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Programming with C# and .NET

Outline Demo .NET introduction C# Programming 2 3 1 4 .NET Remoting

Programming with C# and .NET Demo

The Basic Idea C# is the programming language that I am long waiting for, because my bad MFC experience. Question: How to use C# to do Image Processing OpenGL Programming(3D Graphics) DirectX Programming SEE DEMO

Programming with C# and .NET .NET

CLR C ommon L anguage R untime a runtime environment concept similar to JVM FCL F ramework C lass L ibrary built on top of the CLR provide services for modern applications Major Components

Applications written in J# .NET, VB .NET, or C# .NET Framework Overview CLR FCL Windows Operating System (Windows ME, 98, 2000, XP etc) Windows API

MSIL M icro s oft I ntermediate L anguage a CPU independent set of instructions .NET compliant language compile into MSIL similar to Java Byte Code sometimes abbreviated as IL

C# VB .NET Visual J# .NET MSIL Linux native code .NET Windows native code Mac OS native code Compile into MSIL CLR do this Support now Will Support soon Will Support soon

Java Java Byte Code Linux native code Java Windows native code Mac OS native code JVM do this

.NET Compliant Languages Any language that can be compiled into MSIL is called a .NET compliant language APL, Pascal , Perl , Python , Scheme, Eiffel, Fortran , Java , Jscript, Haskell, COBAL , RPG, APL, Smalltalk, Component Pascal, Curriculum, Mercury, Oberon, Oz, VB .NET , C# , Visual C++ .NET , Visual J# .NET , …

MSIL Advantages Portability between OS .NET compliant language are all compiled into MSIL (portable between OS) and can be further compiled into native OS machine codes by CLR Language Interoperability Different languages can communicated easily MSIL codes from different languages can be linked together to form a program

C# VB .NET Visual J# .NET Interoperability Windows native code Compile into MSIL linked the MSIL codes CLR generated a single application (native code) MSIL MSIL MSIL

Rules defined in C ommon T ype S ystem ( CTS ) C ommon L anguage S pecification ( CLS ) Cross-language development Cross-language Debugging Cross-language Exception Handling Cross-language Inheritance Language Interoperability

Common Type System (CTS) To unify the data types Common data types play an important role in language interoperability Types can be of two types Value Type Reference Type

.NET vs. Java Runtime environment .NET  CLR Java  JVM Intermediate Code .NET  MSIL Java  Java Byte Code Support .NET  Multiple Languages , Multiple Platform Java  Single Language , Multiple Platform

CLR Load and execute the C # program Compile the MSIL into native code use Just-in-Time (JIT) compilers Garbage Collection use Garbage Collector (GC) Security Management Exception Handling

Managed vs. Unmanaged Code Managed Code executed under the control of CLR , and use the .NET Framework libraries . Unmanaged Code does not execute under the CLR It is possible for managed and unmanaged code to work together

FCL concept similar to MFC for Windows programming FCL classes are grouped by namespaces and exported by assemblies namespace similar to Java package assembly similar to .dll

Some Namespaces in FCL (has hierarchy) System System.IO System.Windows.Forms System.Drawing Example: System.Windows.Forms is located in System.Windows.Forms.dll FCL

CLR vs. CLI CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) CLR vs. CLI CLI is the rule CLR is the implementation your own CLR You can implement your own CLR according the CLI

MSIL vs. CIL CIL (Common Intermediate Language) MSIL vs. CIL CIL is the rule MSIL is the implementation your own IL You can implement your own IL according the CIL

Web Services ASP .NET host on IIS server .NET Remoting can host on any type of applications

Programming with C# and .NET C# Windows Programming so easy!

Anders Hejlsberg Creator of C# Turbo Pascal Delphi Anders studied engineering at the Technical University of Denmark , previously worked for Borland, now works for Microsoft.

