Can address all these environmental issues in an integrated way and enable design of buildings that have minimal environmental impact
- 1. Green building rating recognizing energy efficient buildings and beyond Mili Majumdar & Pradeep Kumar Energy Environment Technology TERI Workshop on Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Building Codes October 4−5 New Delhi, India
- 2. Preview of presentation ßGreen buildings and rating of buildings ßIntroduction to GRIHA ßGRIHA and Energy conservation building code
- 3. ™ The gross built-up area added to commercial and residential spaces was about 40.8 million square meters in 2004- 05 and is increasing @ 10% annually. ™ Energy demand increasing 25% of total electricity consumption is in residential/commercial sector) ™ Projected annual increase in energy demand is 5.4 billion kWh in residential and commercial buildings ™ Domestic water consumption is 30 billion m3 and projected increase to 111 billion m3 by 2050 ™ Construction and building wastes pose serious environmental threats Green buildings: Need of the hour All India Energy sales (utilities only) in 2003/04 Commercial 8% Industrial 34% Agriculture 24% Domestic 25% Water works and sewage pumping 3% Miscellaneous 2% Railways/ tramways 3% Public lighting 1% Total electricity sales:360940 gWh
- 4. Buildings : single entity, multiple challenges ß Use of land thereby disturbing ecosystem ,loss of tree cover, flooding and incremental run off, increasing heat island ß Use of energy thereby increasing dependence on depleting fossil fuels ß Use of water thereby depleting water table ß Waste generation thereby increasing pressure on landfills and municipal services ß Pollutes air ,water and land
- 5. Green building ß Can address all these environmental issues in an integrated way and enable design of buildings that have minimal environmental impact Green building depletes the natural resources to the minimum during construction, and operation. maximizes use of efficient building materials and construction practices, uses minimum energy to power itself, maximizes use of renewable sources of energy uses efficient waste and water management practices provides comfortable and hygienic indoor working conditions.
- 6. ß National building code 2005 has incorporated several environment friendly guidelines ß Energy conservation act 2001 +Energy conservation building codes (developed by Bureau of Energy Efficiency) +Appliance labeling ß Environmental clearance by the PCB/MoEF ß Solar buildings program of MNES to facilitate solar passive buildings …. Need for holistic framework through which the building sector can be addressed Several initiatives- common goal
- 7. How much Green, is my Green Building ? It has qualitative and quantitative assessment criteria, that enables to “rate” a building on the degree of its “greenness”. Green rating: whatever gets measured gets managed
- 8. Green building rating Encourages energy efficiency ,water efficiency, waste minimisation Encourages maximum recycling and re use
- 9. Green building rating Discourages environmentally insensitive measures e.g Cutting mature trees, use of CFC based products, smoking, use of hazardous materials
- 10. TERI-GRIHA Green rating for integrated habitat assessment TERI green building “design evaluation system” A tool to design, operate, evaluate and maintain resource efficient “healthy” building
- 11. GRIHA Attempts To… ß Provide a common ground for integrating various national standards and policy frameworks such as the ones set by: + + B.E.E. B.E.E. (Draft ECBC), + + Bureau of Indian standards Bureau of Indian standards (IS codes), ¹ ¹National building code National building code, +The Bureau of Indian Standards for concrete, steel , water quality,functional requirements, etc. + CGWB guidelines +Solid waste handling rules +Local byelaws ß Experiences from the sector To evolve a system that encourages +Design, construction and operation of green buildings…
- 12. Highlights of GRIHA ß Indigenous rating system developed by TERI for rating of buildings in India ß Addresses environmental concerns holistically ß Incorporates all relevant Indian codes and standards ß Applicable to residential, commercial and institutional buildings ß Easy to adopt ß 100 point system with a set of 32 criteria of which some are mandatory ß Minimum qualifying points is 50 and rating given as 1-5 star from 50- 100 points
- 13. Rating dependent on measures adopted throughout various stages of building life cycle Building responsiveness to global and local environment (addresses issues that affect global and local environment) Pre-construction stage (intra and inter site issues) Building planning and construction stage (addresses issues of resources conservation and reduction in resource demand, resource utilization efficiency, resource recovery and reuse, and provisions for occupant health and well being) Building operation and maintenance stage (addresses issues of operation and maintenance of building systems and processes, monitoring and recording of consumption and occupant health and well being)
- 14. ß Clauses 1 to 6 draw one’s attention to the natural site conditions natural site conditions and expects one to retain (and harness wherever possible) these conditions to the maximum and use onsite resources efficiently ß The Clauses Cover – + Protecting the landscape during construction, + Top soil preservation. + Minimize disturbance to on-site natural features like trees, water bodies, etc. + Reduce hard paving on site to prevent heat islands and enhance perviuosness of site + Plan utilities on site to optimize on site circulation + Use energy efficient lighting and solar energy based lighting GRIHA criteria during site planning
- 16. For the people who REALLY build.. GRIHA’s clause 7 and 8 expect the following: +Provide a respectable level of sanitation and safety facilities to the laborers on site +Reduce air pollution during construction to prevent adverse effects on the laborers and the people in and around the site.
