![{lxxii}
{lxxiii}
Brave Scarlet, and John, who ne’er were subdu’d,
Give each his hand so bold;
We’ll range through the forest of merry Sherwood,
What say my hearts of gold?
12. “Robin Hood; or Sherwood forest: a comic opera. As
performed at the theatre-royal in Covent-garden. By Leonard
Mac Nally, esq.” 1784. 8vo.
This otherwise insignificant performance was embellished
with some fine music by Mr. Shield. It has been since reduced
to, and is still frequently acted as, an after-piece.
A drama on the subject of Robin Hood, under the title of
The Foresters, has been long expected from the elegant author
of The School for Scandal. The first act, said to have been
written many years ago, is, by those who have seen or heard
it, spoken of with admiration.55
(27) —“innumerable poems, rimes, songs and ballads.”] The
original and most ancient pieces of this nature have all
perished in the lapse of time, during a period of between five
and six hundred years’ continuance; and all we now know of
them is that such things once existed. In the Vision of Pierce
Plowman, an allegorical poem, thought to have been
composed soon after the year 1360, and generally ascribed to
Robert Langeland, the author introduces an ignorant, idle, and
drunken secular priest, the representative, no doubt, of the
parochial clergy of that age, in the character of Sloth, who
makes the following confession:
“I cannot parfitli mi paternoster, as the preist it singeth,
But I can ryms of Roben Hode, and ‘Randolf’ erl of Chester,
But of our lorde or our lady I lerne nothyng at all.” 56
Fordun, the Scotish historian, who wrote about 1340,
speaking of Robin Hood and Little John, and their accomplices,
says, “of whom the foolish vulgar in comedies and tragedies](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-22-320.jpg)
![{lxxv}
He gaffe hym a good swerd in his hond,
His hed ther-with for to kepe;
And ther as the wallis wer lowest,
Anon down ther they lepe.
To Robyn . . . . . sayd:
I have done the a god torne for an . . .
Quit me when thow may;
I have done the a gode torne, sayd lytyll [Johan],
Forsothe as I the saye;
I have browghte the under the gren wod . . .
Farewell & have gode daye.
Nay, be my trowthe, sayd Robyn,
So schall it never bee;
I make the master, sayd Robyn,
Off all my men & me.
Nay, be my trowthe, sayd lytyll Johan,
So schall it never bee.”
This, indeed, may be part of the “story of Robin Hood and
Little John,” which M. Wilhelm Bedwell found in the ancient
MS. lent him by his much honoured good friend M. G. Withers,
whence he extracted and published “The Turnament of
Tottenham,” a poem of the same age, and which seemed to
him to be done (perhaps but transcribed) by Sir Gilbert
Pilkington, formerly, as some had thought, parson of that
parish.61
That poems and stories on the subject of our hero and his
companions were extraordinarily popular and common before
and during the 16th century is evident from the testimony of
divers writers. Thus, Alexander Barclay, priest, in his
translation of The Shyp of Folys, printed by Pynson in 1508,
and by John Cawood in 1570,
62
says:
“I write no jeste ne tale of Robin Hood.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-24-320.jpg)
![{lxxvi}
Again:
“For goodlie scripture is not worth an hawe,
But tales are loved ground of ribaudry;
And many are so blinded with their foly,
That no scriptur thinke they so true nor gode,
As is a foolish jest of Robin Hode.”
Again:
“And of all fables and jestes of Robin Hood,
Or other trifles.”
The same Barclay, in the fourth of his Egloges,
subjoined to the last edition of The Ship of Foles, but originally
printed soon after 1500, has the following passage:
“Yet would I gladly heare some mery fit
Of maide Marion, or els of Robin Hood,
Or Benteleyes ale, which chafeth well the blood,
Of Perte of Norwich, or Sauce of Wilberton,
Or buckishe Joly63 well stuffed as a ton.”
Robert Braham, in his epistle to the reader, prefixed to
Lydgate’s Troy-book, 1555, is of opinion that “Caxton’s recueil”
[of Troy] is “worthye to be numbred amongest the trifelinge
tales and barrayne luerdries of Robyn Hode and Bevys of
Hampton.” (See Ames’s Typographical Antiquities, by Herbert,
p. 849.)
“For one that is sand blynd,” says Sir Thomas Chaloner,
“would take an asse for a moyle, or another prayse a rime of
Robyn Hode for as excellent a making as Troylus of Chaucer,
yet shoulde they not straight-waies be counted madde
therefore?” (Erasmus’s Praise of Folye, sig. h.)
“If good lyfe,” observes Bishop Latimer, “do not insue and
folowe upon our readinge to the example of other, we myghte
as well spende that tyme in reading of prophane hystories, of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-25-320.jpg)
![{lxxix}
{lxxx}
will see, under Note 19, a remarkable proof of the
antiquity of that pronunciation, which actually prevails in the
metropolis at this day. See also the word “whodes” in Note 34.
So, likewise, Bale, in his Actes of English Votaries, 1560, says,
“the monkes had their cowles, caprones or whodes;” and in
Stow’s Survey, 1598, p. 120, have “a fooles whoode.”
This celebrated and important line occurs as the first of a
foolish mock-song, inserted in an old mortality, intitled “A new
interlude and a mery of the nature of the iiii elementes,”
supposed to have been printed by John Rastall about 1520;
where it is thus introduced:
“Hu[manyte]. let us some lusty balet syng.
Yng[norance]. Nay, syr, by the hevyn kyng:
For me thynkyth it servyth for no thyng,
All suche pevysh prykeryd song.
Hu. Pes, man, pryk-song may not be dyspysyd,
For therwith God is well plesyd.
Yng. Is God well pleasyd, trowest thou, therby?
Nay, nay, for there is no reason why.
For is it not as good to say playnly
Gyf me a spade,
As gyf me a spa ve va ve va ve vade?
But yf thou wylt have a song that is good,
I have one of Robyn Hode,
The best that ever was made.
Hu. Then a feleshyp, let us here it.
Yng. But there is a bordon, thou must here it,
Or ellys it wyll not be.
Hu. Than begyn, and care not for . . .
Downe downe downe, &c.
Yng. Robyn Hode in Barnysdale stode,
And lent hym tyl a mapyll thystyll;
Than cam our lady & swete saynt Andrewe;
Slepyst thou, wakyst thou, Geffrey Coke?66](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-28-320.jpg)
![{lxxxi}
A c. wynter the water was depe,
I can not tell you how brode;
He toke a gose nek in his hande,
And over the water he went.
He start up to a thystell top,
And cut hym downe a holyn clobbe;
He stroke the wren betwene the hornys,
That fyre sprange out of the pygges tayle.
Jak boy is thy bow i-broke,
Or hath any man done the wryguldy wrange?
He plukkyd muskyllys out of a wyllowe,
And put them in to his sachell.
Wylkyn was an archer good,
And well coude handell a spade;
He toke his bend bowe in his hand,
And set him downe by the fyre.
He toke with hym lx. bowes and ten,
A pese of befe, another of baken.
Of all the byrdes in mery Englond,
So merely pypys the mery bottel.”
“The lives, stories, and giftes of men which are contained in
the bible, they [the papists] read as thinges no more
pertaining unto them than a tale of Robin Hood” (Tyndale,
Prologue to the prophecy of Jonas, about 1531).
Gwalter Lynne, printer, in his dedication to Ann, Duchess of
Somerset, of “The true beliefe in Christ and his sacramentes,”
1550, says, “I woulde wyshe tharfore that al men, women,
and chyldren, would read it. Not as they haue bene here tofore
accustomed to reade the fained storyes of Robin-hode, Clem of
the Cloughe, wyth such lyke to passe the tyme wythal,” &c.
In 1562, John Alde had license to print “a ballad of Robyn
god,” a mistake, it is probable, for Robyn Hod.
Alexander Hume, minister of Logie, about 1599, says in one
of his “Hymnes or Sacred Songs,” printed in that year, that](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-29-320.jpg)
![{lxxxv}
very falsely as it seems, are said to have been “never before
printed.” “The latest edition of any worth,” according to Sir
John Hawkins, “is that of 1719.” None of the old editions of
this garland have any sort of preface: that prefixed to the
modern ones, of Bow or Aldermary churchyard, being
taken from the collection of old ballads, 1723, where it is
placed at the head of Robin Hood’s birth and breeding. The full
title of the last London edition of any note is—“Robin Hood’s
Garland: being a complete history of all the notable and merry
exploits performed by him and his men on many occasions: To
which is added a preface [i.e. the one already mentioned]
giving a more full and particular account of his birth, &c., than
any hitherto published. [Cut of archers shooting at a target.]
I’ll send this arrow from my bow,
And in a wager will be bound
To hit the mark aright, although
It were for fifteen hundred pound.
Doubt not I’ll make the wager good,
Or ne’er believe bold Robin Hood.
Adorned with twenty-seven neat and curious cuts adapted to
the subject of each song. London, Printed and sold by R.
Marshall, in Aldermary church-yard, Bow-lane.” 12mo. On the
back of the title-page is the following Grub-street address:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-32-320.jpg)
![{lxxxvi}
“To all gentlemen archers.
“This garland has been long out of repair,
Some songs being wanting, of which we give account;
For now at last, by true industrious care,
The sixteen songs to twenty-seven we mount;
Which large addition needs must please, I know,
All the ingenious ‘yeomen’ of the bow.
To read how Robin Hood and Little John,
Brave Scarlet, Stutely, valiant, bold and free,
Each of them bravely, fairly play’d the man,
While they did reign beneath the green-wood tree;
Bishops, friars, likewise many more,
Parted with their gold, for to increase their store,
But never would they rob or wrong the poor.”
The last seven lines are not by the author of the first six,
but were added afterwards; perhaps when the twenty-four
songs were increased to twenty-seven.69
(28) —“has given rise to divers proverbs.”] Proverbs, in all
countries, are, generally speaking, of very great antiquity; and
therefore it will not be contended that those concerning our
hero are the oldest we have. It is highly probable, however,
that they originated in or near his own time, and of course
have existed for upwards of 500 years, which is no modern
date. They are here arranged, not, perhaps, according to their
exact chronological order, but by the age of the authorities
they are taken from.
1. “Good even, good Robin Hood.”
The allusion is to civility extorted by fear. It is preserved by
Skelton, in that most biting satire against Cardinal Wolsey,
“Why come ye not to court?” (Works, 1736, p. 147).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-33-320.jpg)
![{lxxxix}
“Your sodain stormes and thundre claps, your boasts and braggs so loude:
Hath doone no harme thogh Robin Hood spake with you in a cloud.
Go learne againe of litell Jhon, to shute in Robyn Hods bowe,
Or Dicars dreame shall be unhit, and all his whens, I trowe.” 72
The Italians appear to have a similar saying:
Molti parlan di Orlando
Chi non viddero mai suo brando.
3. “To overshoot Robin Hood.”
“And lastly and chiefly, they cry out with open mouth as if
they had overshot Robin Hood, that Plato banished them [i.e.
poets] out of his commonwealth” (Sir P. Sidney’s Defence of
Poesie).
4. “Tales of Robin Hood are good [enough] for fools.”
This proverb is inserted in Camden’s Remains, printed
originally in 1605; but the word in brackets is supplied from
Ray.
5. “To sell Robin Hood’s pennyworths.”
