Building blocks of cream and shampoo diksha ppt
- 1. PRESENTED BY: DIKSHA TAPSALE M.PHARM SEM II(DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS) ROLL NO:514 DR.D.Y.PATIL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE AND RESEARCH,PIMPRI.
- 2. Creams are defined as a semisolid dosage form containing one or more drug substances dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base. 2
- 3. TYPES OF SKIN CREAMS 1) Make up creams (a) Vanishing cream (b) Foundation cream 2) Cleansing creams 3) Creams for winter (a) Cold cream 4) Creams for dry skin (a) Moisturizing cream 5) All purpose creams 6) Night creams 7) Skin protective & hand creams 3
- 4. INGREDIENTS USED IN SKIN CREAMS 1) Water 2) Oils,fats & waxes (a) Mineral oil ( Light liquid paraffin , Heavy liquid paraffin) (b)Glyceride oil ( Almond oil , Arachis oil , Castor oil ) (c) Fats ( Lauric , Palmitic , Stearic acids & Sesame oil , Olive oil, Coca butter , Peanut oil) (d) Waxes ( Carnauba wax, Beeswax) 3) Lanolin ( Derived from wool fat ) 4) Glycol ( Ethylene glycol , Diethylene glycol & Propylene glycol ) 5) Colours ( Saffron , Chlorophyll , Cochineal ) 4
- 5. 6) Emollients : Also known as Moisturizers. Eg : Mineral oil Squalene Lanolin 7) Emulsifying agents (a)Inorganic solids : Eg:Bentonite Kaolin (a)gums & Proteins Eg: Gum arabic Gum tragacanth Gelatin Egg albumi 5
- 6. 8) Wetting agent : Type of surface active agents & lower surface tension. Eg : Soaps Sulphonated oils Fatty alcohol sulphates Sulphated fatty esters & amides 9) Humectants ( Proteins , acids & Polysaccharides ) 10) Perfumes ( White blossoms , Rosy dreams , Orange blossom ) 11) Some functional raw materials like vitamins, amino acids and anti-inflammatory agents may also be incorporated in creams 6
- 7. (I) MOISTURIZING CREAM When water is lost from stratum corneum more rapidly than it is received from lower layers of skin , the skin becomes dehydrated. The dehydrated skin loses it’s flexibility and appears rough. Creams which restore water or moisture & plasticizes the stratum corneum , provides it’s flexibility and makes it soft.These types of cream are known as moisturizing cream. 7
- 8. FORMULA : Stearic acid 4% Mineral oil 8% Lanolin 1% Glyceryl monostearate ( self-emulsifying ) 3% Isopropyl myristate 2% Glycerine 4% Propylene Glycol 4% Triethanolamine 0.2% Water 100% Perfumes and preservatives Q.S 8
- 9. (II) VANISHING CREAM Creams which spread easily & seem to disappear rapidly when rubbed on the skin are termed as vanishing creams. These creams are composed of emollient esters which leave little apparent film on the skin. Traditional formulae of vanishing creams are based on stearic acid. Stearic acid melts above body temperature & crystallizes in a form so as to be invisible providing a non-greasy film .It also imparts attractive appearance to the cream 9
- 10. FORMULA : Stearic acid 17% Potassium hydroxide 0.7% Glycerine 5% Water 100% Perfumes & Preservatives Q.S 10
- 11. Procedure for preparation of vanishing cream : Melt stearic acid in a china dish on a water bath. In a beaker, dissolve potassium hydroxide in water & glycerine to it. Heat the aqueous solution upto 70ºC on water bath. When both aqueous & oily phase reaches the same temperature (70ºC) add aqueous phase to melted stearic acid with constant stirring. Remove the china dish from heat & continue the stirring , when the temperature reaches 40ºC , add perfume and mix uniformly until it becomes cool and a homogeneous. 11
- 12. (III) COLD CREAM Cold cream is a w/o type emulsion which when applied to skin , a cooling effect is produced, due to slow evapouration of water present in the emulsion. Cold cream is an emulsion of fats and water which can be used to clean & soften the skin. Cold cream has been used to remove makeup gently at the end of day & it can also be used to soften tough skin on the knees and elbows or to keep skin protected from harsh winter weather. Cold cream is prepared by saponification reaction between beeswax & alkali borax. 12
- 13. FORMULA : White beeswax - 10g Liquid paraffin - 30g Borax - 0.5g Rose oil - 0.1ml Water - 10ml White beeswax - 10g Liquid paraffin - 30g Borax - 0.5g Rose oil - 0.1ml Water - 10ml 13
- 14. Procedure for preparation of cold cream : Weigh the required quantity of white beeswax & liquid paraffin and melt in a china dish by heating on a water bath upto 70ºC . In a glass beaker, dissolve borax in water and heat upto 70ºC . When both oily and aqueous phases reaches the same temperature (70ºC) , gradually add borax solution to the melted beeswax drop by drop with constant stirring. Stir continuously until it becomes cool.When the temperature lowers to 40-45ºC , incorporate rose oil and mix uniformly , until a homogeneous semi-solid mass is obtained. 14
