Building Service Chapter 1

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)
Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 1
1.0 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM IN THE BUILDING
Electrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity, and
associated devices. Electrical wiring as used to provide power in buildings and structures,
commonly referred to as building wiring.
1.1 Basic Concept of Electrical Power Supply
Electricity generation is the process of generating electrical power from other sources of
primary energy.
The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s
and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today:
electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the
poles of a magnet.
For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The
other processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and electrical power storage and
recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power
industry.
Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators,
primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by
other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. Other energy sources
include solar photo-voltaic and geothermal power.
There are seven fundamental methods of directly transforming other forms of energy into
electrical energy:
i. Static electricity, from the physical separation and transport of charge.
ii. Electromagnetic induction, where an electrical generator, dynamo or alternator
transforms kinetic energy (energy of motion) into electricity. This is the most used
form for generating electricity and is based on Faraday's law.
iii. Electrochemistry, the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity, as in a
battery, fuel cell or nerve impulse
iv. Photoelectric effect, the transformation of light into electrical energy, as in solar cells
v. Thermoelectric effect, the direct conversion of temperature differences to electricity,
as in thermocouples, thermopiles, and thermionic converters.
vi. Piezoelectric effect, from the mechanical strain of electrically anisotropic molecules or
crystals.
vii. Nuclear transformation, the creation and acceleration of charged particles.
Static electricity was the first form discovered and investigated, and the electrostatic
generator is still used even in modern devices such as the Van de Graaff generator. Charge
carriers are separated and physically transported to a position of increased electric potential.
Almost all commercial electrical generation is done using electromagnetic induction, in
which mechanical energy forces an electrical generator to rotate. There are many different
methods of developing the mechanical energy, including heat engines, hydro, wind and tidal
power.

The direct conversion of nuclear potential energy to electricity by beta decay is used only
on a small scale. In a full-size nuclear power plant, the heat of a nuclear reaction is used to
run a heat engine. This drives a generator, which converts mechanical energy into electricity
by magnetic induction.
Most electric generation is driven by heat engines. The combustion of fossil fuels supplies
most of the heat to these engines, with a significant fraction from nuclear fission and some
from renewable sources. The modern steam turbine (invented by Sir Charles Parsons in
1884) currently generates about 80% of the electric power in the world using a variety of heat
sources.
Figure 1.1: Source of Energy
Figure 1.2: Stage of electricity

1.1.1 Electrical Distribution
There are a few stages to distribute the electric to consumer from generation plant. The
explanation must be referring to the numbers of stage at figure 1.2.
1. The Power Plant: The electricity that used at home starts its journey at the power
plant. Normally, the power plant will use a spinning electrical generator to produce its
power, though what spins the generator (water, diesel, gas, or steam) varies. Steam
turbines, powered by burning natural gas or coal, are the most common generators.
Regardless of what type of generator is used, the energy produced is called 3-phase
AC power.
2. The Transmission Substation: The 3-phase power travels from the generator to a
nearby transmission substation. Here, the substation converts the generator’s
voltage, which is on the order of thousands, up to the levels needed for long distance
travel, which is on the scale of hundreds of thousands, using large transformers.
3. The Transmission Lines: Once the voltage is increased to the appropriate levels,
electricity runs along transmission lines for up to 3000 km.
4. The Distribution Substation: However, before the electricity is usable in a home or
business the voltage must be reduced to manageable levels, which is accomplished
at a distribution substation. This substation also has a “distribution bus” that splits the
power in multiple directions, and breakers that can disconnect it from the
transmission lines and/or specific distribution lines.
5. Into Your Home/Factory: From the distribution substation power runs through
regulator banks (which prevents overcharges), taps (which separate out the phases),
and finally into a transformer drum on top of a power pole outside your house. The
transformer drum’s job is to reduce the voltage from 7,200 volts to 240 volts/415volts
which is what most houses/factory use. From there the power travels through your
meter and into home/factory.
1.2 Electrical Power Supply: Single Phase and Three Phase
The phase voltage is a voltage between any one conductor and ground. Electricity
supply for domestic consumers, according to MS IEC 60038 standards, meets the following
specifications:
i. Single phase supply with nominal voltage of 230V, range +10%, -6%
ii. Three phase supply with nominal voltage of 400V, range +10%, -6%
iii. Permitted frequency is 50Hz +1%
iv. Earthing system type (TT System) as in Figure 1.3 and figure 1.4.
All electrical equipment used must be suitable for operation with the stated
electricity supply specifications.
Figure 1.3: Single phase power Figure 1.4: Three phase power

1.2.1 Single Phase Power Supply
Single-phase wire has three wires located within the insulation. Two hot wires and one
neutral wire provide the power. Each hot wire provides 120 volts of electricity. The neutral is
tapped off from the transformer. A two-phase circuit probably exists because most water
heaters, stoves and clothes dryers require 240 volts to operate. These circuits are fed by both
hot wires, but this is just a full phase circuit from a single-phase wire.
Every other appliance is operated off of 120 volts of electricity, which is only using one hot
wire and the neutral. The type of circuit using hot and neutral wires is why it is commonly
called a split-phase circuit. The single-phase wire has the two hot wires surrounded by black
and red insulation, the neutral is always white and there is a green grounding wire.
1.2.2 Three Phase Power Supply
A continuous series of three overlapping AC cycles offset by 120 degrees. Three-phase
power is used for all large scale distribution systems. The most common form of AC power for
distribution. Three-phase power has three overlapping AC cycles offset by 120 degrees.
In electrical engineering, three-phase electric power systems have at least three
conductors carrying alternating current voltages that are offset in time by one-third of the
period. A three-phase system may be arranged in delta (∆) or star (Y) (also denoted as wye in
some areas). A wye system allows the use of two different voltages from all three phases,
such as a 230/400V system which provides 230V between the neutral (centre hub) and any
one of the phases, and 400V across any two phases.
A delta system arrangement only provides one voltage magnitude, however it has a
greater redundancy as it may continue to operate normally with one of the three supply
windings offline, albeit at 57.7% of total capacity. Harmonic currents in the neutral may
become very large if non- linear loads are connected.
Figure 1.5: Home wiring

