BUILDING MATERIALS 1
8 likes3,754 views
Concrete is the most widely used building material due to its low cost, fireproof and weatherproof properties, and ability to be molded into any shape. It is a composite material made of cement, water, and aggregates. Reinforced concrete is concrete strengthened with steel bars. Brick is made from fired clay and is cheap and strong in compression. Cast iron is strong but weaker than steel. Steel is one of the strongest materials and is used widely in construction. Aluminum is lightweight but expensive. Wood is cheap and moderately strong but can rot and burn easily. Plastic is flexible, lightweight, and strong in compression and tension but is expensive.
BUILDING MATERIALS 1
- 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALSBUILDING MATERIALS
- 2. CONCRETE Ingredient – cement, water, small stones Strength – cheap, fireproof & weatherproof, molds any shape, strong in compression Weaknesses – cracks with temperature changes weak intemperature changes, weak in tension Applications – early arch bridges & domes
- 3. REINFORCED CONCRETE Type – fine-grained concrete withType – fine-grained concrete with high-strength steel Ingredient – steel bars hidden in concrete Strength – low-cost, fireproof & th f ld hweatherproof, molds any shape, strong in compression & tension Weaknesses – can crack as it cools & hardens Applications – bridges, dams,g domes, buildings
- 4. BRICK Type ordinary brickType – ordinary brick Ingredient – burned clay Strength – cheap, strong in compressionp Weaknesses – heavy weak inWeaknesses – heavy, weak in tension Applications – walls of early skyscrapers and tunnelsskyscrapers and tunnels, domes
- 5. CAST IRON Type – cast ironType – cast iron Ingredient – iron with lots of carbonIngredient iron with lots of carbon Strength – molds to any shape,Strength molds to any shape, strong in compression Weaknesses – weaker than steel in tension, breaks without warning Applications – arch bridges, cannons domescannons, domes
- 6. STEEL Type – high-strength steelType – high-strength steel Ingredient – iron with a touch ofIngredient iron with a touch of carbon Strength – one of the strongest materials used in construction, t i i & t istrong in compression & tension Weaknesses rusts loses strengthWeaknesses – rusts, loses strength in extremely high temperature Applications – cables in suspension bridges, buildingsg g
- 7. ALUMINUM Type – aluminum alloyyp y Ingredients – aluminum w/Ingredients – aluminum w/ magnesium & copper Strength – lightweight, d ’t t t idoesn’t rust, strong in compression & tension Weaknesses – expensive Applications – airplane wings,Applications airplane wings, boats, skyscrapers “skin”
- 8. WOOD Strength cheapStrength – cheap, lightweight, moderately strong in compression &strong in compression & tension Weaknesses – rots, swells and burn easilyand burn easily Applications – bridges, houses, 2 or 3-story bldbldgs
- 9. PLASTIC Type – high-strength plasticyp g g p fabric Ingredients – long chain of moleculesmolecules St th fl ibl li ht i htStrength – flexible, lightweight, long lasting, strong in compression & tensioncompression & tension Weaknesses – expensive Applications – tent structures, inflatable roofs
- 10. Introduction to ConcreteIntroduction to Concrete
- 11. Concrete As A Material • Concrete, literally, forms the basis of our modern life:modern life: – Roadways/transportation systems – Infrastructure (bridges, dams, buildings)Infrastructure (bridges, dams, buildings) – Harbor protection (flood walls) – Water distribution (pipes & conduit) – Any type of buildingsAny type of buildings
- 12. G d C l DGrand Coulee Dam
- 13. ConcreteConcrete • The word “concrete” originates from the Latin verb “concretus” which means toLatin verb concretus , which means to grow together. • It is a mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates (Fine & Coarse) and in someaggregates (Fine & Coarse) and in some cases admixtures. • The cement and water form a paste that hardens and bonds the aggregates togetherhardens and bonds the aggregates together. • Concrete is often looked upon as “manp made rock”.