Special features Properties Indexers Delegates and Events Operator Overloading Reflection Attributes Formatting Regular Expression

Pointer Miscellaneous features jagged array foreach loop Runtime type identification (RTTI) goto structure (not the same with C/C++)

1. Simple Console Program Visual Studio .NET IDE introduction C# program overview System.Console.WriteLine(…); Build and Run C# program namespace class method link

2. Rapid Application Development RAD like Visual Basic and Borland C++ Builder concise syntax as Java event-driven programming style link

3. Use Assembly classes may be compiled into .exe or .dll , such files are called assemblies and are the packaging units of C# An assembly is composed of four sections manifest type matadata program code (in MSIL format) resources used by the program link

Manifest contain information about the assembly itself Type matadata information about the data types used by the program Program Code stored in MSIL format Resources used by the program such as .bmp or .jpg files

4. Namespaces Namespace prevent name conflicts A namespace can be split over several files separated within the same files Namespaces can be nested

Example 1 A namespace split over several files link

Example 2 Namespaces Prevent Name Conflicts link The same class name The same method name

Example 3 Namespaces Can Be Nested link

5. Properties Question: How do you access private data in Java? Properties provide the illusion that we can use private data directly

6. Indexers An indexer allows an object to be indexed like an array example:

7. Delegate & Event A delegate is an object that can refer to a method A delegate can invoke instance method associated with an object static method associated with a class A delegate is similar to a function pointer in C/C++ A delegate supports Multicasting

An object that has an interest in an event registers an handler for that event When the event occurs , all registered handlers are called. Event handlers are represented by delegate . You can use event accessors to change the way the event handlers are add to or remove from the invocation list

Example 1 link Call instance method

Example 2 Call class static method link

Example 3 Delegate supports multicasting link

Example 4 Simple Event & Delegate Demo link Delegate Class static method

8. RTTI Runtime type identification(RTTI) allows the type of an object to be determined during program execution . There are three keywords support RTTI is as typeof

9. Reflection System.Type is at the core of the reflection sub-system Remember using System.Reflection; Several commonly used methods defined by Type ConstructorInfo[ ] GetConstructors( ) EventInfo[ ] GetEvents FieldInfo[ ] GetFields

MemberInfo[ ] Getmembers() MethodInfo[ ] GetMethods() PropertyInfo[ ] GetProperties()

Example 1 Obtain class method link

Example 2 Obtain class constructor link

Example 3 Obtain Types from Assemblies link MyClass.cs Compile the MyClass.cs into a MyClass.dll, you need to 1. Locate the csc.exe, and set the path 2. csc /t:library MyClass.cs

Example 4 How to create and use a DLL with MS Visual Studio .NET link Step 1

10. Pointer Enable C# to use C/C++ high-performance, systems code Code must be marked as unsafe unsafe code does not execute under the full management of the CLR When a pointer points to a managed variable , it must use fixed to prevented the variable from being moved by the garbage collector .

Example 1 link Simple pointer demo

Example 2 Using fixed t should be fixed in one location while p was point to &t.num Managed object link

11. The object class base class of all C# classes object is just another name for System.Object used in Boxing & Unboxing Boxing : an object reference refers to a value type Unboxing : retrieve a value from a object as a Generic Data type

Example 1 Boxing and Unboxing link

Example 2 object as a generic data type link

12. ref & out parameter passing Value Type : pass by value Reference Type : pass by reference ref & out let you pass value type by reference

13. Inheritance a derived class inherits all of the variables , methods , properties , and indexers defined by the base class and add its own unique elements. Three major topics when using inheritance Data Constructor Methods Polymorphism

Example 1 Access bass class’s private data through properties link

Example 2 Calling Base Class Constructor link

Example 3 Inheritance and Name Hiding link

Example 4 Using base to access a hidden item link

Example 5 Virtual Methods and Overriding (polymorphism and dynamic binding) link

Example 6 Using sealed to prevent inheritance link

14. Interface No data members No constructors , destructors Not allow static member Class members have no implementation Many classes can implement the same interface When a class implements an interface, the class must implement the entire interface .

Class can implement more than one interface . The interfaces are separated with a comma. A class can inherit a base class and also implement one or more interface. In this case, the name of the base class must come first . The method that implement an interface must be declared public . Interface can be inherited

Example 1 Interface Properties link

Example 2 Interface Indexers link

Example 3 Interface can be inherited link

Example 4 Interface Polymorphism link

15. Structures A structure is similar to a class, but it is of value type . cannot inherit or be a base for other structures or class (but it inherit object ) can implement one or more interface can define constructors, but not destructors

However, you cannot define a default constructor (no parameters) can be created using new or performed the in- itialization manually. a struct was accessed directly, not through reference variable, so it saved space and got more efficiency .