1.2.3 The Differences between Single and Three Phase Power Supply
The difference between three phase and single phase is primarily in the voltage that is
received through each type of wire. There is no such thing as two-phase power, which is a
surprise to some people. Some ways to determine whether three-phase wire or single-phase
wire.
Table 1.1: Differences between single phase and three phase
No Item Single Phase Three Phase
1
Phase
name
Commonly called "split-phase." It’s called three phase
2 Suitable Suitable for low electricity load More efficient than single-phase power
3 Cable Two cables power supply Four cables power supply
4 Connecting One hot wire and one neutral Three hot wires and one neutral
5 Cable color
Other once red/blue/black chose for
hot wire.
Red, blue and black connecting for hot
wire
6 Voltage Carry 240 Volts Carry 415 Volts
7
Wave
shape
8
Power
supply
connection
Figure 1.6: One voltage cycle of a three phase system

1.3 Electrical Wiring System
Electrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity, and
associated devices. This article describes general aspects of electrical wiring as used to
provide power in buildings and structures, commonly referred to as building wiring. Regulation
11(1) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 states that all wiring or rewiring of an installation or
extension to an existing installation, which shall be carried out by an Electrical Contractor or a
Private Wiring Unit, have to obtain the approval in writing from a licensee or supply authority.
Electrical wiring composes of electrical equipment such as cables, switch boards, main
switches, miniature circuit breakers (MCB) or fuses, residual current devices (RCD), lighting
points, power points, lightning arrestors.
Figure 1.7: Single phase wiring schematic

1.3.1 Consumer Unit Wiring Circuit System
A consumer unit is a type of distribution board (a component of an electrical power
system within which an electrical power feed provides supply to subsidiary circuits). A
particular type of distribution board comprising a type-tested coordinated assembly for the
control and distribution of electrical energy, principally in domestic premises, incorporating
manual means of double-pole isolation on the incoming circuit(s) and an assembly of one or
more fuses, circuit breakers, residual current operated devices or signaling and other devices
proven during the type-test of the assembly as suitable for use.
Figure 1.8: Three phase wiring schematic

See on figure 1.9 above, in an example typical new town house wiring system, there have:
i. Live & Neutral tails from the electricity meter to the CU.
ii. A split load CU.
iii. Ring circuits from 32A MCBs in the CU supplying mains sockets. 2 such rings is typical
for a 2 up 2 down, larger houses have more.
iv. Radial lighting circuits from 6A CU MCBs. 2 or more circuits typical.
v. Earth connection from incomer to CU.
vi. 10mm² main equipotential bond to other incoming metal services (gas, water, oil).
Systems often have some of the following as well:
i. Dedicated circuit MCB & cable supplying cooker.
ii. Dedicated high current circuit MCB & cable supplying shower
iii. 2 way lighting switching for stairs, large rooms & walk through rooms
iv. Outdoor lighting supplied by a 6A MCB, often via a PIR motion detector switch.
v. 16A MCB and cable supplying hot water immersion heater.
vi. A high current MCB supplying storage heater. Sometimes these are run from the main
CU, but often from a time-switch controlled dedicated CU (with either a separate "off
peak" electricity meter, or a dual tariff meter).
The radial lighting circuit has 3 common wiring options, which may be mixed at will:
i. "Loop-in". The circuit is fed to each lamp fitting in turn, and a separate cable connects
from the fitting to the switch. (this is the most common method).
ii. Switch loop through (the circuit connects to each switch in turn, and a separate cable
goes from the switch to each lamp).
iii. Junction box loop in, where the termination and feed connection are done at junction
boxes, and cables run to switches and lamps from there.
The diagram is shown with 6A lighting fuse and 32A ring circuit MCB. Other options are
also possible: 20A radial socket circuits and 10A lighting circuits are occasionally used
Figure 1.9: Consumer circuit

i. Plug
A fitting, commonly with two metal prongs for insertion in a fixed socket, used to
connect an appliance to a power supply. AC power plugs and sockets are devices that
allow electrically operated equipment to be connected to the primary alternating current
(AC) power supply in a building. Electrical plugs and sockets differ in voltage and current
rating, shape, size and type of connectors. The types used in each country are set by
national standards,
Generally the plug is the movable connector attached to an electrically operated
device's mains cable, and the socket is fixed on equipment or a building structure and
connected to an energized electrical circuit. The plug has protruding prongs, blades, or
pins (referred to as male) that fit into matching slots or holes (called female) in the
sockets. Sockets are designed to prevent exposure of bare energized contacts. Sockets
may also have protruding exposed contacts, but these are used exclusively for earthing
(grounding).
These are the three colour wires, what they mean and where they are in the opened
plug.
a. Blue – Neutral (found on the left side)
b. Yellow and green – Earth (found at the top)
c. Brown – Live – (Found on the right and the one the fuse is connected too)
An older appliance the wires may be different as so:
a. Black – Neutral (found on the left side)
b. Green – Earth (found at the top)
c. Red – Live (Found on the right and the one the fuse is connected too)
Figure 1.10: Plug

ii. Socket
Sockets may be wired on ring circuits or radial circuits. Mostly rings are used, as they
use less copper for most circuit layouts, they have safety advantages over radial circuits
(sometimes debated), can provide more power, and cover more floor area per circuit. The
types of socket circuits were:
a. Ring
Sockets are on 32A ring circuits in most house installations. These use a ring of cable
(ie a loop), so that at the CU 2 cables are connected to the MCB instead of 1. An
unlimited number of sockets may be connected on each ring. One ring circuit per floor
is a fairly common arrangement, but by no means the only option. Larger houses
generally have more rings. Its also common to have a ring dedicated just for sockets
in the kitchen since that is where you will find many of the highest power consuming
appliances in a modern house. 2.5mm² cable is usually used for ring circuits. 4mm² is
used when cable will be under insulation or bunched with other cables.
b. Spurs
Spurs are permitted, but sockets should be included in the ring rather than spurred
wherever practical. Spurring is best only used for later additions to circuits. Rules
apply to the loading and number of sockets allowed on the end of a spur.
Spurring sockets prevents the easy later addition of more sockets in some positions,
as a spur may not be spurred off a spur. Spurs also prevent the addition of more
sockets at existing spurred positions, whereas a practically unlimited number of
sockets can be added where a socket is in the ring. Bear in mind the number of
sockets wanted has risen greatly over the years, and can only be expected to rise
further.
c. Radial
Radial socket circuits are used less often. These use a single cable from CU to
socket, then a single cable to the next socket along the line etc. Radials use more
copper on most circuits, though less cable on physically long narrow shaped circuits.
Connection faults have greater consequences than with ring circuits. (Confusion over
the relative safety of ring & radial circuits is widespread.)20A radials use 2.5mm² or
4mm² cable. 32A radials use 4mm² cable.
Figure 1.11: T-junction outlet socket

iii. Lighting circuit
Suruhanjaya Tenaga Malaysia was suggested the lighting circuit at the consumer circuit
must be referring to table 1.2 below.
Table 1.2: Examples of single –phase schematic circuit for lamp
No Types of switch and lamp Diagram
1
1 lamp control by 1 switch
1-way switch
2
1-way switch
3
2 lamp control by 2 location
1-way switch
4
2-way switch
5
2-way switch and
intermediate switch
6
1 lamp fluorescent control by
1 switch
1-way switch