- 14. REASONS WHY CONCRETE IS THE MOST WIDELY USED MATERIAL: • Concrete is one of the cheapest and most readilymost readily available materials Concrete can be• Concrete can be formed into a variety of shapes and sizes • Concrete possesses excellent resistance to water
- 15. Advantage of Concreteg • We ha e the abilit to cast desired shapes• We have the ability to cast desired shapes – Arches, piers, columns, shells, slabs, beams, etc… • Properties can be tailored according to need (strength, durability, etc.)( g y ) • Ability to resist high temperatures – Will maintain structural integrity far longer thanWill maintain structural integrity far longer than structural steel • Does not require protective coatings• Does not require protective coatings • Can be an architectural & structural member at the tisame time
- 16. Properties of Quality Concrete • Workability (ease of placement; resistance to segregation; homogenous mass)to segregation; homogenous mass) • Consistency (ability to flow) • Durability S h• Strength • Chloride Penetration ResistanceChloride Penetration Resistance • Abrasion Resistance
- 17. W k biliWorkability • Workability is the property that determines the ease with hi h f hl i d b l d d fi i h dwhich freshly mixed concrete can be placed and finished without segregation. • Workability is difficult to measure but redi-mix companies usually have experience in determining thecompanies usually have experience in determining the proper mix. • Therefore, it is important to accurately describe what the concrete is to be used for, and how it will be placed.
- 18. Durability f bl i l d h i f y • If acceptable materials are used, the properties of concrete, such as durability, wear resistance, and strength depend on the cement mixture. • A mixture with a sufficiently low ratio of water to• A mixture with a sufficiently low ratio of water to cement plus entrained air, if specified, is the most d i bldesirable. • These properties--and thus the desired concrete quality--can only be fully achieved through proper placement and finishing, followed by prompt andplacement and finishing, followed by prompt and effective curing.
- 19. Th N f CThe Nature of Concrete • It is a composite material • Aggregates are 65% - 80% of the volumeAggregates are 65% - 80% of the volume – Fine aggregate: sand Coarse aggregate: stone– Coarse aggregate: stone C G l & li bi d• Cement: General term & applies to any binder – Portland cement – fly ash W t• Water
- 20. Th P Of Th A tThe Purpose Of The Aggregates • Large aggregates: – provide density (fill space: cheap filler)provide density (fill space: cheap filler) – provide strength (hard material) • Fine aggregates: fill small voids between large– fill small voids between large aggregates (reduce volume changes) – Increases strength of the cement binder
- 21. The Cement Matrix • Cement:Cement: – produces a crystalline structurestructure – binds aggregates together Uses for cement: Mortar = cement + sand + water Plaster = cement + lime + sand + waterPlaster cement + lime + sand + water Grout = cement + sand + considerable amount of water Paste = cement + water
- 22. Water • needed for two purposes: – chemical reaction with cement – workabilityworkability • only 1/3 of the water is needed for chemical reaction i i d h l• extra water remains in pores and holes • results in porosity • Good for preventing plastic shrinkage cracking and workabilityworkability • Bad for permeability, strength, durability.
- 24. TOPICSTOPICS – Stone as a Construction MaterialStone as a Construction Material – Classification of Stone – Cutting and Dressing of Stones – Construction of Stone Masonry– Construction of Stone Masonry – Comparison between Brick and Stone masonrymasonry
- 25. StoneStone a natural, hard substance formed from minerals and earth material which are present in rocks.present in rocks. Rock the portion of the earth’s crust having no definite shape and structuredefinite shape and structure
- 26. To qualify as a construction material, stoneTo qualify as a construction material, stone should have the following qualities:should have the following qualities:should have the following qualities:should have the following qualities: StrengthStrength:: MostMost typestypes ofof stonestone havehave moremore thanthan adequateadequate compressivecompressiveqq pp strengthstrength.. TheThe shearshear strengthstrength ofof stone,stone,st e gtst e gt oo sto e,sto e, however,however, isis usuallyusually aboutabout 11//1010 ofof itsitsaboutabout 11//1010 ofof itsits compressivecompressive strengthstrength
- 27. HardnessHardness:: hardnesshardness isis importantimportant whenwhen stonestonepp isis usedused forfor flooring,flooring, paving,paving, andand stairstair treadstreads..
