C++

Programming language: It is an artificial language
designed to communicate to a machine, particularly
a computer.
Programs: These are set of instructions written in
any programming language to serve some purpose &
are written by following the syntax of the
programming language.
C++: It was developed in 1980s at Bell Laboratory by
Bjarn Stroustrup as an Object Oriented Programming
Language.
OOP Programming: This approach views a problem in
terms of objects involved rather than procedure for
doing it.

Character set: A set of valid characters that a
language can recognize.
Letters: A to Z, a-z.
Digits: 0 to 9
Special Symbols: Space + - * / ^ ( ) { } [ ] = < > ,
‘ “ $ . ; : % ! & ? _(Underscore) # <= >= @
White Spaces: Blank Space, Horizontal Tab (à),
Carriage return(J), Newline, Form Feed
Other Characters: C++ can process any of the
256 ASCII characters as data or as literals

Tokens: The smallest unit of a program. They are
a. Keywords
b. Identifier
c. Literals(constants)
d. Operators
e. Punctuators
Keywords : they are reserved words meant for
specific purpose. They can not be used for giving
names to variables, arrays, functions etc.
For e.g, If , if else , int , float , case, switch
Identifiers: a name given to program elements such
as variables, arrays, functions etc.
Rule for giving a name to variable :
1. It must start with an alphabet or a character(_).
2. It cannot contain any other character other
than (_) but can contain numbers only after first
character.

Literals : (Often referred to as constants) are data
items that never change their values during a
program run.
Operators: Operators are tokens that trigger some
computation when applied to variables and other
object in an expression. They are
I/o : << and >>
Arithmetic : +, - , * , / , %
Increment/Decrement : ++ , - -
Relational : ==, <, >, <=, >=, !=
Logical : &&, ||, !
Conditional : ?
Punctuators : Also known as separators. They
enhance a program’s readability. For eg
[ ] , { } , ( ) , ; , : , * , = , #

A graphic outline of a simplistic approach to show how programs
get developed.
Define the problem to be solvedSTEP1::
Design a solutionSTEP2::
Write a program that implements the solutionSTEP3::
Compile the programSTEP4::
Link object filesSTEP5::
Test & Debug programSTEP6::

/*Program to display area & perimeter of rectangle*/
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int L,B,A,P;
L=6;
cout<<“Enter Length”<<endl;
cin>>L;
cout<<“Enter Breadth”<<endl;
cin>>B;
A=L*B;
P=2*(L+B);
cout<<“Area is ”<<A<<endl;
cout<<“Perimeter is ”<<P<<endl;
}
Preprocessor Directives
Comments
Function Declarator
Variable Declaration
Variable Initialisation
Displaying text on screen
Assigning entered value to L
Formula
Displaying result
Function Begin
Function ends

To save a file: F2
To run a program: Ctrl+F9
To view the output screen: Alt+F5
To exit from the TC++ editor: Alt+x
To exit from DOS prompt: Type exit

Next you have a summary of the basic fundamental data types in C++, as
well as the range of values that can be represented with each one:
Name Description Size Range*
char
Character or small
integer.
1
signed: -128 to 127
unsigned: 0 to 255
int Integer. 4
signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295
long int
(long)
Long integer. 4
signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295
float
Floating point
number.
4 +/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)

Comments: are statements which are not compiled & are
used for programmer’s reference to describe the purpose of
statements or block of statements. It can be done by using
single line comment(//) and multi line comment(/*…..*/).
Header files: files that are included in C++ program to
incorporate the use of functions as required. for e.g.,
iostream.h : cin & cout are used to input value through
keyboard & display the message on display device.
Data Types: are the means to identify the type of data &
associated operations of handling it. They are of two types:
fundamental & derived data types.
Fundamental data types are:
char (stores single character) , int ( stores whole numbers) &
float/double (stores real numbers). declaration of
variable(syntax) :
data_type variable_name;

