizations.

Function as a Service :
● It provides a platform for its users or customers to develop, compute, run and deploy the code or entire
application as functions. It allows the user to entirely develop the code and update it at any time without
worrying about the maintenance of the underlying infrastructure.
● The developed code can be executed with response to the specific event. It is also as same as PaaS.
● FaaS is an event-driven execution model. It is implemented in the serverless container. When the application is
developed completely, the user will now trigger the event to execute the code. Now, the triggered event makes
response and activates the servers to execute it. The servers are nothing but the Linux servers or any other
servers which is managed by the vendor completely. Customer does not have clue about any servers which is
why they do not need to maintain the server hence it is serverless architecture.
● Both PaaS and FaaS are providing the same functionality but there is still some differentiation in terms of
Scalability and Cost.
● FaaS, provides auto-scaling up and scaling down depending upon the demand. PaaS also provides scalability
but here users have to configure the scaling parameter depending upon the demand.
● In FaaS, users only have to pay for the number of execution time happened. In PaaS, users have to pay for the
amount based on pay-as-you-go price regardless of how much or less they use.

Advantages of FaaS :
Highly Scalable: Auto scaling is done by the provider depending upon the demand.
Cost-Effective: Pay only for the number of events executed.
Code Simplification: FaaS allows the users to upload the entire application all at once.
It allows you to write code for independent functions or similar to those functions.
Maintenance of code is enough and no need to worry about the servers. Functions can
be written in any programming language.
The various companies providing Function as a Service are Amazon Web Services –
Firecracker, Google – Kubernetes, Oracle – Fn, Apache OpenWhisk – IBM, OpenFaaS,

Disadvantages of FaaS :
1. Cold start latency: Since FaaS functions are event-triggered, the first request to a new
function may experience increased latency as the function container is created and initialized.
2. Limited control over infrastructure: FaaS providers typically manage the underlying
infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that users have
less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain customizations.
3. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and applications, which
can be a significant undertaking.
4. Limited scalability: FaaS functions may not be able to handle high traffic or large number of
requests

Characteristics
● Resources Pooling: Cloud providers pulled the computing resources to give services to
multiple customers with the help of a multi-tenant model.
● On-Demand Self-Service: It is one of the key and valuable features of Cloud Computing as
the user can regularly monitor the server uptime, capabilities, and allotted network storage.
● Easy Maintenance: The servers are easy to maintain and the downtime required is very less
and even in some situations, there is no downtime.
● Large Network Access: The user can access the data of the cloud or upload the data to the
cloud from anywhere just with the help of a device and an internet connection.
● Availability: The potential of the Cloud can be altered as per the use and can be extended a
lot. It studies storage usage and allows the user to purchase extra Cloud storage if needed for
a very small amount.

Characteristics
● Automatic System: Cloud computing automatically analyzes the data needed
and supports a metering capability at some level of services.
● Economical: It is a one-time investment as the company has to buy the
storage and a small part of it can be provided to the many companies which
save the host from monthly or yearly costs.
● Security: Security creates a snapshot of the data stored so that the data may
not get lost even if one of the single servers gets damaged.
● Pay as you used: In cloud computing, the user has to pay only for the service
they have utilized and used.
● Measured Service: Cloud Computing resources used to handle and the
company uses it for recording.

Comparing cloud providers with traditional IT service providers

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