- 28. D bilitD bilit R i tR i tDurabilityDurability:: ResistanceResistance toto thethe weatheringweathering effectseffects ofof rain,rain, wind,wind, heat,heat, andand frostfrost actionaction isis necessarynecessary forfor exteriorexterior stoneworkstonework
- 29. W k bilitW k bilit AA t ’t ’WorkabilityWorkability:: AA stone’sstone’s hardnesshardness andand graingrain texturetexture mustmust allowallow itit toto bebe quarried,quarried, cutcut andand shapedshaped
- 30. D itD it AA t ’t ’DensityDensity:: AA stone’sstone’s porosityporosity affectsaffects itsits abilityability toto withstandwithstand frostfrost actionaction andand stainingstaining
- 31. AppearanceAppearance: Appearance factors include: Appearance factors include color, grain, and texturecolor, grain, and texture
- 32. CLASSIFICATION OF STONESCLASSIFICATION OF STONES (according to geological origin):(according to geological origin): Igneous rockIgneous rock Sedimentary rockSedimentary rockyy Metamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocks
- 33. IgneousIgneous rockrock isis formedformed asas aa resultresult ofof coolingcooling ofof thethe moltenmolten rockrock toto solidsolid statestate -- ItIt isis nonporous,nonporous, hard,hard, strongstrong andand durabledurable IgneousIgneous rockrock alsoalso knownknown asas primary,primary, unun--stratifiedstratified oror eruptiveeruptiveprimary,primary, unun stratifiedstratified oror eruptiveeruptive rocksrocks
- 34. GraniteGranite:: Consists mainly ofConsists mainly of quartz feldspar mica and otherquartz feldspar mica and otherquartz, feldspar, mica, and otherquartz, feldspar, mica, and other colored minerals; colors includecolored minerals; colors include black gray red pink brownblack gray red pink brownblack, gray, red, pink, brown,black, gray, red, pink, brown, buff, and greenbuff, and green Serpentine:Serpentine: Main ingredient isMain ingredient is serpentine; color ranges fromserpentine; color ranges from olive green to greenish black, isolive green to greenish black, is fine grained and densefine grained and dense BasaltBasalt:: Color ranges from grayColor ranges from gray t bl k d i l f it bl k d i l f ito black; used mainly for pavingto black; used mainly for paving stones and retaining wallsstones and retaining walls
- 35. GraniteGraniteGraniteGranite NonNon--porous, hard,porous, hard, strong, durablestrong, durable C l RC l RColor RangeColor Range Surface TexturesSurface TexturesSurface TexturesSurface Textures SourcesSourcesSourcesSources Primary UsesPrimary Uses 3535
- 38. TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES SerpentineSerpentine –– igneous withigneous withpp gg mineral serpentine.mineral serpentine. Typically olive green toTypically olive green toyp y gyp y g greenish black butgreenish black but impurities may color theimpurities may color thep yp y rock.rock. Used only for interiors due toUsed only for interiors due to weatheringweathering
- 39. Sedimentary rockSedimentary rock is formed by the deposition ofis formed by the deposition of sediment by water, wind or glacier, results insediment by water, wind or glacier, results in sandstone, limestone and shalesandstone, limestone and shale
- 40. Sedimentary rocksSedimentary rocks are also known as aqueous orare also known as aqueous or stratified rocksstratified rocks Sandstone: Sedimentary rock composed of sand sized grainsSandstone: Sedimentary rock composed of sand sized grains made of silica, iron oxide and clay - Colors include gray, brown light brown buff russet red copper and purplebrown, light brown, buff, russet, red, copper, and purple Limestone: Sedimentary rock composed of calcite andLimestone: Sedimentary rock composed of calcite and dolomite - Three types: oolitic, dolomitic and crystalline - Has high compressive strength - Used for building stones andHas high compressive strength Used for building stones and for paneling Shale: Derived from clays and silts; weak along planes and is in thin laminations - High in limestone and color varies fromin thin laminations High in limestone and color varies from black to red, yellow, and blue