“It is spoken of things sold under half their value; or if you
will, half sold, half given. Robin Hood came lightly by his ware,
and lightly parted therewith; so that he could afford the length
of his bow for a yard of velvet. Whithersoever he came, he
carried a fair along with him; chapmen crowding to buy his
stollen commodities. But seeing the receiver is as bad as the
thief, and such buyers are as bad as receivers, the cheap
pennyworths of plundered goods may in fine prove dear
enough to their consciences” (Fuller’s Worthies, p. 315).
This saying is alluded to in the old North-country song of
Randal a Barnaby:
“All men said, it became me well,
And Robin Hood’s pennyworths I did sell.”
6. “Come, turn about, Robin Hood.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-36-320.jpg)
![{xc}
Implying that to challenge or defy our hero must have been
the ne plus ultra of courage. It occurs in “Wit and Drollery,”
1661:
“O love, whose power and might,
No creature ere withstood,
Thou forcest me to write,
Come turn about Robin-hood.”
7. “As crook’d as Robin Hood’s bow.”
That is, we are to conceive, when bent by himself. The
following stanza of a modern Irish song is the only authority
for this proverb that has been met with:
“The next with whom I did engage,
It was an old woman worn with age,
Her teeth were like tobacco pegs,
Besides she had two bandy legs,
Her back more crook’d than Robin Hood’s bow,
Purblind and decrepid, unable to go;
Altho’ her years were sixty-three,
She smil’d at the humours of Soosthe Bue.”
8. “To go round by Robin Hood’s barn.”
This saying, which now first appears in print, is used to
imply the going of a short distance by a circuitous method, or
the farthest way about.
(29) —“to swear by him, or some of his companions,
appears to have been a usual practice.”] The earliest instance
of this practice occurs in a pleasant story among “Certaine
merry tales of the mad-men of Gottam,” compiled in the reign
of Henry VIII. by Dr. Andrew Borde, an eminent physician of
that period, which here follows verbatim, as taken from an old
edition in black letter, without date (in the Bodleian Library),
being the first tale in the book.
“There was two men of Gottam, and the one of them was
going to the market at Nottingham to buy sheepe, and the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-37-320.jpg)
![{xcii}
Two Gentlemen of Verona, act iv. scene 1. “Robin Hood’s fat
frier” is Frier Tuck; a circumstance of which Doctor Johnson,
who set about explaining that author with a very inadequate
stock of information, was perfectly ignorant.
(30) —“his songs have been preferred, not only on the most
solemn occasion to the psalms of David, but in fact to the New
Testament.”] [“On Friday, March 9th, 1733] was executed at
Northampton William Alcock for the murder of his wife. He
never own’d the fact, nor was at all concern’d at his
approaching death, refusing the prayers and assistance of any
persons. In the morning he drank more than was sufficient, yet
sent and paid for a pint of wine, which being deny’d him, he
would not enter the cart before he had his money return’d. On
his way to the gallows he sung part of an old song of Robin
Hood, with the chorus, Derry, derry, down,74
&c., and swore,
kick’d and spurn’d at every person that laid hold of the
cart; and before he was turn’d off, took off his shoes, to avoid
a well-known proverb; and being told by a person in the cart
with him, it was more proper for him to read, or hear some
body read to him, than so vilely to swear and sing, he struck
the book out of the person’s hands, and went on damning the
spectators, and calling for wine. Whilst psalms and prayers
were performing at the tree, he did little but talk to one or
other, desiring some to remember him, others to drink to his
good journey; and to the last moment declared the injustice of
his case” (Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. iii. P. 154).
To this maybe added, that at Edinburgh, in 1565, “Sandy
Stevin menstrall [i.e. musician] was convinced of blasphemy,
alledging, That he would give no moir credit to The new
testament, then to a tale of Robin Hood, except it wer
confirmed be the doctours of the church” (Knox’s Historie of
the Reformation in Scotland, Edin. 1732, p. 368).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-39-320.jpg)
![{xciii}
William Roy, in a bitter satire against Cardinal Wolsey,
intitled, “Rede me and be nott wrothe For I saye nothynge but
trothe,” printed abroad, about 1525, speaking of the bishops,
says:
“Their frantyke foly is so pevisshe,
That they contempne in Englisshe,
To have the new testament;
But as for tales of Robyn Hode,
With wother jestes nether honest nor goode,
They have none impediment.”
To the same effect is the following passage in another old
libel upon the priests, intitled “I playne Piers which can not
flatter, a plowe-man men me call,” &c. b. l. n. d. printed in the
original as prose:
“No Christen booke,
Maye thou on looke,
Yf thou be an Englishe strunt,
Thus dothe alyens us loutte,
By that ye spreade aboute,
After that old sorte and wonte.
You allowe they saye,
Legenda aurea,
Roben Hoode, Bevys, & Gower,
And all bagage be syd,
But God’s word ye may not abyde,
These lyese are your churche ‘dower.’”
See also before, p. lxxii.75
So in Laurence Ramsey’s “Practise of the Divell” (n. d. 4to,
b. l.):
“Exclude the scriptures, and byd them reade the storie
Of Robin Hood, and Guye, which was both tall and stout,
And Bevis of Southampton, to seeke the matter out.”
(31) “His service to the Word of God.”] “I came once
myselfe,” says Bishop Latimer (in his sixth sermon before King](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-40-320.jpg)
![{xciv}
Edward VI.), “to a place, riding on a jorney homeward from
London, and I sent worde over night into the towne that I
would preach there in the morning, bicause it was a holy day,
and methought it was an holydayes worke. The churche stode
in my way; and I tooke my horse and my company and went
thither (I thought I should have found a great companye in the
churche), and when I came there, the churche dore was faste
locked. I taried there half an hower and more; at last the keye
was founde; and one of the parishe commes to me, and sayes,
Sir, this is a busie day with us, we cannot heare you; it is Robin
Hoodes daye. The parishe are gone abroad to gather for Robin
Hoode, I pray you let them not. I was fayne there to geve
place to Robin Hoode. I thought my rochet shoulde have bene
regarded, thoughe I were not; but it woulde not serve, it was
fayne to geve place to Robin Hodes men.
“It is no laughyng matter, my frendes, it is a weepyng
matter, a heavy matter, under the pretence for gatherynge for
Robin Hoode, a traytour76
and a theefe, to put out a preacher,
to have his office lesse esteemed, to preferre Robin Hoode
before the ministration of God’s worde, and all this hath come
of unpreaching prelates. Thys realme hath bene ill provided for,
that it hath had suche corrupte judgementes in it, to preferre
Robin Hoode to God’s worde. If the bishoppes had bene
preachers, there shoulde never have bene any such thing,” &c.
(32) —“may be called the patron of archery.”] The bow and
arrow makers, in particular, have always held his memory in
the utmost reverence. Thus, in the old ballad of London’s
Ordinary:
“The hosiers will dine at the Leg,
The drapers at the sign of the Brush,
The fletchers to Robin Hood will go,
And the spendthrift to Beggar’s-bush.” 77](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-41-320.jpg)
![{xcv}
The picture of our hero is yet a common sign in the country,
and, before hanging-signs were abolished in London, must
have been still more so in the City; there being at present no
less than a dozen alleys, courts, lanes, &c., to which he or it
has given a name. (See Baldwin’s New Complete Guide, 1770.)
The Robin Hood Society, a club or assembly for public debate,
or school for oratory, is well known. It was held at a public-
house, which had once borne the sign, and still retained the
name of this great man, in Butcher Row, near Temple Bar.
It is very usual in the North of England for a publican whose
name fortunately happens to be John Little to have the
sign of Robin Hood and his constant attendant, with this
quibbling subscription:
“You gentlemen, and yeomen good,
Come in and drink with Robin Hood;
If Robin Hood be not at home,
Come in and drink with Little John.” 78
An honest countryman, admiring the conceit, adopted the
lines, with a slight, but, as he thought, necessary alteration,
viz.:
“If Robin Hood be not at home,
Come in and drink with—Simon Webster.”
Drayton, describing the various ensigns or devices of the
English counties at the battle of Agincourt, gives to
“Old Nottingham, an archer clad in green,
Under a tree with his drawn bow that stood,
Which in a chequer’d flag far off was seen;
It was the picture of old Robin Hood.”
(33) —“the supernatural powers he is, in some parts,
supposed to have possessed.”] “In the parish of Halifax is an
immense stone or rock, supposed to be a Druidical monument,
there called Robin Hood’s pennystone, which he is said to have](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-42-320.jpg)
![{xcvi}
used to pitch with at a mark for his amusement. There is
likewise another of these stones, of several tons weight, which
the country-people will tell you he threw off an adjoining hill
with a spade as he was digging. Every thing of the marvellous
kind being here attributed to Robin Hood, as it is in Cornwall to
King Arthur” (Watson’s History of Halifax, p. 27).
At Birchover, six miles south of Bakewell, and four from
Haddon, in Derbyshire, among several singular groups of
rocks, are some stones called Robin Hood’s stride, being two of
the highest and most remarkable. The people say Robin
Hood lived here.
(34) —“having a festival allotted to him, and solemn games
instituted in honour of his memory,” &c.] These games, which
were of great antiquity and different kinds, appear to have
been solemnised on the first and succeeding days of May, and
to owe their original establishment to the cultivation and
improvement of the manly exercise of archery, which was not,
in former times, practised merely for the sake of amusement.
“I find,” says Stow, “that in the moneth of May, the citizens
of London, of all estates, lightlie in every parish, or sometimes
two or three parishes joyning together, had their severall
mayinges, and did fetch in Maypoles, with divers warlike
shewes, with good archers, morrice-dancers, and other devices
for pastime all the day long: and towards the evening they had
stage-playes and bonefires in the streetes. . . . . These greate
Mayinges and Maygames, made by the governors and masters
of this citie, with the triumphant setting up of the greate shafte
(a principall Maypole in Cornhill, before the parish church of S.
Andrew, therefore called Undershafte) by meane of an
insurrection of youthes against alianes on Mayday 1517, the
ninth of Henry the Eight, have not beene so freely used as
afore” (Survey of London, 1598, p. 72).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-43-320.jpg)
![{cvix}
{cx}
Much curious matter on the subject of the morris-dance is
to be found in “Mr. Tollet’s opinion concerning the Morris-
dancers upon his Window.” (See Steevens’s Shakespeare, v.
425, edition 1778, or viii. 596, edition 1793. See also Mr.
Waldron’s notes upon the Sad Shepherd, 1783, p. 255.) Morris-
dancers are said to be yet annually seen in Norfolk,101
and
make their constant appearance in Lancashire.
102
In Scotland, “The game of Robin Hood was celebrated in
the month of May. The populace assembled previous to the
celebration of this festival, and chose some respectable103
member of the corporation to officiate in the character of
Robin Hood, and another in that of Little John his squire. Upon
the day appointed, which was a Sunday or holyday, the people
assembled in military array, and went to some adjoining field,
where, either as actors or spectators, the whole inhabitants of
the respective towns were convened. In this field they
probably amused themselves with a representation of Robin
Hood’s predatory exploits, or of his encounters with the
officers of justice [rather, perhaps, in feats of archery or
military exercises].