1.3.2 Electrical Wiring Installation Factors
To choose the type of wiring to be use has considered a few factors. The factors were:
i. Types of place to installation: to determine the routing of wiring, connections and
terminations.
ii. Types of electrical load: the installed capacity of electric cables must be compatible with
electrical load
iii. Cost: overall cost of a wiring and financing capabilities.
iv. Neatness: identifies whether the installation of the wiring system suitable for surface or
concealed wiring.
v. Safety and approval by LLN/JKR: installation routing paths taking into account the
situation and circumstances that can prevent from potential danger.
vi. Effectiveness: power supplies can be distributed to electrical appliances with the
appropriate voltage.
vii. Flexibility to the system: can change the position and orientation of the equipment as well
as machinery and temporary buildings.
viii. Ambient temperature: taking into account the type of installation if the boiler room or
assembly heat treatment.
ix. Installation Method - protection against possible mechanical requirements and height at
work.
x. Durability: the long life span of the installation.
xi. Environment: made an assessment of the environment so that the owner obtain the
optimum value from the electrical installation.
xii. Installation period: with short installation period, it will save you the cost of installation.
xiii. Easy for wiring extension if there are building renovation for the future.
Figure 1.12: Electrical wiring illustration

1.3.3 Types of Electrical Wiring System
There are a few types of wiring system to install in the building. It’s were:
i. Open/Surface Wiring System
A network of electrical wiring that is not concealed by the structure of a building, but is
protected by cleats, flexible tubing, knots, and tubes, which also support its insulated
conductors. Surface wiring system is a system where the cables used in an installation
that is installed on the wall or ceiling without any additional protection. The features of
open/surface wiring system were:
i. Single-phase supply voltage
ii. Buildings is made of wood or stone
iii. Low the installation cost
iv. Less of cable in the final circuit to be installed
v. Minimized cause of mechanical lacking damage
vi. Less time to complete the installation
vii. Suitable for low electrical consumer load
ii. Hidden Wiring System
Circuit cables installed in walls or ceilings and are not visible directly, but the end of
the cable used to connect to the terminal. The features of hidden wiring system were:
i. Single-phase supply voltage
ii. Building is made of brick or cement
iii. Neatness and beautiful buildings required
iv. Mechanical damage can be minimized
v. Less of cable in the final circuit to be installed
vi. Longer cable resistance required
vii. Suitable for low electrical consumer load
Clip
Meranti
wood
Limited
to12
cables
Figure 1.13: Surface wiring system
Figure 1.14: Hidden wiring system

iii. Conduit Wiring System
Use a system-conduit and conduit will be installed into the wall or the like and in it will
be channeled cable.
a. There are too much cause of mechanical breakdown on a building
b. Need a good grounding or earthing system
c. Need the new addition circuits for the future if there are building extension
d. Suitable for 1 phase and 3 phase supply voltage
e. The power rate installed was greater than electrical load
iv. Overhead Catenaries Wiring Support System
Overhead Catenaries supporters wiring system is a system that is rarely used today.
But in a situation of this system is still needed. The features of this system were:
a. When the building or hall ceiling is too high
b. There are center of wiring in the building
c. Also installed at the livestock barn
d. Supply cable connection between the two buildings
e. There are outdoor obstruction areas
Figure 1.14: Conduit wiring system
Figure 1.15: Overhead canaries wiring support system

v. Trunking Wiring System
Trunking wiring system is a system that uses mains metal or insulating materials are
usually rectangular and mounted vertically or horizontally on the wall or the metal frame of
the building. The features for this system were:
a. Suitable for single phase and 3 phase supply voltage
b. Used foe large buildings and multi-storey
c. A lot of cable required
d. Need the new addition circuits for the future if there are building extension
e. Greater cable safety and mechanical protection required
vi. Ducting Wiring System
Ducting wiring system is a system that uses a metal duct or insulating material and
mounted under the floor during the construction of the building. The features were:
i. Suitable for single phase and 3 phase supply voltage
ii. A lot of cable required
iii. Need the new addition circuits for the future if there are building extension
iv. Allowed the possibility of making changes in the load position in the future
v. Requires regular arrangement of devices or straight of tables
vi. Need a neatness and good finishing installation
vii. Greater cable safety and mechanical protection required
Figure 1.16: Trunking wiring system
Figure 1.17: Ducting wiring system

1.4 Conductor, Insulator and Protection in the Electrical Wiring System
1.4.1 Conductor
In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material which
permits the flow of electric charges in one or more directions. In metals such as copper or
aluminum, the movable charged particles are electrons. Positive charges may also be mobile,
such as the cationic electrolyte(s) of a battery, or the mobile protons of the proton conductor
of a fuel cell. Insulators are non-conducting materials with few mobile charges and which
support only insignificant electric currents.
All conductors contain electrical charges, which will move when an electric potential
difference (measured in volts) is applied across separate points on the material. This flow of
charge (measured in amperes) is what is
meant by electric current. In most
materials, the direct current is proportional
to the voltage (as determined by Ohm's
law), provided the temperature remains
constant and the material remains in the
same shape and state.
Copper is the most common material
used for electrical wiring. But silver is the
best conductor, but it is expensive.
Because gold does not corrode, it is used
for high-quality surface-to-surface
contacts. However, there are also many
non-metallic conductors, including
graphite, solutions of salts, and all
plasmas. There are even conductive
polymers.
Figure 1.18: Flow of electric charge in conductor
Figure 1.18: Conductor