Programming with C# and .NET .NET Remoting

Outline Introduction Basic Architecture Examples 2 3 1 4 Conclusion

1. Basic Model Proxy Formatter Client Channel Remote Object Formatter Server Channel Client Server 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 9

2. Calling Procedure Client Side client called the proxy . For the client, the proxy looks like the real object with the same public methods. When the methods of the proxy are called, messages will be created . The messages are serialized using a formatter class , and are sent into a client channel . 1 2 3 4

Server Side The server channel sends the serialized data to a formatter . The formatter deserialized the message . The client channel communicates with the server channel to transfer the message across the network . 5 6 7 8 The deserialized messages are then dispatched to the remote object .

3. Configuration Option Well-known Remote Objct Singleton SingleCall Client-activated

Binary Formatter SOAP HTTP Channel TCP

4. Related Technology 1 2 3 DCOM Java RMI CORBA

Architecture Overview Remote Objects Well-known : SingleCall vs. Singleton Client-activated Activation Server-activated object (SAO) Client-activated object (CAO) Channel TCP HTTP

Formatter Binary SOAP Proxy Transparent Real Marshaling Marshal-by-value (MBV) Marshal-by-reference (MBR)

Lease-Base Lifetime lease.RenewOnCallTime sponsor.RenewalTime Lease machanism is for long-lived objects Well-known singleton Client-activated SingleCall types do not participate in the lifetime lease system.

1. SingleCall Remote object Remote object Remote object Client Server

Did not cause the server to create a remote object each method call caused the server to create a new remote object

Every remote method call will create a new remote object on the server SingleCall types do not participate in the lifetime lease system remote objects will automatically be garbage collected after the call complete useful when objects are required to do a finite amount of work

Example 1 programmatic configuration link

Example 2 with configuration file link

2. Singleton Remote object Client Server

Did not cause the server to create a remote object A remote object was created for the first method call. All of the clients will share the same remote object.

The first remote method call will create a remote object on the server Multiple clients be serviced by only one remote object be careful about the concurrency and data protection problem use lease-based lifetime mechanism

3. Client-activated Remote object Client Server

Cause the server to create a remote object Did not create any more remote object

RemoteObject Constructor Argument

4. Lease-Based Lifetime Long-lived remote objects use lease machanism for their objects lifetime Two ways to extend the lifetime Clients make remote method calls use a sponsor When the leasing time is expired , the sponsor is asked if it extends the lease.

A value is defined with RenewOnCallTime to extend the leasing time when client calls the method of the remote object The ISponsor interface defines the method Renewal( ) The class ClientSponsor provides a default implementation for ISponsor interface.

Remote object Client Server RenewOnCallTime CurrentLeaseTime If (CurrentLeaseTime >= RenewOnCallTime) {//Do nothing} else {CurrentLeaseTime= RenewOnCallTime;}

Remote object Client Server Leasing time expired Cause a exception Client-activated

Client Server Leasing time expired Remote object Create a new remote object Remote object Well-known singleton

Example 1 CAO lease.RenewOnCallTime link

5. Marshal-By-Value a Client Server a

Marshaling means converting the object in order to send it across the network (or across processes or application domains) With MBV the object is serialized into the channel, and a copy of the object is created on the other side of the network The class must be marked with the attribute [Serializable]

Example 1 return object with MBV link

6. Marshal-By-Reference Client Server a proxy

MBR creates a proxy on the client that is used to communicate with the remote object The class must derived from MarshalByRefObject

Example 1 return object with MBR link

Conclusion .NET Remoting is built on a layered model, with each layer replaceable by custom code created by a developer. Therefore, new messaging, transport, and communication protocols can be implemented and plugged in as needed. Thus we can apply it to our distributed or web service system with least difficulties and at the same time have higher performance or interoperability than other technology can provide.

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