“As numerous meetings for disorderly mirth are apt to
engender tumult, when the minds of the people came to be
agitated with religious controversy, it was found necessary to
repress the game104
of Robin Hood by public statute. The
populace were by no means willing to relinquish their favourite
amusement. Year after year the magistrates of Edinburgh were
obliged to exert their authority
105
in repressing this game;
often ineffectually. In the year 1561, the mob were so enraged
at being disappointed in making a Robin Hood, that they rose
in mutiny, seized on the city gates, committed robberies upon
strangers; and one of the ringleaders being condemned by
the magistrates to be hanged, the mob forced open the jail,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/75052-250506013114-302c8557/85/Business-Applications-and-Computational-Intelligence-Kevin-E-Voges-54-320.jpg)
Business Applications and Computational Intelligence Kevin E. Voges
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- 5. Business Applications and Computational Intelligence Kevin E. Voges Digital Instant Download Author(s): Kevin E. Voges, Nigel K. Ll Pope ISBN(s): 9781591407027, 1591407028 Edition: Illustrated File Details: PDF, 24.72 MB Year: 2006 Language: english
- 6. Business Applications and Computational Intelligence Kevin E. Voges, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Nigel K. Ll. Pope, Griffith University, Australia Hershey • London • Melbourne • Singapore IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING
- 7. Acquisitions Editor: Michelle Potter Development Editor: Kristin Roth SeniorManagingEditor: Amanda Appicello ManagingEditor: JenniferNeidig Copy Editor: Bernard J. Kieklak, Jr. Typesetter: JenniferNeidig CoverDesign: Lisa Tosheff Printed at: Integrated Book Technology Published in the United States of America by Idea Group Publishing (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail:cust@idea-group.com Web site: http://www.idea-group.com and in the United Kingdom by Idea Group Publishing (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanonline.com Copyright © 2006 by Idea Group Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be repro- duced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this book are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Business applications and computational intelligence / Kevin Voges and Nigel Pope, editors. p. cm. Summary: "This book deals with the computational intelligence field, particularly business applications adopting computational intelligence techniques"--Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-59140-702-8 (hardcover) -- ISBN 1-59140-703-6 (softcover) -- ISBN 1-59140-704-4 (ebook) 1. Business--Data processing. 2. Computational intelligence. I. Voges, Kevin, 1952- . II. Pope, Nigel. HF5548.2.B7975 2006 658'.0563--dc22 2005023881 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
- 8. Business Applications and Computational Intelligence Table of Contents Preface .........................................................................................................................vii SectionI:Introduction ChapterI ComputationalIntelligenceApplicationsinBusiness:ACross-Sectionofthe Field ................................................................................................................................1 Kevin E. Voges, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Nigel K. Ll. Pope, Griffith University, Australia ChapterII MakingDecisionswithData:UsingComputationalIntelligencewithinaBusiness Environment ................................................................................................................ 19 Kevin Swingler, University of Stirling, Scotland David Cairns, University of Stirling, Scotland ChapterIII ComputationalIntelligenceasaPlatformforaDataCollectionMethodologyin ManagementScience .................................................................................................. 38 Kristina Risom Jespersen, Aarhus School of Business, Denmark SectionII:MarketingApplications ChapterIV HeuristicGeneticAlgorithmforProductPortfolioPlanning ................................... 55 Jianxin (Roger) Jiao, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Yiyang Zhang, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Yi Wang, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- 9. ChapterV ModelingBrandChoiceUsingBoostedandStackedNeuralNetworks .................... 71 Rob Potharst, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Michiel van Rijthoven, Oracle Nederland BV, The Netherlands Michiel C. van Wezel, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands ChapterVI ApplyingInformationGatheringTechniquesinBusiness-to-ConsumerandWeb Scenarios..................................................................................................................... 91 David Camacho, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain ChapterVII Web-MiningSystemforMobile-PhoneMarketing .................................................. 113 Miao-Ling Wang, Minghsin University of Science & Technology, Taiwan, ROC Hsiao-Fan Wang, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, ROC SectionIII:ProductionandOperationsApplications ChapterVIII ArtificialIntelligenceinElectricityMarketOperationsandManagement ............ 131 Zhao Yang Dong, The University of Queensland, Australia Tapan Kumar Saha, The University of Queensland, Australia Kit Po Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong ChapterIX ReinforcementLearning-BasedIntelligentAgentsforImprovedProductivityin ContainerVesselBerthingApplications ................................................................. 155 Prasanna Lokuge, Monash University, Australia Damminda Alahakoon, Monash University, Australia ChapterX OptimizationUsingHorizon-ScanTechnique:APracticalCaseofSolvingan IndustrialProblem .................................................................................................... 185 Ly Fie Sugianto, Monash University, Australia Pramesh Chand, Monash University, Australia SectionIV:DataMiningApplications ChapterXI VisualDataMiningforDiscoveringAssociationRules .......................................... 209 Kesaraporn Techapichetvanich, The University of Western Australia, Australia Amitava Datta, The University of Western Australia, Australia
- 10. ChapterXII AnalyticalCustomerRequirementAnalysisBasedonDataMining ....................... 227 Jianxin (Roger) Jiao, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Yiyang Zhang, Nanyang Technological University, Sinapore Martin Helander, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ChapterXIII VisualGroupingofAssociationRulesbyClusteringConditionalProbabilitiesfor CategoricalData ....................................................................................................... 248 Sasha Ivkovic, University of Ballarat, Australia Ranadhir Ghosh, University of Ballarat, Australia John Yearwood, University of Ballarat, Australia ChapterXIV SupportVectorMachinesforBusinessApplications .............................................. 267 Brian C. Lovell, NICTA & The University of Queensland, Australia Christian J. Walder, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Germany ChapterXV AlgorithmsforDataMining ..................................................................................... 291 Tadao Takaoka, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Nigel K. Ll. Pope, Griffith University, Australia Kevin E. Voges, University of Canterbury, New Zealand SectionV:ManagementApplications ChapterXVI AToolforAssistingGroupDecision-MakingforConsensusOutcomesin Organizations ........................................................................................................... 316 Faezeh Afshar, University of Ballarat, Australia John Yearwood, University of Ballarat, Australia Andrew Stranieri, University of Ballarat, Australia ChapterXVII AnalyzingStrategicStanceinPublicServicesManagement:AnExpositionof NCaRBSinaStudyofLong-TermCareSystems .................................................... 344 Malcolm J. Beynon, Cardiff University, UK Martin Kitchener, University of California, USA ChapterXVIII TheAnalyticNetworkProcess–DependenceandFeedbackinDecision-Making: TheoryandValidationExamples ............................................................................... 360 Thomas L. Saaty, University of Pittsburgh, USA
- 11. SectionVI:FinancialApplications ChapterXIX FinancialClassificationUsinganArtificialImmuneSystem.................................. 388 Anthony Brabazon, University College Dublin, Ireland Alice Delahunty, University College Dublin, Ireland Dennis O’Callaghan, University College Dublin, Ireland Peter Keenan, University College Dublin, Ireland Michael O’Neill, University of Limerick, Ireland ChapterXX DevelopmentofMachineLearningSoftwareforHighFrequencyTradingin FinancialMarkets ..................................................................................................... 406 Andrei Hryshko, University of Queensland, Australia Tom Downs, University of Queensland, Australia ChapterXXI OnlineMethodsforPortfolioSelection .................................................................... 431 Tatsiana Levina, Queen’s University, Canada SectionVII:Postscript ChapterXXII AnkleBones,Rogues,andSexualFreedomforWomen:ComputationalIntelligence inHistorialContext ................................................................................................... 461 Nigel K. Ll. Pope, Griffith University, Australia Kevin E. Voges, University of Canterbury, New Zealand AbouttheAuthors ..................................................................................................... 469 Index ........................................................................................................................ 478
- 12. Preface vii Computational intelligence (also called artificial intelligence) is a branch of computer science that explores methods of automating behavior that can be categorized as intel- ligent. The formal study of topics in computational intelligence (CI) has been under way for more than 50 years. Although its intellectual roots can be traced back to Greek mythology, the modern investigation into computational intelligence can be traced back to the start of the computer era, when Alan Turing first asked if it would be possible for “machinery to show intelligent behaviour.” Modern CI has many sub- disciplines, including reasoning with uncertain or incomplete information (Bayesian reasoning, fuzzy sets, rough sets), knowledge representation (frames, scripts, concep- tual graphs, connectionist approaches including neural networks), and adaptive and emergent approaches (such as evolutionary algorithms and artificial immune systems). CI has a long history in business applications. Expert systems have been used for decision support in management, neural networks and fuzzy logic have been used in process control, a variety of techniques have been used in forecasting, and data mining has become a core component of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in mar- keting. More recently developed agent-based applications have involved the use of intelligent agents — Web-based shopping advisors, modelling in organizational theory and marketing, and scenario-based planning in strategic management. Despite the ob- vious benefits of CI to business and industry - benefits of modeling, forecasting, pro- cess control and financial prediction to name only a few - practitioners have been slow to take up the methods available. Business practitioners and researchers tend to read and publish in scholarly journals and conference proceedings in their own discipline areas. Consequently, they can be unaware of the range of publications exploring the interaction between business and computational intelligence. This volume addresses the need for a compact overview of the diversity of applications of CI techniques in a number of business disciplines. The volume consists of open-solicited and invited chapters written by leading international researchers in the field of business applications of computational intelligence. All pa- pers were peer reviewed by at least two recognised reviewers. The book covers some
- 13. viii foundational material on computational intelligence in business, as well as technical expositions of CI techniques. The book aims to deepen understanding of the area by providing examples of the value of CI concepts and techniques to both theoretical frameworks and practical applications in business. Despite the variety of application areas and techniques, all chapters provide practical business applications. This book reflects the diversity of the field — 43 authors from 13 countries contributed the 22 chapters. Most fields of business are covered — marketing, data mining, e- commerce, production and operations, finance, decision-making, and general manage- ment. Many of the standard techniques from computational intelligence are also cov- ered in the following chapters — association rules, neural networks, support vector machines, evolutionary algorithms, fuzzy systems, reinforcement learning, artificial im- mune systems, self-organizing maps, and agent-based approaches. The 22 chapters are categorized into the following seven sections: Section I: Introduction Section II: Marketing Applications Section III: Production and Operations Applications Section IV: Data Mining Applications Section V: Management Applications Section VI: Financial Applications Section VII: Postscript Section I contains three chapters, which provide introductory material relating to CI applications in business. Chapter I provides an overview of the field through a cross- sectional review of the literature. It provides access to the vast and scattered literature by citing reviews of many important CI techniques, including expert systems, artificial neural networks, fuzzy systems, rough sets, evolutionary algorithms, and multi-agent systems. Reviews and cited articles cover many areas in business, including finance and economics, production and operations, marketing, and management. Chapter II identifies important conceptual, cultural and technical barriers preventing the success- ful commercial application of CI techniques, describes the different ways in which they affect both the business user and the CI practitioner, and suggests a number of ways in which these barriers may be overcome. The chapter discusses the practical conse- quences for the business user of issues such as non-linearity and the extrapolation of prediction into untested ranges. The aim is to highlight to technical and business readers how their different expectations can affect the successful outcome of a CI project. The hope is that by enabling both parties to understand each other’s perspec- tive, the true potential of CI in a commercial project can be realized. Chapter III presents an innovative use of CI as a method for collecting survey-type data in management studies, designed to overcome “questionnaire fatigue.” The agent-based simulation approach makes it possible to exploit the advantages of questionnaires, experimental designs, role-plays, and scenarios, gaining a synergy from a combination of method- ologies. The chapter discusses and presents a behavioral simulation based on the agent-based simulation life cycle, which is supported by Web technology. An example