INPUT AND OUTPUT
cout (to be read as “SEE OUT”): Output Operator(<<) also
called insertion operator. It is used to direct a value to
standard output generally a Monitor.
cin (to be read as “SEE IN”): input operator(>>) also known as
extraction operator. It is used to read a value from standard
input generally a Keyboard.
//PROGRAM TO CALCULATE AREA OF TRIANGLE
#include<math.h>
void main ( )
{
float S1 ,S2 ,S3, S, area, perimeter;
cout<<“Enter sides of the triangle”<<endl;
cin>>S1>>S2>>S3;
S=(S1+S2+S3)/2.0;
area=sqrt(S*(S-S1)*(S-S2)*(S-S3));
perimeter=S1+S2+S3;
cout<<“Area=“<<Area;
cout<<“ Perimeter=“<<Perimeter;
}

Write a program to :
1. Calculate area & circumference of circle
2. Calculate Sum & Product of two numbers and display them.
3. Input a number in Meters and convert it in Centimeters
4. Calculate the square and cube of a number input by the user
// Area & Circumference of circle
#include<conio.h>
void main ( )
{
clrscr();
float pi=3.14 ,r , area, cir;
cout<<“Enter radius : ”<<endl;
cin>>r;
area=pi*r*r;
cir=2*pi*r;
cout<<“Area=“<<area;
cout<<“circumference=“<<cir;
getch();
}
//Sum & Product of 2 Numbers
#include<conio.h>
void main ( )
{
clrscr();
float a, b, sum, pr;
cout<<“Enter a and b: ”<<endl;
cin>>a>>b;
sum=a+b;
pr=a*b;
cout<<“sum=“<<sum;
cout<<“product =“<<pr;
getch();
}

// Input a number in Meters and convert it in Centimeters
#include<conio.h>
void main ( )
{
clrscr();
float num, cm;
cout<<“Enter a number in meters : ”<<endl;
cin>>num;
cm = num*100;
cout<<“The Entered number is”<<cm << “centimeters”;
getch();
}

To Find Errors in a C++ Program
/* A program to add two numbers
#include<iosteam.h>
void main ( );
{
clrscr();
int a, b, sum;
cout<<“Enter Value for a”<<endl;
cin>>A;
cout<<“Enter Value for b”;
cin>>b;
Sum=a+b;
cout<<“ Sum is =“<<sum
}
Errors are:
Comment not terminated / closed
Spelling of iosteam.h
‘ ; ’ not to used at the end of main
Header (conio.h) is not included
Variable is ‘a’ and not ‘A’
Variable is ‘sum’ and not ‘Sum’
End of Statement should be ‘ ; ’

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Write a program to Convert the following:
1. Meter to Kilometer (1 Km = 1000 Meter)
2. Centigrade to Fahrenheit (F = C*(9/5)+32)
3. Feet into Meters(1 Meter = 3.28 Feet)
4. Hours into Minutes, Seconds (1 Hr = 60 Min = 3600 Sec)

ACTIVITY QUESTIONS 9A( Oct 13)
Write a program to
Get temperature in Centigrade to Fahrenheit
(F = C*9/5+32)
OR
Input three values from the user. Add & multiply them and
then display the output
Save it with your roll no and class. For Eg: 9A424

ACTIVITY QUESTIONS 9B( Oct 13)
Write a program to
(F = C*9/5+32)
OR
Save it with your roll no and class. For Eg: 9B255

ACTIVITY QUESTIONS 9C( Oct 13)
Write a program to
Get length in feet and then convert it into meters
(1 Meter = 3.28 Feet)
OR
Input two values from the user. Add & multiply them and

ACTIVITY QUESTIONS 9D( Oct 13)
Write a program to
Get length in feet and then convert it into meters
(1 Meter = 3.28 Feet)
OR
Input two values from the user. Add & multiply them and

ACTIVITY QUESTIONS 9E( Oct 13)
Write a program to
(F = C*9/5+32)
OR
Save it with your roll no and class. For Eg: 9B255

C++

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