Table 1.3: The resistivity and conductivity of selected 16 materials at 20 °C
No. Material
Resistivity
ρ (Ω•m) at 20 °C
Conductivity
σ (S/m) at 20 °C
1 Silver 1.59×10
-8
6.30×107
2 Copper 1.68×10
-8
5.96×107
3 Annealed copper 1.72×10
-8
5.80×107
4 Gold 2.44×10
-8
4.10×107
5 Aluminium 2.82×10
-8
3.50×107
6 Calcium 3.36×10
-8
2.98×107
7 Tungsten 5.60×10
-8
1.79×107
8 Zinc 5.90×10
-8
1.69×107
9 Nickel 6.99×10
-8
1.43×107
10 Lithium 9.28×10
-8
1.08×107
11 Iron 1.00×10
-7
1.00×107
12 Platinum 1.06×10
-7
9.43×106
13 Tin 1.09×10
-7
9.17×106
14 Carbon steel (1010) 1.43×10
-7
6.99×106
15 Lead 2.20×10
-7
4.55×106
16 Titanium 4.20×10
-7
2.38×106
Table 1.4: Conductor size and circuit breaker capacity
Capacity (A)
Main conductor size
mm
2
(copper)
Earth conductor
size mm
2
(copper)
Circuit breaker
capacity
Up to 600 W 1.5 1.5 5A
600-1200 W 1.5/2.5 1.5 10A
1200-1800 W 2.5/4.0 2.5 15 A
Ring circuit
(floor area 100 m
2
)
4.0 4.0 30/32A
A2 Radial Circuit
(floor area 50 m
2
)
4.0 4.0 30/32A
A3 Radial Circuit
(floor area 20 m
2
)
2.5 2.5 20 A
Air conditioner (1.5 ton) 6.0 6.0 30/32A
Cooker 6.0 6.0 30/32A
Water Heater 4.0 4.0 20A

1.4.2 Insulator
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and
which therefore does not conduct an electric current, under the influence of an electric field. A
perfect insulator does not exist, but some materials such as glass, paper and teflon, which
have high resistivity, are very good electrical insulators. A much larger class of materials,
even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to insulate electrical
wiring and cables. Examples include rubber-like polymers and most plastics. Such materials
can serve as practical and safe insulators for low to moderate voltages.
Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors
without allowing current through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrap
electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation. The term insulator is also used more
specifically to refer to insulating supports used to attach electric power distribution or
transmission lines to utility poles and transmission towers.
Electrical insulation is the absence of electrical conduction. Electronic band theory (a
branch of physics) says that a charge will flow if states are available into which electrons can
be excited. This allows electrons to gain energy and thereby move through a conductor such
as a metal. If no such states are available, the material is an insulator.
Most insulators have a large band gap. This occurs because the "valence" band
containing the highest energy electrons is full, and a large energy gap separates this band
from the next band above it. There is always some voltage (called the breakdown voltage)
that will give the electrons enough energy to be excited into this band. Once this voltage is
exceeded the material ceases being an insulator, and charge will begin to pass through it.
However, it is usually accompanied by physical or chemical changes that permanently
degrade the material's insulating properties.
Materials that lack electron conduction are insulators if they lack other mobile charges as
well. For example, if a liquid or gas contains ions, then the ions can be made to flow as an
electric current, and the material is a conductor. Electrolytes and plasmas contain ions and
will act as conductors whether or not electron flow is involved.
Insulator material were :
i. Glass
ii. Rubber
iii. Oil
iv. Asphalt
v. Fiberglas
vi. Porcelain
vii. Ceramic
viii. Quartz
ix. Dry cotton
x. Dry paper
xi. Dry wood
xii. Plastic
xiii. Air
xiv. Diamond
xv. Pure water
Figure 1.19: Illustration of cable

1.4.3 Electrical Protection System
i. The Lighting
One of the most esoteric topics among
electrical engineers is the Lightning Protection
Systems, more specific lightning rods already
mentioned lightings are a very complex natural
phenomenon therefore is it difficult to establish and
unified criteria, for this reason is that there exists a
lot of opinions and strange myths that brings as
result wrong lightning protection designs.
Air is not a perfect isolating media, given that
its dielectric resistance is around 30kV/cm, when a
potential difference is reach between tow electrical
conductor points a spark will occur inevitably
(family size, the one we call Lightning).
Depending of the polarization, the lightings are
classified on negatives (electrons or negative
charge ions) or positives (positive charged ions),
according to its origin figure 1.21 there are inside
lightning (inside the cloud), intercloud (from cloud
to cloud), clout – earth lightning (80% percent of
the lightning produced and therefore the most
important to us) and at last earth to cloud lightning.
Despite the short duration that they have (microseconds), lightning’s have a huge
destructive potential given that they carry current around 30 kA typically, up to 300 kA
have been register, therefore the necessity of protecting installations and ourselves.
a. Lightning Formation
The lightning (this point forward it will be considered as and cloud to earth and
negative) is produced by the union of the ion leaders figure 1.22 the ascendant -
up streamer.
The descendent - stepped leader, they precisely are the ones that make a ionize
row which is used by the lightning to go through figure 1.23.
The lightning produces when the ion leaders touch each other as seen in figure
1.24.
When a Lightning takes place it drains the negative charge of the cloud, it can
occur a several times in a row, that why sometimes it looks like blinking in the
sky.
Figure 1.20: The lightning
Figure 1.21: Types of lightning
Figure 1.22: Ascendant and descendent
Leader

b. Protection against Atmospheric Discharges
Given that a lightning is a natural phenomenon and as one it is unpredictable, it is
impossible to avoid its incidence on the structures or people 100% of the times,
what a protection system does is attract the lightning that otherwise will strike in
an undesired area.
The most costumed way to do so is by using lightning rods, the simplest systems
consist on a captor element of cooper or one with and equivalent resistance,
connected solid to earth trough a isolated download wire.
Figure 1.23: Ionize row for by the
ascendant and leader Figure 1.24: Lightning formed
Figure 1.25: Lightning protection

ii. Earthing
In electricity supply systems, an earthing system defines the electrical potential of the
conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing system can
affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply, and regulations
can vary considerably among countries. Most electrical systems connect one supply
conductor to earth (ground). If a fault within an electrical device connects a "hot"
(unearthed) supply conductor to an exposed conductive surface, anyone touching it while
electrically connected to the earth (e.g., by standing on it, or touching an earthed sink) will
complete a circuit back to the earthed supply conductor and receive an electric shock.
A Protective Earth (PE), known as an equipment grounding conductor in the US National
Electrical Code, avoids this hazard by keeping the exposed conductive surfaces of a device at
earth potential. To avoid possible voltage drop no current is allowed to flow in this conductor
under normal circumstances, but fault currents will usually trip or blow the fuse or circuit
breaker protecting the circuit. A high impedance line-to-ground fault insufficient to trip the
overcurrent protection may still trip a residual-current device if one is present.
In contrast, a functional earth connection serves a purpose other than shock protection,
and may normally carry current. The standard terminology an earthing distinguishes three
families of earthing arrangements, using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT.
The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply equipment
(generator or transformer):
a. T -Direct connection of a point with earth (Latin: terra)
b. I -No point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps via a high impedance.
The second letter indicates the connection between earth and the electrical device being
supplied:
a. T -Direct connection of a point with earth
b. N -Direct connection to neutral at the origin of installation, which is connected to the
earth
Figure 1.26: Earthing illustration