- 15. EVALUATION OF CREAMS 1) Presence of foreign particles / grittiness : A Small amount of cream was taken and spread on a glass slide free from grease and was observed against diffused light to check for the presence of foreign particles 2) pH of the cream : About 1g of the cream was weighed & dissolved in 100ml of distilled water and stored for 2 hrs . pH of different formulations was determined by using digital pH meter. 3) Viscosity : Viscosity of the formulation was determined by brookfield viscometer using spindle no. S-64 at 20rpm at a temperature of 25ºC & determinations were carried out in triplicate and the average of three recordings were recorded. 15
- 16. 4) Spreadability : Two sets of glass slides of standard dimensions were taken. The cream formulation were placed over one of the slides. The other slides was placed on the top of formulation , such that the cream between two slides were pressed uniformly to form a thin layer. The spreadability was expressed in terms of time taken by 2 slides to slip off from the cream. Lesser the time taken for separation of 2 slides , better the spreadability. 5) Irritancy test : Mark an area( 1 square cm) on the left hand dorsal surface. The cream was applied to the specified area and time was noted . Irritancy , erythema , edema was checked if any, for regular intervals upto 24hrs & reported. 6) Patch test : About 1-3g of cosmetic to be tested was applied on to the sensitive part of the skin. Control patches were also applied. The site of patch was inspected after 24 hrs. 16
- 17. 7) Stability studies : (a)Globule size : 1ml of cream was diluted to 10ml with glycerine. A few drops of this were transferred onto a glas slide & was focussed in a microscope. By using eyepiece micrometer, the diameters of 200 particles were determined randomly. (b)(b) Phase separation : The formulated cream was kept intact in a closed container at 25-30ºC not exposed to light. Phase separation was observed carefully every 24hrs for 30 days. Any change in phase separation was recorded. 8) Partition coefficient of the cream : 50mg of cream was taken in a separating funnel containing 1:1 ratio of buffer 7.4 & n-hexane. Then solution was shaken occasionally & both phases were separated and filtered & the amount solubilized in each phase was determined by measuring the absorbance using UV spectrophotometer 17
- 18. 9) Extrudability : The formulations were filled in a standard collapsible capped tube and sealed. The tube was weighed & recorded. The tube was placed between two glass slides & was clamped. A 500g weight was placed over the slide & cap was opened. The amount of cream were collected & weighed. The amount of cream extruded was calculated and grades were allotted. 10) Thermal stability : The formulated cream was inserted into glass bottle with the help of a spatula , and tapped to settle to the bottom, filled upto 2/3rd capacity of bottle & insert plug and tighten the cap. Filled bottle was kept erect inside the incubator at 45± 1ºC for 48hrs. The sample will pass the test , if on removal from the incubator shows no oil separation or any other phase separation. 18
- 19. A Shampoo is a preparation of a surfactant in a suitable form – liquid,solid or powder which when used under the specialized conditions will remove surface grease,dirt and skin debris from the hair shaft and scalp without adversely affecting the user. 19
- 20. INGREDIENTS FOR SHAMPOO 1) Surfactants : (a)Anionic surfactants : Alkyl benzene sulphonates , Alpha oleffin sulphonates, Sulphosuccinates (b) Non-ionic surfactants :Fatty acid alkanolamides , Polyalkoxylated derivatives , Amine oxides (c)Amphoteric surfactants : N-alkyl aminoacids ,Betains ,Alkyl imidazolines. 2) Conditioning agents : Lanolin, Mineral oil, Polypeptides, Egg derivatives,Herbal extracts. 3) Viscosity modifiers : (a) Electrolytes : Ammonium chloride , Sodium chloride (b) Natural gums :Gum tragacanth , Gum karaya , Alginates (c) Cellulose derivatives : Hydroxyethyl cellulose , Hydroxypropyl cellulose, Carboxymethyl cellulose. 20
- 21. (d) Carboxyvinyl polymers : Polymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with polyfunctional agent (e) Others : Ethoxylated fatty acid diesters ,Phosphate esters, Polyvinyl pyrrolidones. 4) Opacifying & Clarifying agents : Stearyl alcohol ,Cetyl alcohol , Propylene glycol , Phosphates , Finely dispersed zinc oxide , Milky emulsions of vinyl polymers 5) Preservatives : Formaldehyde , Esters of para hydroxy benzoic acid 6) Perfumes 21