- 41. TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES SandstoneSandstone –– class of rockclass of rock of cemented silica grainsof cemented silica grains with texture ranging fromwith texture ranging from fifivery fine to very coarse.very fine to very coarse. Colors vary from buff,Colors vary from buff, d d li h bd d li h bred and light brown.red and light brown. Porous where as 30% ofPorous where as 30% of l d fl d fvolume composed of poresvolume composed of pores
- 42. TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES LimestoneLimestone –– sedimentarysedimentary rock likerock like dolomitedolomite, no, no cleavage lines, low incleavage lines, low in absorption, smooth, uniformabsorption, smooth, uniform in structure & composition.in structure & composition. High compressive & tensileHigh compressive & tensile strengthstrength Used for:Used for: wall & floor surfaceswall & floor surfaces
- 44. TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES TravertineTravertine –– sedimentarysedimentary rockrock pleasingpleasing texturetexture withwithrock,rock, pleasingpleasing texturetexture withwith smallsmall naturalnatural pocketspockets onon aa cutcut surfacesurfacecutcut surfacesurface.. UsedUsed forfor::UsedUsed forfor:: interiorinterior decorativedecorative stonestone
- 45. Metamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocks has undergone a change inhas undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition due to thestructure, texture, or composition due to the natural agencies, as heat and pressure,natural agencies, as heat and pressure,gg especially when the rock becomes harderespecially when the rock becomes harder and more crystalline, as marble and slateand more crystalline, as marble and slatey ,y ,
- 46. Metamorphic RockMetamorphic RockMetamorphic RockMetamorphic Rock MarbleMarble SlSlate
- 47. TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES MarbleMarble –– metamorphicmetamorphic rock,rock, aa rere crystallizedcrystallized limestonelimestone formingforming intointo carraracarrara,, parianparian,, onyxonyx andand vermontvermont.. UsedUsed forfor:: flooringflooring llll && ll f if iwallwall && columncolumn facingfacing
- 48. Marble - Exterior Application 4848
- 49. TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES Slate RockSlate Rock –– metamorphosis of claysmetamorphosis of claysmetamorphosis of claysmetamorphosis of clays and shale's deposited inand shale's deposited in layers. May be separatedlayers. May be separatedlayers. May be separatedlayers. May be separated into thin, tough sheetsinto thin, tough sheets calledcalled slatesslates . Colors are. Colors arecalledcalled slatesslates . Colors are. Colors are black, green red, grey, orblack, green red, grey, or purple.purple.purple.purple. Used for:Used for: flooringflooring window sillswindow sills stair treads & facingstair treads & facing
- 51. Other Metamorphic Rocks Used InOther Metamorphic Rocks Used InOther Metamorphic Rocks Used InOther Metamorphic Rocks Used In Stone MasonryStone Masonry QuartziteQuartzite:: It is a variety ofIt is a variety of stonestone composed ofcomposed of mainly granular quartz cemented by silica, colormainly granular quartz cemented by silica, color varies from brown, buff, tan, ivory, red through grayvaries from brown, buff, tan, ivory, red through gray SchistSchist:: Made of silica with smaller amounts of ironMade of silica with smaller amounts of iron oxide and magnesium oxideoxide and magnesium oxide -- Color varies fromColor varies fromoxide and magnesium oxideoxide and magnesium oxide Color varies fromColor varies from blue, green, brown, gold, white, gray, andblue, green, brown, gold, white, gray, and redred
- 52. STONE CONSTRUCTIONSTONE CONSTRUCTION Largely used asLargely used as facingfacing for building material with steel and concrete frames.for building material with steel and concrete frames. 5252
- 53. Application Categories :Application Categories :Application Categories :Application Categories : 11 PanelingPaneling1.1. PanelingPaneling 2.2. AshlarsAshlars 3.3. RubbleworkRubblework 4.4. TrimTrim4.4. TrimTrim