Table 1.5: Types of earthing circuit
The important of earthing were:
a. In power systems it helps to maintain the voltage of any part of the network at a
definite potential with respect to earth.
b. And it allows enough current to flow fast enough under earth fault conditions to
operate the protective devices installed in the circuits.
c. Preventing exposed conductive parts of the equipment from rising in potential for a
period sufficient to cause danger from electrocution.
For normal installation practice, earthing is to connect together the exposed conductive
parts of various items of the equipment and to a common terminal (main earthing terminal).
This in turn is connected by the earthing conductor to an earth electrode, buried in the mass
of earth. The earth installation must be capable of carrying the prospective fault currents
without danger and without excessive heat. It must have low resistance at all times with good
resistance to corrosion.
No Network Circuit
1 TN
TN-S TN-C TN-C-S
Separate protective earth (PE) and
neutral (N) conductors from transformer
to consuming device, which are not
connected together at any point after the
building distribution point.
Combined PE and N conductor all the
way from the transformer to the
consuming device.
Combined PEN conductor from
transformer to building distribution
point, but separate PE and N
conductors in fixed indoor wiring
and flexible power cords.
2 TT
The protective earth connection of the consumer is provided
by a local connection to earth, independent of any earth
connection at the generator.
Commonly code used in Malaysia country
3 IT
The electrical distribution system has no connection to earth
at all, or it has only a high impedance connection. In such
systems, an insulation monitoring device is used to monitor
the impedance.

The most important part of the earthing system is the electrodes. Earth electrodes are
made from a number of materials like cast iron, steel, copper or stainless steel, and they may
be in the from of plates, tubes , rods or strips. The most favored material is copper. It has
good conductivity, is corrosion resistance to many of the salts that exist in the soil and it is a
material that easily worked.
The earth resistance depends on soil resistivity and characteristics. The types of soil
suitable for earth electrode are: -
a. Wet marshy ground
b. Clay, loam soil, arable land
c. Clayey soil, loam mixed with small quantity of sand
d. Damp and wet sand
The site should not be well drained and without flowing water which will wash away the
salt in the soil. Achieving a good earth will depend on local soil condition. Three factors that
affect the soil resistivity are:-
a. Moisture content of the soil
b. Chemical composition of the soil
iii. Fuses
A fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide
overcurrent protection, of either the load or source circuit. It’s essential component is a
metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts the circuit in
which it is connected. Short circuit, overloading, mismatched loads or device failure are
the prime reasons for excessive current.
A fuse interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage by overheating or
fire is prevented. Wiring regulations often define a maximum fuse current rating for
particular circuits. Overcurrent protection devices are essential in electrical systems to
limit threats to human life and property damage. The time and current operating
characteristics of fuses are used to provide adequate protection without needless
Figure 1.27: Earthing system

interruption. Slow blow fuses are designed to allow harmless short term higher currents
but still clear on a sustained overload.
Fuses are manufactured in a wide range of current and voltage ratings to protect
wiring systems and electrical equipment. Self-resetting fuses automatically restore the
circuit after the overload has cleared; these are useful, for example, in aerospace or
nuclear applications where fuse replacement is impossible. There are three types of fuse,
refer table 1.6 below.
Most fuses are marked on the body or end caps with markings that indicate their
ratings. Surface-mount technology "chip type" fuses feature few or no markings, making
identification very difficult.
Similar appearing fuses may have significantly different properties, identified
by their markings. Fuse markings will generally convey the following information, either
explicitly as text, or else implicit with the approval agency marking for a particular type:
a. Ampere rating of the fuse
b. Voltage rating of the fuse
c. Time-current characteristic; i.e. fuse speed.
d. Approvals by national and international standards agencies
e. Manufacturer/part number/series
f. Breaking capacity
Fuses come in a vast array of sizes and styles to serve in many applications,
manufactured in standardized package layouts to make them easily interchangeable.
Fuse bodies may be made of ceramic, glass, plastic, fiberglass, molded mica laminates,
or molded compressed fiber depending on application and voltage class.
Cartridge (ferrule) fuses have a cylindrical body terminated with metal end caps.
Some cartridge fuses are manufactured with end caps of different sizes to prevent
accidental insertion of the wrong fuse rating in a holder, giving them a bottle shape.
Fuses for low voltage power circuits may have bolted blade or tag terminals which are
secured by screws to a fuse holder. Some blade-type terminals are held by spring clips.
Blade type fuses often require the use of a special purpose extractor tool to remove them
from the fuse holder.
Renewable fuses have replaceable fuse elements, allowing the fuse body and
terminals to be reused if not damaged after a fuse operation. Fuses designed for
soldering to a printed circuit board have radial or axial wire leads. Surface mount fuses
have solder pads instead of leads.
High-voltage fuses of the expulsion type have fiber or glass-reinforced plastic tubes
and an open end, and can have the fuse element replaced.
Semi-enclosed fuses are fuse wire carriers in which the fusible wire itself can be
replaced. The exact fusing current is not as well controlled as an enclosed fuse, and it is
extremely important to use the correct diameter and material when replacing the fuse
wire, and for these reasons these fuses are slowly falling from favor. Current ratings refer
tble 1.7 below.

Table 1.6: Types of fuse
No. Type of fuse Diagram
1 Wire
2 Domestic
Cartridge
Over current
fuse
Miniature
time delay
fuse
3 High voltage