- 14. ix simulation is presented for researchers and practitioners to understand how the tech- nique is implemented. Section II consists of four chapters illustrating marketing applications of CI (Chapters IV to VII). Chapter IV develops a heuristic genetic algorithm for product portfolio planning. Product portfolio planning is a critical business process in which a company strives for an optimal mix of product offerings through various combinations of prod- ucts and/or attribute levels. The chapter develops a practical solution method that can find near optimal solutions and can assist marketing managers in product portfolio decision-making. Chapter V reviews some classical methods for modeling customer brand choice behavior, and then discusses newly developed customer behavior mod- els, based on boosting and stacking neural network models. The new models are ap- plied to a scanner data set of liquid detergent purchases, and their performance is compared with previously published results. The models are then used to predict the effect of different pricing schemes upon market share. The main advantage of these new methods is a gain in the ability to predict expected market share. Chapter VI re- views several fields of research that are attempting to solve a problem of knowledge management related to the retrieval and integration of data from different electronic sources. These research fields include information gathering and multi-agent technolo- gies. The chapter uses a specific information gathering multi-agent system called MAPWeb to build new Web agent-based systems that can be incorporated into busi- ness-to-consumer activities. The chapter shows how a multi-agent system can be rede- signed using a Web-services-oriented architecture, which allows the system to utilize Web-service technologies. A sample example using tourism information is presented. Chapter VII uses a data-mining information retrieval technique to create a Web-mining system. It describes how an off-line process is used to cluster users according to their characteristics and preferences, which then enables the system to effectively provide appropriate information. The system uses a fuzzy c-means algorithm and information retrieval techniques that can be used for text categorization, clustering and information integration. The chapter describes how this system reduces the online response time in a practical test case of a service Web site selling mobile phones. The case shows how the proposed information retrieval technique leads to a query-response containing a reasonable number of mobile phones purchase suggestions that best matched a user’s preferences. Section III contains three chapters illustrating CI applications in the general field of production and operations (Chapters VIII to X). Chapter VIII discusses the various techniques, such as artificial neural networks, wavelet decomposition, support vector machines, and data mining, that can be used for the forecasting of market demand and price in a deregulated electricity market. The chapter argues that the various tech- niques can offer different advantages in providing satisfactory demand and price sig- nal forecast results, depending on the specific forecasting needs. The techniques can be applied to traditional time-series-based forecasts when the market is reasonably stable, and can also be applied to the analysis of price spikes, which are less common and hence more difficult to predict. Chapter IX presents a hybrid-agent model for Be- lief-Desire-Intention agents that uses CI and interactive learning methods to handle multiple events and intention reconsideration. In the model, the agent has knowledge of all possible options at every state, which helps the agent to compare and switch between options quickly if the current intention is no longer valid. The model uses a
- 15. x new Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to simulate vessel berthing in container terminals. The chapter shows how the agents are used to provide autono- mous decision making capabilities that lead to an enhancement of the productivity of the terminal. Chapter X describes a new CI algorithm called Horizon Scan, a heuristic- based technique designed to search for optimal solutions in non-linear space. Horizon Scan is a variant of the Hill-Climbing technique. The chapter describes an application of the technique to finding the optimal solution for the scheduling-pricing-dispatch problem in the Australian deregulated electricity market. The approach outlined is gen- eral enough to be applied to a range of optimization problems. Section IV consists of five chapters in the general area of data mining (Chapters XI to XV). Chapter XI argues that data-mining algorithms often generate a large number of rules describing relationships in the data, but often many of the rules generated are not of practical use. The chapter presents a new technique that integrates visualization into the process of generating association rules. This enables users to apply their knowledge to the mining process and be involved in finding interesting association rules through an interactive visualization process. Chapter XII suggests using associa- tion rule data-mining techniques to assist manufacturing companies with customer requirement analysis, one of the principal factors in the process of product develop- ment. Product development is an important activity in an organization’s market expan- sion strategy. In situations where market segments are already established and product platforms have been installed, the methodology can improve the efficiency and quality of the customer requirement analysis process by integrating information from both the customer and design viewpoints. The chapter argues that generating a product portfo- lio based on knowledge already available in historical data helps to maintain the integ- rity of existing product platforms, process platforms, and core business competencies. A case study of vibration motors for mobile phones is used to demonstrate the ap- proach. Chapter XIII suggests that, while association rules mining is useful in discov- ering items that are frequently found together, rules with lower frequencies are often of more interest to the user. The chapter presents a technique for overcoming the rare-item problem by grouping association rules. The chapter proposes a method for clustering this categorical data based on the conditional probabilities of association rules for data sets with large numbers of attributes. The method uses a combination of a Kohonen Self-Organizing Map and a non-linear optimisation approach, combined with a graphi- cal display, to provide non-technical users with a better understanding of patterns discovered in the data set. Chapter XIV provides a brief historical background of inductive learning and pattern recognition. It then presents an introduction to Support Vector Machines, which be- long to a general class of problem solving techniques known as kernel methods. The chapter includes a comparison with other approaches. As the chapter points out, the basic concept underlying Support Vector Machines is quite simple and intuitive, and involves separating out two classes of data from one another using a linear function that is the maximum possible distance from the data. While free and easy-to-use soft- ware packages are available, the actual use of the approach is often impeded by the poor results obtained by novices. The chapter aims at reducing this problem by provid- ing a basic understanding of the theory and practice of Support Vector Machines. Chapter XV presents an overview of one of the oldest and most fundamental areas in data mining, that of association rule mining. It also introduces the maximum sub-array
- 16. xi problem, an approach that is gaining importance as a data-mining technique. A number of other data-mining algorithms, covering decision trees, regression trees, clustering, and text mining, are also briefly overviewed. The chapter provides pseudo-code to demonstrate the logic behind these fundamental approaches to data mining, and gives online access to code to enable CI practitioners to incorporate the algorithms into their own software development. Section V considers management applications, particularly tools and support for deci- sion-making, in three chapters (Chapters XVI to XVIII). Chapter XVI introduces a new deliberative process to enhance group decision-making within organizations, by allow- ing for and against propositions in a discussion to be explicitly articulated. The ap- proach is called ConSULT (Consensus based on a Shared Understanding of a Leading Topic), and provides a computer-mediated framework to allow for asynchronous and anonymous argumentation, collection and evaluation of discussions, and group deci- sion-making. The approach can be used in conjunction with any CI technique to en- hance the outcome of group decision-making. Chapter VII describes an uncertain– reasoning-based technique called NCaRBS (N state Classification and Ranking Belief Simplex), an extension of the CaRBS system developed from Dempster-Shafer theory, The chapter shows how the technique can be used to categorize the strategic stance (Prospector, Defender, or Reactor) of U.S. states in relation to the public provision of long-term care. The approach also has the advantage of treating missing values, which are very common in most public sector data, as ignorant evidence rather than attempt- ing to transform them through imputation. The system displays the results graphically, which the authors argue helps the elucidation of the uncertain reasoning-based analy- sis, and which should help move public management research towards better benchmarking and more useful examinations of the relationship between strategy and performance. Chapter XVIII argues that simple multi-criteria decisions are made by first deriving priorities of importance for the criteria in terms of a goal, and then priorities of the alternatives in terms of the criteria identified. Benefits, opportunities, cost and risks are also often considered in the decision-making process. The chapter shows how to derive priorities from pair-wise comparison judgments from theories of prioritisation and decision-making using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Analytic Network Process (ANP), both developed by the author. The techniques are illustrated with a number of examples, including an estimation of market share. Section VI contains three chapters demonstrating financial applications (Chapters XIX to XXI). Chapter XIX introduces artificial immune system algorithms, inspired by the workings of the natural immune system and, to date, not widely applied to business problems. The authors point out that the natural immune system can be considered as a distributed, self-organising, classification system that operates in a dynamic environ- ment and, as such, has characteristics that make its simulated equivalent very suitable for offering solutions to business problems. The chapter provides an example of how the algorithm can be used to develop a classification system for predicting corporate failure. The chapter reports that the system displays good out-of-sample classification accuracy up to two years prior to failure. Chapter XX presents an intelligent trading system, using a hybrid genetic algorithm and reinforcement learning system that emu- lates trader behaviour on the Foreign Exchange market and finds the most profitable trading strategy. The chapter reports the process of training and testing on historical data, and shows that the system is capable of achieving moderate gains over the period
- 17. xii tested. The chapter also reports the development of real-time software capable of re- placing a human trader. Chapter XXI provides an overview of recent online portfolio selection strategies for financial markets. The aim of the strategies is to choose a portfolio of stocks to hold in each trading period, using information collected from the past history of the market. The chapter presents experimental results that compare the performance of these strategies with respect to a standard sequence of historical data, and that demonstrate future potential of the algorithms for online portfolio selection. The chapter suggests that investment companies are starting to recognize the useful- ness of online portfolios trading for long-term investment gains. Finally, in Section VII, after the technical material of the preceding chapters, the post- script (Chapter XXII) presents a non-technical topic, a brief overview of the history of mathematics-based approaches to problem solving and analysis. Despite the tremen- dous gains in our theoretical understanding and practical use of statistics and data analysis over the last half century, the discipline remains grounded in the work of early pioneers of statistical thought. The chapter shows the human dimension of these early developments from pre-history through to the beginning of the 20th century. This book will be useful to business academics and practitioners, as well as academics and researchers working in the computational intelligence field who are interested in the business applications of their areas of study.