- 22. FORMULA : Coconut oil - 14% v/v Olive oil - 3% v/v Castor oil - 3% v/v Potassium hydroxide - 8% v/v Glycerol - 8% v/v Sodium hexamethyl cellulose - 0.8% v/v Perfume - 0.3% v/v Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose - 2.5% v/v Water - 53% v/v 22
- 23. Procedure for preparation of shampoo Measure the quantity of coconut oil, olive oil , castor oil & take it in a round bottom flask. Potassium hydroxide dissolved in 3/4th quantity of water was added to it , heat it in a water bath for 70-80ºC with constant shaking for 1hr. Take remaining quantity of water and add sodium hexamethyl cellulose , glycerine , perfume & other ingredients. Then mix both the solution to form a uniform shampoo. 23
- 24. TYPES OF SHAMPOOS: Henna powder - 5% Soap powder - 50% Sodium carbonate - 22.5% Potassium carbonate - 7.5% Borax - 15% Perfume - Q.S Sodium lauryl sulphate - 35% Glyceryl monostearate - 2% Magnesium monostearate - 1% Water - upto 100% Colour, Perfume & Preservatives - Q.S POWDER SHAMPOO LOTION SHAMPOO 24
- 25. LIQUID SHAMPOO ANTI DANDRUFF SHAMPOO Sodium lauryl sulphate - 40% Sodium chloride - 2-4% Water - upto 100% Perfume, Colour & Preservatives - Q.S Selenium sulphide - 2.5% Bentonite - 5% Sodium lauryl sulphate - 35% Water - Upto 100% Colour , Perfume , Preservatives - Q.S 25
- 26. CONDITIONING SHAMPOO Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride - 5.5% Ethylene glycol monostearate - 2% Cetyl alcohol - 2.5% Water -100% Colour, Perfume & Preservatives - Q.S 26
- 27. EVALUATION OF SHAMPOO 1) Determination of percent of solid contents : A clean dry evaporating dish was weighed and added 4g of shampoo to it. Evapourating dish with the shampoo was weighed. The exact weight of shampoo was calculated & the evapourating dish with the shampoo was placed on a hot plate until the liquid portion evapourates. The weight of shampoo only (solids) after drying was calculated. 2) Determination of pH : The pH of 10% shampoo solution in distilled water was determined at room temperature using a digital pH meter. 3) Determination of viscosity : It is determined using Brookfield viscometer . 100ml of shampoo is taken in a beaker & spindle is dipped in it for about 5 minutes and then reading is taken. 27
- 28. 4) Foaming ability & Foam stability : 50ml of 1% shampoo solution was put into a 250ml graduated cylinder and covered the cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times. The total volume of the foam contents after 1 minute shaking were recorded. The foam volume was calculated after shaking the volume of the foam at 1 minute interval for 4 minutes were recorded. 5) Skin irritation test : Patch test technique is used here. A set of 6 rabbits were used for testing each material. The shampoo preparations are diluted between concentrations of 8-10%. Patches containing the shampoo preparations were applied & then removed , the skin sites were noted for any changes on the surface of skin like edema,erythema formation. These products are then classified as mild irritant, moderate & severe 28
- 29. 6) Cleaning action : 5g of wool yarn were placed in grease , after that it was placed in 200ml of water containing 1g of shampoo in a flask . Temperature was maintained at 35ºC . The flask was shaked for 4 minutes at the rate of 50 times a minute. The solution was removed and sample was taken out, dried and weighed & calculated the amount of grease removed. 7) Dirt dispersion : Two drops of shampoo were added in a large test tube containing 10ml of distilled water. 1 drop of ink was added ; the test tube was stoppered and shaked it 10 times. The amount of ink in the foam was estimated as none, light , moderate or heavy. 29
- 30. 8) Surface tension measurement : Measurements were carried out with a 10% shampoo solution in distilled water at room temperature. Thoroughly clean the stalagmometer with purified water because surface tension is highly affected with grease or other lubricants. 9) Eye irritation test : About 1% shampoo solution was dripped into the eyes of 6 albino rats with their eyes held open with the clips at the lid. The progressive damage to the rabbit’s eyes was recorded at specific intervals over an average period of 4 seconds. Reaction to the irritants can include swelling of the eyelid , inflammation of the iris , ulceration , haemorrhaging and blindness. 30
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