Some types of circuit breakers must be maintained on a regular basis to ensure their
mechanical operation during an interruption. This is not the case with fuses, which rely on
melting processes where no mechanical operation is required for the fuse to operate
under fault conditions.
In a multi-phase power circuit, if only one fuse opens, the remaining phases will have
higher than normal currents, and unbalanced voltages, with possible damage to motors.
Fuses only sense overcurrent, or to a degree, over-temperature, and cannot usually be
used independently with protective relaying to provide more advanced protective
functions, for example, ground fault detection.
Some manufacturers of medium-voltage distribution fuses combine the overcurrent
protection characteristics of the fusible element with the flexibility of relay protection by
adding a pyrotechnic device to the fuse operated by external protective relays.
Table 1.7: Fuse rating versus wire diameter
Fuse wire rating (A) Cu Wire diameter (mm)
3 0.15
5 0.2
10 0.35
15 0.5
20 0.6
25 0.75
30 0.85
45 1.25
60 1.53
80 1.8
100 2

iv. Circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can
be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers
are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household
appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high-voltage circuits feeding an
entire city. Types of circuit breaker:
a. Low-voltage circuit breakers
- Molded Case Circuit Breaker –MCCB 2500A
- Miniature Circuit Breaker – MCB 100A
b. Magnetic circuit breakers
c. Thermal magnetic circuit breakers
d. Common trip breakers
e. Medium-voltage circuit breakers
f. High-voltage circuit breakers
g. Residual-current device RCD or Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB)
h. Residual current breaker with over-current protection (RCBO)
i. Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB)
The sample design miniature circuit breaker components above:
1. Actuator lever - used to manually trip and reset the circuit breaker. Also indicates
the status of the circuit breaker (On or Off/tripped). Most breakers are designed
so they can still trip even if the lever is held or locked in the "on" position. This is
sometimes referred to as "free trip" or "positive trip" operation.
2. Actuator mechanism - forces the contacts together or apart.
3. Contacts - Allow current when touching and break the current when moved apart.
4. Terminals
5. Bimetallic strip.
6. Calibration screw - allows the manufacturer to precisely adjust the trip current of
the device after assembly.
7. Solenoid
8. Arc divider/extinguisher
Figure 1.28: Two-poll miniature circuit breaker

1.4.4 Standard Graphic Symbol In Wiring System
Table 1.8: Types of electrical symbol
No Name Graphic symbol
1
1-fit
Fluorescent
2
Double
Fluorescent
3
1-fit Wall
Fluorescent
4
Double Wall
Fluorescent
5
Circle
Fluorescent
6 Filament lamp
7 Glob lamp
8
Wall glob
lamp
9 Wall lamp
10
Double wall
lamp
11
Chandelier
lamp
12 Spotlight
13 1 Way switch
14 2 way switch
15
Intermediation
lamp
16 Pull lamp
17
Dimmer light
switch
18
5A 3 pin
outlet socket
19
13A 3 pin
outlet socket
20
15A 3 pin
outlet socket
21
Telephone
socket outlet
22
TV antenna
socket
23 Electric bell
24
Distribution
board
25 Ceiling fan
26 Exhaust fan
27 Wall fan
28 Fan regulator
29
Hot unit
control
30
Water heater
point
31
Air conditioner
unit
32
Cook control
unit
33 Circuit breaker
34
Miniature
circuit breaker
35
Current
balance circuit
breaker
36 Fuse
37 Switch fuse
38
Neutral
connection
39
Kilo-Watt/hour
Meter
40 Earthing
41
Lightning
collector
42 Connector box

1.5 Safety Procedures and Rules for Electrical Installation System
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 sets out the general health and safety duties
of employers, employees and the self-employed. The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989,
which were made under the Act, require precautions to be taken against the risk of death or
personal injury from electricity in work activities.
Duties are placed on employers to ensure, amongst other things, that employees
engaged in such work activities on or near electrical equipment, implement safe systems of
work, have the technical knowledge, training or experience to carry out the work safely, and
are provided with suitable tools, test equipment and personal protective equipment
appropriate to the work they are required to carry out.
Under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act employees are required to co-operate with
their employer to enable the requirements of the regulations to be met. This includes
complying with any instructions given on matters such as safe systems of work. The
Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 requires that employees themselves comply with the
regulations.
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 require employers to
make a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks to the health and safety both of their
employees and of other persons arising out of, or in connection with, the conduct of their
undertakings. Where five or more persons are employed, the employer must record the
significant findings of these risk assessments.
In the context of risks arising from live work, regulation 14 of the Electricity at Work
regulations 1989 requires that:
No person shall be engaged in any work activity on or so near any live conductor (other
than one suitably covered with insulating material so as to prevent danger) that danger
may arise unless;
i. It is unreasonable in all the circumstances for it to be dead
ii. It is reasonable in all the circumstances for him to be at work on or near it while it is
live
iii. Suitable precautions (including where necessary the provision of suitable protective
equipment) are taken to prevent injury
1.5.1 Institution of Electrical Engineer (IEE) Standard for Electrical Installation
i. Legal requirements
a. In accordance with Regulation 12 (1) and (2) of the Electricity Regulations 1994
states that every wiring in an installation must be supervised by Wireman with
phase restrictions Single or Three Phase Restrictions. Once completed, Wireman
shall certify Supervision and a Certificate of Completion
b. In accordance with Regulation 13 (1) and (2) of the Electricity Regulations 1994
states that the installation Wiring shall be tested by the restriction or by Wireman
Single Phase with Restrictions Phase Three authorized to test any installation,
and to be Test Certificate to verify the installation
c. In accordance with Regulation 14 (1) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 states
Supervision Certificate and Certificate of Completion and Testing in regulations
12 and 13 shall be respectively in Form G and H are specified in the First
Schedule
ii. Testing
Upon completion of the wiring, some testing of wiring installations should
performed for confirmation of wiring and equipment operating safely installed to
be used. Before testing was conducted the inspection shall be made. Decision
inspection / supervision and testing must use. For confirmation of the Test Certificate
Form applied, the following tests should be performed:

a. Continuity test
b. Insulation Resistance Test
c. Polarity test
d. Earth Electrode Resistance Test
e. Testing Residual Current Devices
Table1.9:Standardofelectricalwiring