- 18. xiii Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the help of all those involved in the collation and review process of this book, without whose support the project could not have been com- pleted. Most of the authors of the chapters in this volume also served as referees for articles written by other authors. There were also a number of external reviewers who kindly refereed submissions. Thanks go to all who provided comprehensive construc- tive reviews and comments. A special note of thanks goes to the staff at Idea Group Publishing, whose contributions throughout the whole process from inception to pub- lication have been invaluable. We would like to thank the authors for their excellent contributions to this volume. We would also like to thank Senior Editor Dr. Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, Managing Director Jan Travers, and Development Editors, Michele Rossi and Kristin Roth at Idea Group Pub- lishing. Finally, we wish to thank out families for their support during the project. Kevin E. Voges, PhD and Nigel K. Ll. Pope, PhD Editors
- 20. Computational Intelligence Applications in Business 1 Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. Chapter I ComputationalIntelligence ApplicationsinBusiness: A Cross-Section of the Field Kevin E. Voges, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Nigel K. Ll. Pope, Griffith University, Australia Abstract We present an overview of the literature relating to computational intelligence (also commonly called artificial intelligence) and business applications, particularly the journal-based literature. The modern investigation into artificial intelligence started with Alan Turing who asked in 1948 if it would be possible for “machinery to show intelligent behaviour.” The computational intelligence discipline is primarily concerned with understanding the mechanisms underlying intelligent behavior, and consequently embodying these mechanisms in machines. The term “artificial intelligence” first appeared in print in 1955. As this overview shows, the 50 years of research since then have produced a wide range of techniques, many of which have important implications for many business functions, including finance, economics, production, operations, marketing, and management. However, gaining access to the literature can prove difficult for both the computational intelligence researcher and IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This paper appears in the book, Business Applications and Computational Intelligence edited by Kevin E. Voges and Nigel K. L. Pope © 2006, Idea Group Inc. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB11994
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- 22. {lxxii} {lxxiii} Brave Scarlet, and John, who ne’er were subdu’d, Give each his hand so bold; We’ll range through the forest of merry Sherwood, What say my hearts of gold? 12. “Robin Hood; or Sherwood forest: a comic opera. As performed at the theatre-royal in Covent-garden. By Leonard Mac Nally, esq.” 1784. 8vo. This otherwise insignificant performance was embellished with some fine music by Mr. Shield. It has been since reduced to, and is still frequently acted as, an after-piece. A drama on the subject of Robin Hood, under the title of The Foresters, has been long expected from the elegant author of The School for Scandal. The first act, said to have been written many years ago, is, by those who have seen or heard it, spoken of with admiration.55 (27) —“innumerable poems, rimes, songs and ballads.”] The original and most ancient pieces of this nature have all perished in the lapse of time, during a period of between five and six hundred years’ continuance; and all we now know of them is that such things once existed. In the Vision of Pierce Plowman, an allegorical poem, thought to have been composed soon after the year 1360, and generally ascribed to Robert Langeland, the author introduces an ignorant, idle, and drunken secular priest, the representative, no doubt, of the parochial clergy of that age, in the character of Sloth, who makes the following confession: “I cannot parfitli mi paternoster, as the preist it singeth, But I can ryms of Roben Hode, and ‘Randolf’ erl of Chester, But of our lorde or our lady I lerne nothyng at all.” 56 Fordun, the Scotish historian, who wrote about 1340, speaking of Robin Hood and Little John, and their accomplices, says, “of whom the foolish vulgar in comedies and tragedies
- 23. {lxxiv} make lewd entertainment, and are delighted to hear the jesters and minstrels sing them above all other ballads;” 57 and Mair (or Major), whose history was published by himself in 1521, observes that “The exploits of this Robert are celebrated in songs throughout all Britain.” 58 So, likewise, Maister Johne Bellendene, the translator of “that noble clerk Maister Hector Boece” (Bois or Boethius), having mentioned “that waithman Robert Hode with his fallow litil Johne,” adds, “of quhom ar mony fabillis and mery sportis soung amang the vulgar pepyll.” 59 Whatever may have been the nature of the compositions alluded to by the above writers, several of the pieces printed in the present collection are unquestionably of great antiquity; not less, that is, than between three and four hundred years old. The Lytell Geste, which is first inserted, is probably the oldest thing upon the subject we now possess;60 but a legend, apparently of the same species, was once extant, of, perhaps, a still earlier date, of which it is some little satisfaction to be able to give even the following fragment, from a single leaf, fortunately preserved in one of the volumes of old printed ballads in the British Museum, in a handwriting as old as Henry the Sixth’s time. It exhibits the characters of our hero and his fidus Achates in the noblest point of view. “He sayd Robyn Hod . . . . yne the preson, And owght off hit was gon. The porter rose a-non certeyn, As sone as he hard Johan call; Lytyll Johan was redy with a sword, And bare hym throw to the wall. Now will I be jayler, sayd lytyll Johan, And toke the keys in hond; He toke the way to Robyn Hod, And sone he hyme unbond.
- 24. {lxxv} He gaffe hym a good swerd in his hond, His hed ther-with for to kepe; And ther as the wallis wer lowest, Anon down ther they lepe. To Robyn . . . . . sayd: I have done the a god torne for an . . . Quit me when thow may; I have done the a gode torne, sayd lytyll [Johan], Forsothe as I the saye; I have browghte the under the gren wod . . . Farewell & have gode daye. Nay, be my trowthe, sayd Robyn, So schall it never bee; I make the master, sayd Robyn, Off all my men & me. Nay, be my trowthe, sayd lytyll Johan, So schall it never bee.” This, indeed, may be part of the “story of Robin Hood and Little John,” which M. Wilhelm Bedwell found in the ancient MS. lent him by his much honoured good friend M. G. Withers, whence he extracted and published “The Turnament of Tottenham,” a poem of the same age, and which seemed to him to be done (perhaps but transcribed) by Sir Gilbert Pilkington, formerly, as some had thought, parson of that parish.61 That poems and stories on the subject of our hero and his companions were extraordinarily popular and common before and during the 16th century is evident from the testimony of divers writers. Thus, Alexander Barclay, priest, in his translation of The Shyp of Folys, printed by Pynson in 1508, and by John Cawood in 1570, 62 says: “I write no jeste ne tale of Robin Hood.”
- 25. {lxxvi} Again: “For goodlie scripture is not worth an hawe, But tales are loved ground of ribaudry; And many are so blinded with their foly, That no scriptur thinke they so true nor gode, As is a foolish jest of Robin Hode.” Again: “And of all fables and jestes of Robin Hood, Or other trifles.” The same Barclay, in the fourth of his Egloges, subjoined to the last edition of The Ship of Foles, but originally printed soon after 1500, has the following passage: “Yet would I gladly heare some mery fit Of maide Marion, or els of Robin Hood, Or Benteleyes ale, which chafeth well the blood, Of Perte of Norwich, or Sauce of Wilberton, Or buckishe Joly63 well stuffed as a ton.” Robert Braham, in his epistle to the reader, prefixed to Lydgate’s Troy-book, 1555, is of opinion that “Caxton’s recueil” [of Troy] is “worthye to be numbred amongest the trifelinge tales and barrayne luerdries of Robyn Hode and Bevys of Hampton.” (See Ames’s Typographical Antiquities, by Herbert, p. 849.) “For one that is sand blynd,” says Sir Thomas Chaloner, “would take an asse for a moyle, or another prayse a rime of Robyn Hode for as excellent a making as Troylus of Chaucer, yet shoulde they not straight-waies be counted madde therefore?” (Erasmus’s Praise of Folye, sig. h.) “If good lyfe,” observes Bishop Latimer, “do not insue and folowe upon our readinge to the example of other, we myghte as well spende that tyme in reading of prophane hystories, of
- 26. {lxxvii} {lxxviii} Canterburye tales, or a fit of Roben Hode” (Sermons, sig. A. iiii.) The following lines, from a poem in the Hyndford MS. compiled in 1568, afford an additional proof of our hero’s popularity in Scotland: “Thair is no story that I of heir, Of Johne nor Robene Hude, Nor zit of Wallace wicht but weir, That me thinkes half so gude, As of thre palmaris,” &c. That the subject was not forgotten in the succeeding age, can be testifyed by Drayton, who is elsewhere quoted, and in his sixth eclogue makes Gorbo thus address “old Winken de Word:” “Come, sit we down under this hawthorn-tree, The morrow’s light shall lend us day enough, And let us tell of Gawen, or Sir Guy, Of Robin Hood, or of old Clem a Clough.” Richard Johnson, who wrote “The History of Tom Thumbe,” in prose (London, 1621, 12mo, b. l.), thus prefaces his work: “My merry muse begets no tales of Guy of Warwicke, &c. nor will I trouble my penne with the pleasant glee of Robin Hood, little John, the fryer, and his Marian; nor will I call to mind the lusty Pinder of Wakefield, &c.” In “The Calidonian Forrest,” a sort of allegorical or mystic tale, by John Hepwith, gentleman, printed in 1641, 4to, the author says, “Let us talke of Robin Hoode, And little John in mery Shirewoode,” &c.64 Of one very ancient, and undoubtedly once very popular, song this single line is all that is now known to exist:
- 27. However, though but a line, it is of the highest authority in Westminster Hall, where, in order to the decision of a knotty point, it has been repeatedly cited, in the most solemn manner, by grave and learned judges. M. 6 Jac. B. R. Witham v. Barker, Yelv. 147. Trespass, for breaking plaintif’s close, &c. Plea. Liberum tenementum of Sir John Tyndall, and justification as his servant and by his command. Replication, That it is true it is his freehold, but that long before the time when &c. he leased to plaintif at will, who entered and was possessed until, &c. traversing, that defendant entered, &c. by command of Sir John. Demurrer: and adjudged against plaintif, on the ground of the replication being bad, as not setting forth any seisin or possession in Sir John, out of which a lease at will could be derived. For a title made by the plea or replication should be certain to all intents, because it is traversable. Here, therefor, he should have stated Sir John’s seisin, as well as the lease at will; which is not done here: Robin Whood in Barnwood stood, absque hoc John. Quod nota. Per Fenner, Williams et Crook Yelv. In the case of Bush v. Leake, B. R. Trin. 23 G. 3, Buller, justice, cited the case of Coulthurst v. Coulthurst, C. B. Pasch. 12 G. 3 (an action on bond), and observed, “There a case in Yelverton was alluded to, where the court said, you might as well say, by way of inducement to a traverse, Robin Hood in Barnwood stood.” It is almost unnecessary to observe, because it will be shortly proved, that Barnwood, in the preceding quotations, ought to be Barnsdale.65 With respect to Whood, the reader
- 28. {lxxix} {lxxx} will see, under Note 19, a remarkable proof of the antiquity of that pronunciation, which actually prevails in the metropolis at this day. See also the word “whodes” in Note 34. So, likewise, Bale, in his Actes of English Votaries, 1560, says, “the monkes had their cowles, caprones or whodes;” and in Stow’s Survey, 1598, p. 120, have “a fooles whoode.” This celebrated and important line occurs as the first of a foolish mock-song, inserted in an old mortality, intitled “A new interlude and a mery of the nature of the iiii elementes,” supposed to have been printed by John Rastall about 1520; where it is thus introduced: “Hu[manyte]. let us some lusty balet syng. Yng[norance]. Nay, syr, by the hevyn kyng: For me thynkyth it servyth for no thyng, All suche pevysh prykeryd song. Hu. Pes, man, pryk-song may not be dyspysyd, For therwith God is well plesyd. Yng. Is God well pleasyd, trowest thou, therby? Nay, nay, for there is no reason why. For is it not as good to say playnly Gyf me a spade, As gyf me a spa ve va ve va ve vade? But yf thou wylt have a song that is good, I have one of Robyn Hode, The best that ever was made. Hu. Then a feleshyp, let us here it. Yng. But there is a bordon, thou must here it, Or ellys it wyll not be. Hu. Than begyn, and care not for . . . Downe downe downe, &c. Yng. Robyn Hode in Barnysdale stode, And lent hym tyl a mapyll thystyll; Than cam our lady & swete saynt Andrewe; Slepyst thou, wakyst thou, Geffrey Coke?66