- 54. PanelingPaneling –– thinthin slabsslabs ofof stonestone cutcut toto dimensiondimension dd thi kthi k tt b kb k llll ddandand thicknessthickness toto covercover backback upup wallswalls andand provideprovide finishedfinished exteriorexterior RunningRunning BondBond -- aa masonrymasonry bondbond formedformed whenwhen allall unitsunits areare laidlaid inin stretcherstretcher positionposition withwith aa halfhalf--unitunit overlapoverlapareare laidlaid inin stretcherstretcher position,position, withwith aa halfhalf unitunit overlapoverlap
- 55. Stack BondStack Bond -- aa masonry bond formed when there is nomasonry bond formed when there is no overlapping of all units and all horizontal & verticaloverlapping of all units and all horizontal & vertical joints are alignedjoints are aligned
- 56. Ashlar MasonryAshlar MasonryAshlar MasonryAshlar Masonry In this type properly dressed stones areIn this type properly dressed stones are used.used. 1.1. Ashlar fine or courseAshlar fine or course ashlarashlar masonrymasonry R d dR d d hlhl2.2. Random coursedRandom coursed ashlarashlar masonrymasonry 3.3. Rough tooledRough tooled ashlarashlar masonrymasonry3.3. Rough tooledRough tooled ashlarashlar masonrymasonry 4.4. Rock or quarry facedRock or quarry faced ashlarashlar masonrymasonry 5.5. ChamferedChamfered ashlarashlar masonrymasonry 66 Block in course masonryBlock in course masonry6.6. Block in course masonryBlock in course masonry 7.7. Ashlar facingAshlar facing
- 57. AshlarsAshlars –– work requires the use of cut stonework requires the use of cut stone that includes broken ashlars regularly /that includes broken ashlars regularly /that includes broken ashlars, regularly /that includes broken ashlars, regularly / irregularly coursed.irregularly coursed. CoursedCoursed AshlarAshlar -- AshlarAshlar masonrymasonryyy laidlaid outout inin coursescourses ofof equalequal heightheight;; bl kbl k ff iiblocksblocks ofof variousvarious sizessizes maymay bebe combinedcombined toto makemakecombinedcombined toto makemake upup thethe heightheight ofof thethe coursecourse
- 58. RandomRandom AshlarAshlar -- AshlarAshlar masonrymasonry laidlaid withoutwithoutyy regularregular coursescourses butbut withwith anan overalloverall effecteffect ofof h i t lh i t l i t tii t tihorizontalhorizontal orientationorientation
- 59. DimensionDimension stonestone -- isis quarriedquarried andand squaredsquared stonestone ii ii dd ff ifi difi d thi kthi k ddinin properproper sizesize andand ofof specifiedspecified thickness,thickness, usedused commonlycommonly forfor wallwall panels,panels, cornices,cornices, copings,copings, lintelslintels andand flooringflooringlintelslintels andand flooringflooring..
- 60. Rubble MasonryRubble MasonryRubble MasonryRubble Masonry In this type undressed or roughly dressedIn this type undressed or roughly dressed t dt dstones are usedstones are used 1.1. UnUn--coarsedcoarsed Rubble MasonryRubble Masonry 2.2. Random Rubble MasonryRandom Rubble Masonry 33 Coursed Rubble MasonryCoursed Rubble Masonry3.3. Coursed Rubble MasonryCoursed Rubble Masonry 4.4. Dry Rubble MasonryDry Rubble Masonry
- 61. RubbleRubble consistsconsists ofofRubbleRubble -- consistsconsists ofof roughrough fragmentsfragments ofof brokenbroken stonestone thatthatbrokenbroken stonestone thatthat havehave atat leastleast oneone goodgood faceface forforgoodgood faceface forfor exposureexposure inin aa wallwall..
- 62. RubbleworkRubblework –– randomrandom && nono attemptattempt toto producedproduced anan orderlyorderly coursecourse eithereitherproducedproduced anan orderlyorderly coursecourse eithereither horizontalhorizontal oror verticalvertical.... SmallSmall spacesspaces areare fill dfill d ithith llll ttfilledfilled withwith smallersmaller stonesstones.. CoursedCoursed RubbleRubble -- FieldstoneFieldstone oror roughlyroughly dresseddressed stone,stone, withwith oror withoutwithout mortar,mortar, assembledassembled toto givegive aa effecteffect ofof coursescourses
- 63. FieldstoneFieldstone -- StoneStone foundfound onon thethe groundground (i(i..ee..,, notnot quarriedquarried)) thatthat isis aa suitablesuitable sizesize andand shapeshape forfor useuse asasquarriedquarried)) thatthat isis aa suitablesuitable sizesize andand shapeshape forfor useuse asas drywalldrywall oror rubblerubble masonrymasonry