1.5.2 Safety Procedure and Regulation
To comply with regulation 14 of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (work on or near
live conductors), dead working should be the normal method of carrying out work on electrical
equipment and circuits.
Live working, which includes not only working on live uninsulated conductors but also
working so near live uninsulated conductors that there is a risk of injury, should only be
carried out in circumstances where it is unreasonable to work dead.
Typically this would include some types of fault finding and testing (including the live
testing requirements of BS 7671 – Requirements for Electrical Installations (IEE Wiring
Regulations)), but only where the risks are acceptable and where suitable precautions are
taken against injury, including the provision of adequate training and personal protective
equipment (PPE).
Pressure to carry out live work is becoming more common in areas such as construction
sites, high cost manufacturing and in retail outlets operating twenty-four hours per day, seven
days a week.
Irrespective of these pressures, the requirements of the regulations still apply in such
situations and live working should only be carried out when justified using the criteria
explained in HSG85. For systems where the supply has been cut off to allow dead working,
regulation 13 of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 applies as follows:
Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent electrical equipment, which has been
made dead in order to prevent danger while work is carried out on or near that equipment,
from becoming electrically charged during that work if danger may thereby arise.
This regulation therefore requires that adequate precautions are taken to ensure that
conductors and equipment cannot inadvertently be energised while the work is taking place –
this is the process of isolation.
The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 definition of ‘isolation’ is given in regulation 12
and means the disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from every source of
electrical energy in such a way that this disconnection and separation is secure. In effect this
means not just cutting off the supply but also ensuring that the means of disconnection is
secure, as described in this Guide. In most instances this will require securing the means of
disconnection in the OFF position and it is highly recommended that a caution notice or label
is posted at the point of disconnection as described in the Guide under ‘Safe isolation
procedures’.
Of equal importance is regulation. This requires that employers ensure that all employees
involved in work on electrical equipment are competent. Employees should be instructed on,
and trained in, the implementation of safe systems of work. If they have not received such
training and instruction, they should only work under the supervision of a competent person.
For the best of practice guide to safe isolation and control of the working practices on
electrical systems must be consider these aspect, it’s:
i. Site safety management
ii. Safe isolation procedure
a. When isolating the main source of energy, it is also essential to isolate any
secondary sources (such as standby generators, uninterruptible power supplies
and micro generators).
b. Where there is no such local means of isolation or where there is a risk of
reinstatement of the supply, the circuit or equipment to be worked on should be
securely isolated by one of the following methods
- Isolation using a main switch or distribution board switch-disconnected
- Isolation of individual circuits

c. It is preferable that a final circuit distribution board is not energised until all of its
final circuits have been completed, and inspected and tested
- Isolation of individual circuits protected by circuit-breakers
- Isolation of individual circuits protected by fuses
Note:
In TT systems, the incoming neutral conductor cannot reliably be regarded as
being at Earth potential. This means that for TT supplies, a multi-pole
switching device which disconnects the line and neutral conductors must be
used as the means of isolation. For similar reasons, in IT systems, all poles
of the supply must be disconnected.
In these circumstances, single pole isolation, such as by fuses or single-pole
circuit-breakers, is not acceptable.
iii. Electrical permit work
iv. Caution notice
v. Proving dead isolated equipment or circuits
vi. Additional precautions
a. New installation
b. Alterations and additions
c. Circuits under automatic control
d. Neutral conductor
e. Protective conductors
f. Proving dead unused or unidentified cables
vii. Identification of devices suitable for isolation

Figure 1.29: Steps to safe isolation

Figure 1.30: Pocket guide to isolation procedure
Figure 1.31: Caution notice

1.6 Green Technology on Electrical Installation System
What is green electricity?
“Green electricity’' means electricity produced from sources which do not cause these impacts
upon the environment. Of course, every type of electricity generation will have some impact,
but some sources are much greener than others. The cleanest energy sources are those
which utilize the natural energy flows of the Earth. These are usually known as renewable
energy sources, because they will never run out.
1.6.1 Latest Green Electrical Technology by Wind Technology and Innovation
i. Wind power plant
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such
as using wind turbines to make electrical power, windmills for mechanical power,
wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.
Large wind farms consist of
hundreds of individual wind
turbines which are connected to
the electric power transmission
network. Offshore wind is steadier
and stronger than on land, and
offshore farms have less visual
impact, but construction and
maintenance costs are
considerably higher. Small
onshore wind farms provide
electricity to isolated locations.
Utility companies increasingly buy
surplus electricity produced by
small domestic wind turbines.
Wind power, as an alternative
to fossil fuels, is plentiful,
renewable, widely distributed,
clean, produces no greenhouse
gas emissions during operation
and uses little land. The effects on
the environment are generally less
problematic than those from other
power sources.
Wind power is very consistent
from year to year but has
significant variation over shorter
time scales. The intermittency of
wind seldom creates problems
when used to supply up to 20% of
total electricity demand, but as the
proportion increases, a need to
upgrade the grid, and a lowered
ability to supplant conventional
production can occur.
Power management
techniques such as having excess
capacity storage, geographically
distributed turbines, dispatch able
backing sources, storage such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, exporting and
importing power to neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind production is
Figure 1.32: Wind power plant technology

low, can greatly mitigate these problems. In addition, weather forecasting permits the
electricity network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur.
A turbine works by converting kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy.
Energy used directly by machinery, then the machine is referred to as a windmill. The
energy converted to electricity, is known as a wind generator. Wind turbine
technology is a great thing, because it allows us to still provide enough energy for our
modern day needs at our disposal. A turbine makes it electricity by using wind. The
wind force turns the blades a wind turbine which are connected to a shaft, and the
shaft is connected to a generator which creates the electricity. Turbine's produce from
50-750 kilowatts. Wind turbines can be separated into two types based on the axis
about which the turbine rotates.
Turbines that rotate around a horizontal axis are more common. Vertical-axis
turbines are less frequently used. Another way to classify wind turbines is the
location. Whether they are used onshore or offshore, or even aerial wind turbines.
High-tech turbines equal low environmental impact. Offshore wind turbines are
increasing and are by far the largest wind turbine operation. That’s why wind power is
gaining public approval and generating increased awareness.
It is also becoming economically competitive with more conventional power
sources a fact that’s greatly improving its prospects as a viable energy source. The
process behind wind energy is pretty simple. It starts, of course, with the wind, which
is actually a form of energy. Wind is caused by the sun’s heating of the atmosphere,
the irregularities of the earth's surface and its rotation.
ii. High Altitude Wind Power with Yo-Yo Kites
Some of the most powerful (and energy-dense) winds on Earth are literally out of
reach of conventional wind turbines, but one wind power startup aims to harvest
energy from them with giant kites and some yo-yo action.
The Turin-based startup Kite Gen isn't the only one searching for the holy grail of
high altitude wind power, but their approach is a bit different from other methods,
which seek to generate power at altitude and then send it down a tether to the
ground. The Kite Gen system leaves all of the generating equipment on the ground,
saving weight and money in the air, and instead uses the physical traction from the
kite's tether to generate electricity.
.
Figure 1.33: Kite gen