- 29. {lxxxi} A c. wynter the water was depe, I can not tell you how brode; He toke a gose nek in his hande, And over the water he went. He start up to a thystell top, And cut hym downe a holyn clobbe; He stroke the wren betwene the hornys, That fyre sprange out of the pygges tayle. Jak boy is thy bow i-broke, Or hath any man done the wryguldy wrange? He plukkyd muskyllys out of a wyllowe, And put them in to his sachell. Wylkyn was an archer good, And well coude handell a spade; He toke his bend bowe in his hand, And set him downe by the fyre. He toke with hym lx. bowes and ten, A pese of befe, another of baken. Of all the byrdes in mery Englond, So merely pypys the mery bottel.” “The lives, stories, and giftes of men which are contained in the bible, they [the papists] read as thinges no more pertaining unto them than a tale of Robin Hood” (Tyndale, Prologue to the prophecy of Jonas, about 1531). Gwalter Lynne, printer, in his dedication to Ann, Duchess of Somerset, of “The true beliefe in Christ and his sacramentes,” 1550, says, “I woulde wyshe tharfore that al men, women, and chyldren, would read it. Not as they haue bene here tofore accustomed to reade the fained storyes of Robin-hode, Clem of the Cloughe, wyth such lyke to passe the tyme wythal,” &c. In 1562, John Alde had license to print “a ballad of Robyn god,” a mistake, it is probable, for Robyn Hod. Alexander Hume, minister of Logie, about 1599, says in one of his “Hymnes or Sacred Songs,” printed in that year, that
- 30. {lxxxii} {lxxxiii} “much to blame are those of carnal brood, Who loath to taste of intellectual food, Yet surfeit on old tales of Robin Hood.” Complaint of Scotland, Edin. 1801, Dissertation, p. 221. “Exclude the scriptures, and bid them read the story Of Robin Hood and Guy, which was both tall and stout, And Bevis of Southampton, to seek the matter out. Suffer all slander against God and his truth, And praise the old fashion in king Arthur’s days, Of abbays and monasteries how it is great ruth To have them plucked down, and so the eldest says; And how it was merry when Robin Hood’s plays Was in every town, the morrice and the fool, The maypole and the drum, to bring the calf from school, With Midge, Madge and Marion, about the pole to dance, And Stephen, that tall stripling, to lead Volans dance, With roguing Gangweeke, a goodly remembrance, With beads in every hand, our prayers stood by tale: This was a merry work, talk among our meany, And then of good eggs ye might have twenty for a penny.” L. Ramsey’s Practice of the Divell, b. l. All the entire poems and songs known to be extant will be found in the following collection; but many more may be traditionally preserved in different parts of the country which would have added considerably to its value.67 That some of these identical pieces, or others of the like nature, were great favourites with the common people in the time of Queen Elizabeth, though not much esteemed, it would seem, by the refined critic, may, in addition to the testimonies already cited, be inferred from a passage in Webbe’s Discourse of English Poetrie, printed in 1586. “If I lette passe,” says he, “the unaccountable rabble of ryming ballet-makers and compylers of sencelesse sonets, who be most busy to stuffe every stall full of grosse devises and unlearned pamphlets, I trust I shall with the best sort be held excused. For though many such can
- 31. {lxxxiv} frame an alehouse-song of five or sixe score verses, hobbling uppon some tune of a northern jygge, or Robyn Hoode, or La lubber, &c. and perhappes observe just number of sillables, eyght in one line, sixe in an other, and therewithall an A to make a jercke in the ende, yet if these might be accounted poets (as it is sayde some of them make meanes to be promoted to the lawrell), surely we shall shortly have whole swarmes of poets; and every one that can frame a booke in ryme, though, for want of matter, it be but in commendations of copper noses, or bottle ale, wyll catch at the garlande due to poets: whose potticall (poeticall, I should say) heades, I woulde wyshe, at their worshipfull comencements, might, in steede of lawrell, be gorgiously garnished with fayre greene barley, in token of their good affection to our Englishe malt.” The chief object of this satire seems to be William Elderton, the drunken ballad-maker, of whose compositions all but one or two have unfortunately perished.68 Most of the songs inserted in the second half of this volume were common broad-sheet ballads, printed in black letter, with woodcuts, between the Restoration and the Revolution; though copies of some few have been found of an earlier date. “Who was the author of the collection intitled Robin Hood’s Garland, no one,” says Sir John Hawkins, “has yet pretended to guess. As some of the songs have in them more of the spirit of poetry than others, it is probable,” he thinks, “it is the work of various hands: that it has from time to time been varied and adapted to the phrase of the times,” he says, “is certain.” None of these songs, it is believed, were collected into a garland till after the Restoration; as the earliest that has been met with, a copy of which is in the possession of Francis Douce, Esq., was printed by W. Thackeray, a noted ballad-monger, in 1670. This, however, contains no more than sixteen songs, some of which,
- 32. {lxxxv} very falsely as it seems, are said to have been “never before printed.” “The latest edition of any worth,” according to Sir John Hawkins, “is that of 1719.” None of the old editions of this garland have any sort of preface: that prefixed to the modern ones, of Bow or Aldermary churchyard, being taken from the collection of old ballads, 1723, where it is placed at the head of Robin Hood’s birth and breeding. The full title of the last London edition of any note is—“Robin Hood’s Garland: being a complete history of all the notable and merry exploits performed by him and his men on many occasions: To which is added a preface [i.e. the one already mentioned] giving a more full and particular account of his birth, &c., than any hitherto published. [Cut of archers shooting at a target.] I’ll send this arrow from my bow, And in a wager will be bound To hit the mark aright, although It were for fifteen hundred pound. Doubt not I’ll make the wager good, Or ne’er believe bold Robin Hood. Adorned with twenty-seven neat and curious cuts adapted to the subject of each song. London, Printed and sold by R. Marshall, in Aldermary church-yard, Bow-lane.” 12mo. On the back of the title-page is the following Grub-street address:
- 33. {lxxxvi} “To all gentlemen archers. “This garland has been long out of repair, Some songs being wanting, of which we give account; For now at last, by true industrious care, The sixteen songs to twenty-seven we mount; Which large addition needs must please, I know, All the ingenious ‘yeomen’ of the bow. To read how Robin Hood and Little John, Brave Scarlet, Stutely, valiant, bold and free, Each of them bravely, fairly play’d the man, While they did reign beneath the green-wood tree; Bishops, friars, likewise many more, Parted with their gold, for to increase their store, But never would they rob or wrong the poor.” The last seven lines are not by the author of the first six, but were added afterwards; perhaps when the twenty-four songs were increased to twenty-seven.69 (28) —“has given rise to divers proverbs.”] Proverbs, in all countries, are, generally speaking, of very great antiquity; and therefore it will not be contended that those concerning our hero are the oldest we have. It is highly probable, however, that they originated in or near his own time, and of course have existed for upwards of 500 years, which is no modern date. They are here arranged, not, perhaps, according to their exact chronological order, but by the age of the authorities they are taken from. 1. “Good even, good Robin Hood.” The allusion is to civility extorted by fear. It is preserved by Skelton, in that most biting satire against Cardinal Wolsey, “Why come ye not to court?” (Works, 1736, p. 147).
- 34. {lxxxvii} “He is set so hye, In his hierarchy, That in the chambre of stars All matters there he mars; Clapping his rod on the borde, No man dare speake a word; For he hath all the saying, Without any renaying: He rolleth in his recordes, He saith, How say ye my lordes? Is not my reason good? Good even, good Robin Hood.” 70 2. “Many men talk of Robin Hood that never shot in his bow.” “That is, many discourse (or prate rather) of matters wherein they have no skill or experience. This proverb is now extended all over England, though originally of Not ting ham ‐ shire extraction, where Robin Hood did principally reside in Sherwood forest. He was an arch-robber, and withal an excellent archer; though surely the poet71 gives a twang to the loose of his arrow, making him shoot one a cloth-yard long, at full forty score mark, for compass never higher than the breast, and within less than a foot of the mark. But herein our author hath verified the proverb, talking at large of Robin Hood, in whose bow he never shot” (Fuller’s Worthies, p. 315). “One may justly wonder,” adds the facetious writer, “this archer did not at last hit the mark, I mean, come to the gallows for his many robberies.” The proverb is mentioned, and given as above, by Sir Edward Coke in his 3d Institute, p. 197. See also Note 26. It is thus noticed by Jonson in “The king’s entertainment at Welbeck in Not ting ham shire, 1633:”
- 35. {lxxxviii} “This is . . . . . father Fitz-Ale, herald of Derby, &c. He can fly o’er hills and dales, And report you more odd tales Of our out law Robin Hood, That revell’d here in Sherewood, And more stories of him show, (Though he ne’er shot in his bow) Than au’ men or believe, or know.” We likewise meet with it in Epigrams, &c., 1654: “In Vertutem. “Vertue we praise, but practice not her good, (Athenian-like) we act not what we know; So many men doe talk of Robin Hood, Who never yet shot arrow in his bow.” On the back of a ballad in Anthony a Wood’s collection he has written, “There be some that prate Of Robin Hood, and of his bow, Which never shot therein, I trow.” Ray gives it thus: “Many talk of Robin Hood, that never shot in his bow, And many talk of little John, that never did him know:” which Kelly has varied, but without authority. Camden’s printer has separated the lines, as distinct proverbs (Remains, 1674): “Many speak of Robin Hood that never shot in his bow. “Many a man talks of little John that never did him know.” This proverb likewise occurs in The downfall of Robert earle of Hun ting ton, 1600, and is alluded to in a scarce and curious old tract intitled “The contention betwyxte Church-yeard and Camell, upon David Dycer’s Dreame,” &c. 1560, 4to, b. l.
- 36. {lxxxix} “Your sodain stormes and thundre claps, your boasts and braggs so loude: Hath doone no harme thogh Robin Hood spake with you in a cloud. Go learne againe of litell Jhon, to shute in Robyn Hods bowe, Or Dicars dreame shall be unhit, and all his whens, I trowe.” 72 The Italians appear to have a similar saying: Molti parlan di Orlando Chi non viddero mai suo brando. 3. “To overshoot Robin Hood.” “And lastly and chiefly, they cry out with open mouth as if they had overshot Robin Hood, that Plato banished them [i.e. poets] out of his commonwealth” (Sir P. Sidney’s Defence of Poesie). 4. “Tales of Robin Hood are good [enough] for fools.” This proverb is inserted in Camden’s Remains, printed originally in 1605; but the word in brackets is supplied from Ray. 5. “To sell Robin Hood’s pennyworths.” “It is spoken of things sold under half their value; or if you will, half sold, half given. Robin Hood came lightly by his ware, and lightly parted therewith; so that he could afford the length of his bow for a yard of velvet. Whithersoever he came, he carried a fair along with him; chapmen crowding to buy his stollen commodities. But seeing the receiver is as bad as the thief, and such buyers are as bad as receivers, the cheap pennyworths of plundered goods may in fine prove dear enough to their consciences” (Fuller’s Worthies, p. 315). This saying is alluded to in the old North-country song of Randal a Barnaby: “All men said, it became me well, And Robin Hood’s pennyworths I did sell.” 6. “Come, turn about, Robin Hood.”
- 37. {xc} Implying that to challenge or defy our hero must have been the ne plus ultra of courage. It occurs in “Wit and Drollery,” 1661: “O love, whose power and might, No creature ere withstood, Thou forcest me to write, Come turn about Robin-hood.” 7. “As crook’d as Robin Hood’s bow.” That is, we are to conceive, when bent by himself. The following stanza of a modern Irish song is the only authority for this proverb that has been met with: “The next with whom I did engage, It was an old woman worn with age, Her teeth were like tobacco pegs, Besides she had two bandy legs, Her back more crook’d than Robin Hood’s bow, Purblind and decrepid, unable to go; Altho’ her years were sixty-three, She smil’d at the humours of Soosthe Bue.” 8. “To go round by Robin Hood’s barn.” This saying, which now first appears in print, is used to imply the going of a short distance by a circuitous method, or the farthest way about. (29) —“to swear by him, or some of his companions, appears to have been a usual practice.”] The earliest instance of this practice occurs in a pleasant story among “Certaine merry tales of the mad-men of Gottam,” compiled in the reign of Henry VIII. by Dr. Andrew Borde, an eminent physician of that period, which here follows verbatim, as taken from an old edition in black letter, without date (in the Bodleian Library), being the first tale in the book. “There was two men of Gottam, and the one of them was going to the market at Nottingham to buy sheepe, and the
- 38. {xci} other came from the market; and both met together upon Nottingham bridge. Well met, said the one to the other. Whither be yee going? said he that came from Nottingham. Marry, said he that was going thither, I goe to the market to buy sheepe. Buy sheepe! said the other, and which way wilt thou bring them home? Marry, said the other, I will bring them over this bridge. By Robin Hood, said he that came from Nottingham, but thou shalt not. By Maid Marrion, said he that was going thitherward, but I will. Thou shalt not, said the one. I will, said the other. Ter here! said the one. Shue there! said the other. Then they beate their staves against the ground, one against the other, as there had beene an hundred sheepe betwixt them. Hold in, said the one. Beware the leaping over the bridge of my sheepe, said the other. I care not, said the other. They shall not come this way, said the one. But they shall, said the other. Then said the other, & if that thou make much to doe, I will put my finger in thy mouth. A turd thou wilt, said the other. And as they were at that contention, another man of Gottam came from the market, with a sacke of meale upon a horse, and seeing and hearing his neighbours at strife for sheepe, and none betwixt them, said, Ah fooles, will you never learn wit? Helpe me, said he that had the meale, and lay my sack upon my shoulder. They did so; and he went to the one side of the bridge, and unloosed the mouth of the sacke, and did shake out all his meale into the river. Now, neighbours, said the man, how much meale is there in my sacke now? Marry, there is none at all, said they. Now, by my faith, said he, even as much wit is in your two heads, to strive for that thing you have not. Which was the wisest of all these three persons, judge you.” 73 “By the bare scalp of Robin Hood’s fat frier,” is an oath put by Shakespeare into the mouth of one of his outlaws in the
- 39. {xcii} Two Gentlemen of Verona, act iv. scene 1. “Robin Hood’s fat frier” is Frier Tuck; a circumstance of which Doctor Johnson, who set about explaining that author with a very inadequate stock of information, was perfectly ignorant. (30) —“his songs have been preferred, not only on the most solemn occasion to the psalms of David, but in fact to the New Testament.”] [“On Friday, March 9th, 1733] was executed at Northampton William Alcock for the murder of his wife. He never own’d the fact, nor was at all concern’d at his approaching death, refusing the prayers and assistance of any persons. In the morning he drank more than was sufficient, yet sent and paid for a pint of wine, which being deny’d him, he would not enter the cart before he had his money return’d. On his way to the gallows he sung part of an old song of Robin Hood, with the chorus, Derry, derry, down,74 &c., and swore, kick’d and spurn’d at every person that laid hold of the cart; and before he was turn’d off, took off his shoes, to avoid a well-known proverb; and being told by a person in the cart with him, it was more proper for him to read, or hear some body read to him, than so vilely to swear and sing, he struck the book out of the person’s hands, and went on damning the spectators, and calling for wine. Whilst psalms and prayers were performing at the tree, he did little but talk to one or other, desiring some to remember him, others to drink to his good journey; and to the last moment declared the injustice of his case” (Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. iii. P. 154). To this maybe added, that at Edinburgh, in 1565, “Sandy Stevin menstrall [i.e. musician] was convinced of blasphemy, alledging, That he would give no moir credit to The new testament, then to a tale of Robin Hood, except it wer confirmed be the doctours of the church” (Knox’s Historie of the Reformation in Scotland, Edin. 1732, p. 368).
- 40. {xciii} William Roy, in a bitter satire against Cardinal Wolsey, intitled, “Rede me and be nott wrothe For I saye nothynge but trothe,” printed abroad, about 1525, speaking of the bishops, says: “Their frantyke foly is so pevisshe, That they contempne in Englisshe, To have the new testament; But as for tales of Robyn Hode, With wother jestes nether honest nor goode, They have none impediment.” To the same effect is the following passage in another old libel upon the priests, intitled “I playne Piers which can not flatter, a plowe-man men me call,” &c. b. l. n. d. printed in the original as prose: “No Christen booke, Maye thou on looke, Yf thou be an Englishe strunt, Thus dothe alyens us loutte, By that ye spreade aboute, After that old sorte and wonte. You allowe they saye, Legenda aurea, Roben Hoode, Bevys, & Gower, And all bagage be syd, But God’s word ye may not abyde, These lyese are your churche ‘dower.’” See also before, p. lxxii.75 So in Laurence Ramsey’s “Practise of the Divell” (n. d. 4to, b. l.): “Exclude the scriptures, and byd them reade the storie Of Robin Hood, and Guye, which was both tall and stout, And Bevis of Southampton, to seeke the matter out.” (31) “His service to the Word of God.”] “I came once myselfe,” says Bishop Latimer (in his sixth sermon before King
- 41. {xciv} Edward VI.), “to a place, riding on a jorney homeward from London, and I sent worde over night into the towne that I would preach there in the morning, bicause it was a holy day, and methought it was an holydayes worke. The churche stode in my way; and I tooke my horse and my company and went thither (I thought I should have found a great companye in the churche), and when I came there, the churche dore was faste locked. I taried there half an hower and more; at last the keye was founde; and one of the parishe commes to me, and sayes, Sir, this is a busie day with us, we cannot heare you; it is Robin Hoodes daye. The parishe are gone abroad to gather for Robin Hoode, I pray you let them not. I was fayne there to geve place to Robin Hoode. I thought my rochet shoulde have bene regarded, thoughe I were not; but it woulde not serve, it was fayne to geve place to Robin Hodes men. “It is no laughyng matter, my frendes, it is a weepyng matter, a heavy matter, under the pretence for gatherynge for Robin Hoode, a traytour76 and a theefe, to put out a preacher, to have his office lesse esteemed, to preferre Robin Hoode before the ministration of God’s worde, and all this hath come of unpreaching prelates. Thys realme hath bene ill provided for, that it hath had suche corrupte judgementes in it, to preferre Robin Hoode to God’s worde. If the bishoppes had bene preachers, there shoulde never have bene any such thing,” &c. (32) —“may be called the patron of archery.”] The bow and arrow makers, in particular, have always held his memory in the utmost reverence. Thus, in the old ballad of London’s Ordinary: “The hosiers will dine at the Leg, The drapers at the sign of the Brush, The fletchers to Robin Hood will go, And the spendthrift to Beggar’s-bush.” 77
- 42. {xcv} The picture of our hero is yet a common sign in the country, and, before hanging-signs were abolished in London, must have been still more so in the City; there being at present no less than a dozen alleys, courts, lanes, &c., to which he or it has given a name. (See Baldwin’s New Complete Guide, 1770.) The Robin Hood Society, a club or assembly for public debate, or school for oratory, is well known. It was held at a public- house, which had once borne the sign, and still retained the name of this great man, in Butcher Row, near Temple Bar. It is very usual in the North of England for a publican whose name fortunately happens to be John Little to have the sign of Robin Hood and his constant attendant, with this quibbling subscription: “You gentlemen, and yeomen good, Come in and drink with Robin Hood; If Robin Hood be not at home, Come in and drink with Little John.” 78 An honest countryman, admiring the conceit, adopted the lines, with a slight, but, as he thought, necessary alteration, viz.: “If Robin Hood be not at home, Come in and drink with—Simon Webster.” Drayton, describing the various ensigns or devices of the English counties at the battle of Agincourt, gives to “Old Nottingham, an archer clad in green, Under a tree with his drawn bow that stood, Which in a chequer’d flag far off was seen; It was the picture of old Robin Hood.” (33) —“the supernatural powers he is, in some parts, supposed to have possessed.”] “In the parish of Halifax is an immense stone or rock, supposed to be a Druidical monument, there called Robin Hood’s pennystone, which he is said to have
- 43. {xcvi} used to pitch with at a mark for his amusement. There is likewise another of these stones, of several tons weight, which the country-people will tell you he threw off an adjoining hill with a spade as he was digging. Every thing of the marvellous kind being here attributed to Robin Hood, as it is in Cornwall to King Arthur” (Watson’s History of Halifax, p. 27). At Birchover, six miles south of Bakewell, and four from Haddon, in Derbyshire, among several singular groups of rocks, are some stones called Robin Hood’s stride, being two of the highest and most remarkable. The people say Robin Hood lived here. (34) —“having a festival allotted to him, and solemn games instituted in honour of his memory,” &c.] These games, which were of great antiquity and different kinds, appear to have been solemnised on the first and succeeding days of May, and to owe their original establishment to the cultivation and improvement of the manly exercise of archery, which was not, in former times, practised merely for the sake of amusement. “I find,” says Stow, “that in the moneth of May, the citizens of London, of all estates, lightlie in every parish, or sometimes two or three parishes joyning together, had their severall mayinges, and did fetch in Maypoles, with divers warlike shewes, with good archers, morrice-dancers, and other devices for pastime all the day long: and towards the evening they had stage-playes and bonefires in the streetes. . . . . These greate Mayinges and Maygames, made by the governors and masters of this citie, with the triumphant setting up of the greate shafte (a principall Maypole in Cornhill, before the parish church of S. Andrew, therefore called Undershafte) by meane of an insurrection of youthes against alianes on Mayday 1517, the ninth of Henry the Eight, have not beene so freely used as afore” (Survey of London, 1598, p. 72).
- 44. A description of one drawing a bow. {xcvii} The disuse of these ancient pastimes, and the consequent “neglect of archerie,” are thus pathetically lamented by Richard Niccolls, in his London’s Artillery, 1616: “How is it that our London hath laid downe This worthy practise, which was once the crowne Of all her pastime, when her Robin Hood Had wont each yeare, when May did clad the wood, With lustie greene, to lead his yong men out, Whose brave demeanour, oft when they did shoot, Invited royall princes from their courts, Into the wilde woods to behold their sports! Who thought it then a manly sight and trim, To see a youth of cleane compacted lim, Who, with a comely grace, in his left hand Holding his bow, did take his stedfast stand, Setting his left leg somewhat foorth before, His arrow with his right hand nocking sure, Not stooping, nor yet standing streight upright, Then, with his left hand little ’bove his sight, Stretching his arm out, with an easie strength, To draw an arrow of a yard in length.” 79 The lines, “Invited royall princes from their courts Into the wild woods to behold their sports,” may be reasonably supposed to allude to Henry VIII., who appears to have been particularly attached, as well to the exercise of archery as to the observance of May. Some short time after his coronation, says Hall, he “came to Westminster with the quene, and all their traine: and on a tyme being there, his grace therles of Essex, Wilshire, and other noble menne, to the numbre of twelve, came sodainly in a mornyng into the quenes chambre, all appareled in short cotes of Kentish Kendal, with hodes on their heddes, and hosen of the same, every one of them his bowe and arrowes, and a sworde and a bucklar, like outlawes, or ‘Robyn’ Hodes men; whereof
- 45. {xcviii} the quene, the ladies, and al other there were abashed, aswell for the straunge sight, as also for their sodain commyng: and after certayn daunces and pastime made thei departed” (Hen. VIII. fo. 6, b). The same author gives the following curious account of “A maiynge” in the 7th year of this monarch (1516): “The kyng & the quene, accompanied with many lordes & ladies, roade to the high grounde on Shoters hil to take the open ayre, and as they passed by the way they espied a company of tall yomen, clothed all in grene, with grene whodes & bowes and arrowes, to the number of ii. C. Then one of them whiche called hymselfe Robyn Hood, came to the kyng, desyring hym to se his men shote, & the kyng was content. Then he whisteled, and all the ii. C. archers shot & losed at once; and then he whisteled again, and they likewyse shot agayne; their arrowes whisteled by craft of the head, so that the noyes was straunge and great, and muche pleased the kyng, the quene, and all the company. All these archers were of the kynges garde, and had thus appareled themselves to make solace to the kynge. Then Robyn Hood desyred the kyng and quene to come into the grene wood, and to se how the outlawes lyve. The kyng demaunded of the quene and her ladyes, if they durst adventure to go into the wood with so many outlawes. Then the quene said, if it pleased hym, she was content. Then the hornes blewe tyll they came to the wood under Shoters-hill, and there was an arber made of bowes, with a hal, and a great chamber, and an inner chamber, very well made and covered with floures and swete herbes, which the kyng muche praised. Then sayd Robyn Hood, Sir, outlawes brekefastes is venyson, and therefore you must be content with such fare as we use. Then the kyng and quene sate doune, and were served with venyson and vyne by Robyn Hood and his men, to their great contentacion. Then the kyng
- 46. {xcix} (1553) (7. E. 6.) departed and his company, and Robyn Hood and his men them conduicted: and as they were returnyng, there met with them two ladyes in a ryche chariot drawen with v. horses, and every horse had his name on his head, and on every horse sat a lady with her name written . . . . and in the chayre sate the lady May, accompanied with lady Flora, richely appareled; and they saluted the kyng with diverse goodly songes, and so brought hym to Grenewyche. At this maiyng was a greate number of people to beholde, to their great solace and confort” (fo. lvi. b). That this sort of May-games was not peculiar to London appears from a passage in Richard Robinson’s “Third assertion Englishe historicall, frendly in favour and furtherance of English archery:” 80 “And, heare because of archery I do by penne explane, The use, the proffet, and the praise, to England by the same, Myselfe remembreth of a childe in contreye native mine, A May-game was of Robyn Hood, and of his traine that time, To traine up young men, stripplings, and eche other younger childe, In shooting, yearely this with solempne feast was by the guylde Or brotherhood of townsmen don, with sport, with joy, and love, To proffet which in present tyme, and afterward did prove.” The games of Robin Hood seem to have been occasionally of a dramatic cast. Sir John Paston, in the time of King Edward IV., complaining of the ingratitude of his servants, mentions one who had promised never to desert him, “and ther uppon,” says he, “I have kepyd hym thys iii yer to pleye seynt Jorge, and Robyn Hod and the sheryf off Notyngham,81 and now when I wolde have good horse he is goon into Bernysdale, and I withowt a keeper.” In some old accounts of the churchwardens of St. Helen’s at Abingdon, Berks, for the year 1556, there is an entry For
- 47. {c} {ci} setting up Robin Hoodes Bower; I suppose, says Warton, for a parish interlude. (See History of English Poetry, ii. 175.)82 In some places, at least, these games were nothing more, in effect, than a morris-dance, in which Robin Hood, Little John, Maid Marian, and Frier Tuck were the principal personages; the others being a clown or fool, the hobby-horse (which appears, for some reason or other, to have been frequently forgot83 ), the taborer, and the dancers, who were more or less numerous. Thus Warner: “At Paske began our morrise, and ere penticost our May, Tho Roben Hood, liell John, frier Tuck, and Marian deftly play, And lard and ladie gang till kirke with lads and lasses gay.” 84 Perhaps the clearest idea of these last-mentioned games, about the beginning of the 16th century, will be derived from some curious extracts given by Mr. Lysons in his valuable work intitled “The Environs of London” (vol. i. 1792, p. 226), from the contemporary accounts of the “churchwardens of the parish of Kingston upon Thames.”