Once launched, the company's kites are automatically piloted in a predefined
flight path (covering a much larger area than a conventional turbine) using on-board
avionic sensors to maximize the power generation. The kites are tethered to the
ground unit with Dyneema tethers, and the pull on these tethers is what generates
electricity. When the kites reach the end of their tether (while turning spinning drums
attached to alternators), the angle of the kites are repositioned to present minimum
resistance to the wind and the cables are then rewound to begin another phase of
power generation. According to Kite Gen, rewinding the cables does consume
energy, but only a fraction of what is produced by the kites.
iii. Invelox wind turbine
Invelox wind power generation technology, Sheerwind tests result its turbine
could generate six times more energy than the amount produced by traditional
turbines mounted on towers. Besides, the costs of producing wind energy with
Invelox are lower, delivering electricity with prices that can compete with natural gas
and hydropower.
Invelox takes a novel approach to wind power generation as it doesn’t rely on
high wind speeds. Instead, it captures wind at any speed, even a breeze, from a
portal located above ground. The wind captured is then funneled through a duct
where it will pick up speed.
The resulting kinetic energy will drive the generator on the ground level. By
bringing the airflow from the top of the tower, it’s possible to generate more power
with smaller turbine blades.
As to the sixfold output claim, as with many new technologies promising a
performance breakthrough, it needs to be viewed with caution. SheerWind makes the
Figure 1.34: Kite height – high altitude wind

claim based on its own comparative tests, the precise methodology of which is not
entirely clear.
Figure 1.35: Invelox turbine

1.6.2 Latest Green Electrical Technology by Solar Technology and Innovation
i. Solar power system
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using
photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated
solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of
sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the
photoelectric effect. Sunlight can be converted:
a. Concentrated solar power (also called concentrating solar power, concentrated solar
thermal, and CSP) systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of
sunlight, or solar thermal energy, onto a small area.
b. Solar thermal energy (STE) is a technology for harnessing solar energy for thermal
energy (heat).
Figure 1.36: Power of sun cycle

ii. Solar power product
Table 1.10: Product of solar energy
No. Item Picture
1
ER Emergency Ready Solar and
Hand-Crank Powered Emergency
LED Flashlight with Radio and
Mobile Phone Charger
2 Sunforce 60-Watt Solar Charging Kit
3 Waterproof Dynamo Solar Flashlight
4
Hybrid Solar Cooker Sun Oven
Portable Cooker by Sun BD
Corporation
5
Garden Creations Solar-Powered
LED Accent Light, Set of 8
6
SOLARBAK Solar Powered Take
Your Power With You Backpack

7
Solar Powered White LED Light
Globe
8 Solar boat
9 Solar roof
10
Brunton Solar Roll Flexible Solar
Module

1.7 Reference
Books
Egan M David (1986). The Building Fire Safety Concept. University Technology Malaysia,
Skudai.
Fullerton R. L. (1979). Building Construction in Warm Climates. Volume 1, 2, 3. Oxford
University Press, United Kingdom.
Hall F. (2000). Building Services & Equipment. Pearson Limited, England.
MS EN 81-1:2012. Malaysian Standard. Safety Rules for the Construction and Installation of
Lift- Part1: electric Lifts (first revision). Department of Standards Malaysia.
Nor Rizman (2010). Risk Assessment for Demolition Works In Malaysia. Faculy of Civil
Engineering and Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang. Undergraduate
thesis.
Prashant A/L Tharmarajan (2007(. The Essential Aspects of Fire Safety Management In Hihg-
Rise Buildings. University Teknologi Malaysia. Degree of master science thesis.
Riger W. Haines, Douglas C. Hittle (2006). Control System for Heating, Ventilating and Air
Conditioning. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Stein, Benjamin, Reynolds, John S., Grondzik, Walter T., and Alison G. Kwok, (2006).
Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. 10th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey:
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2006.
Tan, C. W. and Hiew, B.K., (2004), “Effective Management of Fire Safety in a High-Rise
Building”, Buletin Ingenieur vol. 204, 12-19.
Journals
N.H. Salleh and A.G. Ahmad. (2009). Fire Safety Management In Heritage Buildings: The
Current Scenario In Malaysia. CIPA Symposium Kyoto Japan. UIAM and USM.
Code of Practices
Approved Code Of Practice For Demolition: Health And Safety In Employment Act 1992.
Issued And Approved By The Minister Of Labour September 1994.
Code of Practice for Lift Works and Escalator Works. (2002 ed).
Code Of Practice For Demolition Of Buildings 2004. Published by the Building Department.
Printed by Taiwan Government Logistics Department.
Code Of Practice For Demolition Of Buildings (2009). Malaysia Standard Supersede Ms 282
Part 1: 1975. Technical Committee For Construction Practices Under The
Supervision Of Construction Industry Development Board, Malaysia.
Demolition Work Code Of Practice (July 2012). Australian Government.
Work Health and Safety (Demolition Work Code of Practice) Approval 2012. Australian
Capital Territory. By Dr Chris Bourke, Minister for Industrial Relations.

Others Publishing
Coby Frampton. Benchmarking World-class maintenance. CMC Charles Brooks Associates,
Inc.
Electrical Installation and Systems (2006). Training Package UEE06. Industry Skills Council,
Australia.
Fire Safety Manual (2002). Florida Atlantic University USA.
Garis panduan Pendawaian Elektrik di bangunan Kediaman (2008). Suruhanjaya Tenaga
Malaysia. Jabatan Keselamatan Elektrik.
Laws of Malaysia. Act 341: Fire Services Act 1988. Publish by The Commissioner Of Law
Revision, Malaysia Under The Authority Of The Revision Of Laws Act 1968 In
Collaboration With Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Bhd 2006.
Operations & Maintenance Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Operational Efficiency.
(August 2010). Release 3.0.
Principles of Home Inspection: Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps. (2010). Educational Course
Note.
Routine Maintenance Modules. Part II.
Uniform Building By Law 1984. (1996). MDC Legal Advisers: MDC Publishers Printers
Guidelines For Applicants For A Demolition Licence Issued Under The Occupational Safety
And Health Regulations 1996. Occupational Safety And Health Act 198. The
Government of Commerce, Western Autralia.
Websites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity
http://science.howstuffworks.com/electricity.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety
http://www.usfa.fema.gov/citizens/home_fire_prev/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance,_repair,_and_operations
http://academia.edu/406774/Demolition_Work_in_Malaysia_The_Safety_Provisions
http://www.mbam.org.my/mbam/doc/news/010-05Oct09-COP%20Demolition%20Works-
corrected%20on%20%2030th%20sept%202009-1.doc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition
http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/700/Demolitio
n%20Work.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning

http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/heat-island-sprawl.html
http://www.projectnoah.org/education
http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/other_methodological_issues/interactions_with_o
zone_layer/application/pdf/subgene.pdf
http://www.cibse.org/Docs/barney2.doc
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Building_Services/Vertical_Transportation

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