- 48. “Robin Hood and May-game. “23 Hen. 7. To the menstorell upon May-day 0 0 4 For paynting of the mores garments and for sarten gret leveres85 0 2 4 For paynting of a bannar for Robin Hode 0 0 3 For 2 M. & ½ pynnys 0 0 10 For 4 plyts and ½ of laun for the mores garments 0 2 11 For orseden86 for the same 0 0 10 For a goun for the lady 0 0 8 For bellys for the dawnsars 0 0 12 24 Hen. 7. For little John’s cote 0 8 0 1 Hen. 8. For silver paper for the mores dawnsars 0 0 7 For Kendall for Robyn Hode’s cote 0 1 3 For 3 yerds of white for the frere’s87 cote 0 3 0 For 4 yards of kendall for mayde Marian’s88 huke89 0 3 4 For saten of sypers for the same huke 0 0 6 For 2 payre of glovys for Robin Hode and mayde Maryan 0 0 3 For 6 brode arovys 0 0 6 To mayde Maryan for her labour for two years 0 2 0 To Fygge the taborer 0 6 0 Recd for Robyn Hod’s gaderyng 4 marks90
- 49. 5 Hen. 8. Recd for Robin Hood’s gaderyng at Croydon 0 9 4 11 Hen. 8. Paid for three broad yerds of rosett for maykng the frer’s cote 0 3 6 Shoes for the mores daunsars, the frere and mayde Maryan at 7d a payre 0 5 4 13 Hen. 8. Eight yerds of fustyan for the mores daunsars coats 0 16 0 A dosyn of gold skynnes for the morres91 0 0 10 15 Hen. 8. Hire of hats for Robynhode 0 0 16 Paid for the hat that was lost 0 0 10 16 Hen. 8. Recd at the church-ale and Robyn- hode all things deducted 3 10 6 Paid for 6 yerds ¼ of satyn for Robyn Hode’s coyts 0 12 6 For makyng the same 0 2 0 For 3 ells of locram92 0 1 6 21 Hen. 8. For spunging and brushing Robyn- hode’s cotys 0 0 2 28 Hen. 8. Five hats and 4 porses for the daunsars 0 0 4½ 4 yerds of cloth for the fole’s cote 0 2 0 2 ells of worstede for mayde Maryans kyrtle 0 6 8 For 6 payre of double sollyd showne 0 4 6 To the mynstrele 0 10 8 To the fryer and the piper for to go to Croydon 0 0 8
- 50. 29 Hen. 8. Mem. Lefte in the keping of the wardens nowe beinge.
- 51. {cv} [He gives the fool money. A fryers cote of russet and a kyrtele of worstyde weltyd with red cloth, a mowrens93 cote of buckram, and 4 morres daunsars cotes of white fustian spangelyd and two gryne saten cotes and a dysardd’s 94 cote of cotton and 6 payre of garters with bells.” These games appear to have been discontinued at Kingston, as a parochial undertaking at least, after the above period, as the industrious inquirer found no further entries relating to them. Some of the principal characters of the morris seem to have gradually disappeared, so that at length it consisted only of the dancers, the piper, and the fool. In Mr. Tollet’s window we find neither Robin Hood nor Little John, though Marian and the frier are still distinguished performers. 95 But in the scene of one, introduced in the old play of Jacke Drum’s Entertainment, first printed in 1601, there is not the least symptom of any of the four. 96 “The taber and pipe strike up a morrice. A shoute within: A lord, a lord, a lord, who ! 97 Ed. Oh, a morrice is come, observe our country sports, ’Tis Whitson tyde,98 and we must frolick it. Enter the morrice. The song. Skip it, and trip it, nimbly, nimbly, Tickle it, tickle it lustily, Strike up the taber, for the wenches favour, Tickle it, tickle it lustily. Let us be seen, on Hygate greene, To dance for the honour of Holloway. Since we are come hither, let’s spare for no leather, To dance for the honour of Holloway. Ed. Well said, my boyes, I must have my lord’s livory: what is’t? a maypole? Troth, ’twere a good body for a courtier’s impreza, if it had but this life, Frustra florescit. Hold, cousin, hold. Foole. Thankes, cousin, when the lord my father’s audit comes, wee’l repay you againe. Your benevolence too, sir.
- 52. The morrice sing and dance and exeunt.” {cvii} Mam. What! a lord’s sonne become a begger! Foole. Why not? when beggers are become lord’s sons. Come, ’tis but a trifle. Mam. Oh, sir, many a small make a great. Foole. No, sir, a few great make a many small. Come, my lords, poore and neede hath no law. S. Ed. Nor necessitie no right. Drum, downe with them into the celler. Rest content, rest content; one bout more, and then away. Foole. ‘Spoke’ like a true heart: I kisse thy foote, sweet knight. It is therefore highly probable, as hath been already suggested, that the May-game of Robin Hood and the morris- dance had originally no sort of connection; that the performers had united their forces, because their joint efforts proved more successful, lucrative, or agreeable; and that, in fine, the latter gradually shook off companions from whose association they no longer derived any advantage. 99 An old writer, describing a country bridal show exhibited before Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth Castle in 1575, mentions “a lively moris dauns, according too the auncient manner, six daunsers, mawd Marion, and the fool.” Stubbs’s chapter, upon “Lords of mis-rule” (Anatomie of Abuses, 1583) contains a singular description of a grand parochial morris-dance, which is worthy of perusal. It is observable that, in the sham second part of Hudibras, published 1663, this place is said to be “Highly famed for Hocktide games.” (Grey’s edition of Hudibras, ii. 90.) Of what nature these were (at Kingston) we are not informed. See Plot’s Natural History of Oxfordshire; Leland’s Collectanea, v. Roas. Hocktide or Hock-day was the Tuesday fortnight after Easter. Two falsehoods are asserted of this festival: one, that its celebration was owing to the general joy excited by the death of Hardecnute, which in fact took place on the 8th of
- 53. {cviii} June: the other, that it was the anniversary of the general slaughter of the Danes in 1042; which Henry of Huntingdon and others expressly fix on St. Brice’s day, being the 13th of November. It plainly appears, by these extracts, that Robyn Hode, Little John, the frere, and mayde Maryan were fitted out at the same time with the mores daunsars, and, consequently, it would seem, united with them in one and the same exhibition. 100 “Also it was said, that the ladie hir selfe, the same daie hir husband and she should be crowned, said that she feared they should prove but as a summer king and queene, such as in countrie townes the yoong folks choose for short to danse about maipoles” (Holinshed, at the year 1306). As to the original institution of May-poles, or king and queen of May,—in a word, of the primitive purpose and celebration of a popular festival at that season,—nothing satisfactory or consequential can be discovered. The curious reader, at the same time, may consult Spelman’s Glossary, voce MAIUMA, and Ducange, vv. MAJUMA, MAIUS. In an old manuscript music-book given lately by Mr. Dalziel to the Advocates’ Library are the following scraps of songs about Robin Hood: “First when Robin good bow bare, Was never bairne so bold, Doune, doune, berrie, doune, doune.” “Now will ye hear a jollie jest, How Robin Hood was pope of Rome, And Wallace king of France.” “Jolly Robin goe to the green wood to thy lemman.” “The nock is out of Johnes bow, Joly, joly,” &c.
- 54. {cvix} {cx} Much curious matter on the subject of the morris-dance is to be found in “Mr. Tollet’s opinion concerning the Morris- dancers upon his Window.” (See Steevens’s Shakespeare, v. 425, edition 1778, or viii. 596, edition 1793. See also Mr. Waldron’s notes upon the Sad Shepherd, 1783, p. 255.) Morris- dancers are said to be yet annually seen in Norfolk,101 and make their constant appearance in Lancashire. 102 In Scotland, “The game of Robin Hood was celebrated in the month of May. The populace assembled previous to the celebration of this festival, and chose some respectable103 member of the corporation to officiate in the character of Robin Hood, and another in that of Little John his squire. Upon the day appointed, which was a Sunday or holyday, the people assembled in military array, and went to some adjoining field, where, either as actors or spectators, the whole inhabitants of the respective towns were convened. In this field they probably amused themselves with a representation of Robin Hood’s predatory exploits, or of his encounters with the officers of justice [rather, perhaps, in feats of archery or military exercises]. “As numerous meetings for disorderly mirth are apt to engender tumult, when the minds of the people came to be agitated with religious controversy, it was found necessary to repress the game104 of Robin Hood by public statute. The populace were by no means willing to relinquish their favourite amusement. Year after year the magistrates of Edinburgh were obliged to exert their authority 105 in repressing this game; often ineffectually. In the year 1561, the mob were so enraged at being disappointed in making a Robin Hood, that they rose in mutiny, seized on the city gates, committed robberies upon strangers; and one of the ringleaders being condemned by the magistrates to be hanged, the mob forced open the jail,
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