- 17. Water
- 18. Managing site and building water consumption Criteria 9 – 11, 19-21 and 27 ß Water is fast becoming a scarce resource. Thus, it is of prime concern. ß Construction practices to reduce wastage and recycle and re use. ß Use of water efficient fixtures. ß Use of efficient landscape practices to reduce water demand ß Recycle and re use of water including rain water harvesting ß Maintain water quality
- 19. Energy -embodied energy -energy efficiency and conservation -renewable energy
- 20. Energy – embodied and construction ßReduce embodied energy and use of energy intensive building materials by using industrial wastes (Criteria 14) ßReduce volume, weight and time of construction by adopting efficient technology (criteria 15) ßUse low energy materials in interiors (Criteria 16) Resource - Materials
- 21. Energy efficiency and conservation ß Rating of Air conditioned , non air conditioned and hybrid buildings ß Solar passive designs encouraged and given higher points ß Integrated National building code and ECBC with rating framework ß Performance oriented rating ß Developed energy performance benchmarks ß Thermal comfort criteria of AC and non AC spaces as recommended by NBC 2005
- 22. Energy : Renewable sources of energy ß Renewable energy utilization. (Criteria 17) - 10-30% of internal lighting consumption met by RE resources ß Renewable energy based hot water system (Criteria 18) - Meet 50-70% of annual energy required for water heating through solar water heating system. Resource - Energy
- 23. Waste
- 24. Waste Management- recycle and reuse ß Reduction in waste during construction (Criteria 21) ß Efficient waste segregation system (Post Construction) (Criteria 22) ß Storage and disposal of wastes (Post Construction) (Criteria 23) - Separate storage space for the collected waste before transportation or disposal ß Resource recovery (Criteria 24) - Recycling of paper and plastic through arrangement with the local dealers/agents - Employ resource recovery systems for biodegradable waste Resource – Waste
- 25. Health and well being
- 26. ß Use of low VOC paints, adhesives, sealants. (Criteria 25) ß Minimize Ozone depleting substances (Criteria 26) ß Water quality (Criteria 27) ¹To provide building occupants with quality of water as prescribed by local codes and standards. ß Noise control (Criteria 28) ¹Noise control as per National building code ß Tobacco and smoke control (Criteria 29) ¹Zero exposure to tobacco smoke, exclusive ventilation for smoking rooms etc Health and well being
- 27. Building operation and maintenance ß Mandatory audits (Criteria 30) ¹Noise audit ¹Energy audit and validation » As per Teri norms ¹Water audit ß O and M protocol for electrical and mechanical equipment (Criteria 31) Building operation and maintenance
- 28. Site 15% Health 17% Waste 8% Water 14% Operation and maintenance 2% Energy (Passive Design) 23% Energy (System Design) 21%
- 29. Case Study Centre of Environmental Science & Engineering Building IIT, Kanpur
- 30. Daylight Integration ßSun path analysis ßAppropriate design of external shades ßEfficient glazing ßDaylight simulation ß81% area is day lit ßAvg. daylight level-more than the recommended BIS standard Uwin = 1.2/ SHGC = 0.82/ VT = 0.76 Uwin = 0.56/ SHGC = 0.29/ VT = 0.62
- 31. Efficient lighting ßEfficient lamps ßEfficient fixtures ßOccupancy sensors ßDaylight sensors ßLighting simulation Avg. lighting levels = 300 lux, LPD = 2 W/ft2 Avg. lighting levels = 329 lux, LPD = 0.9 W/ft2
- 32. Energy performance-AC areas ßEnergy simulation ßEfficient chiller ßEfficient equipment ßIntelligent controls Uwall = 0.35 Uroof = 0.39 Uwin = 1.2/ SHGC = 0.82 LPD = 2 W/ft2 COP = 3.2 Uwall = 0.0.62 Uroof = 0.072 Uwin = 0.56/ SHGC = 0.29 LPD = 0.9 W/ft2 COP = 4.7
- 33. Thermal Comfort Condition - Non-Air conditioned areas Dry bulb temperature (o C) Relative humidity (%) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 28 * * * * * * * 29 * * * * * 0.06 0.19 30 * * * 0.06 0.24 0.53 0.85 31 * 0.06 0.24 0.53 1.04 1.47 2.10 32 0.20 0.46 0.94 1.59 2.26 3.04 ** 33 0.77 1.36 2.12 3.00 ** ** ** 34 1.85 2.72 ** ** ** ** ** 35 3.20 ** ** ** ** ** ** * None ** Higher than those acceptable in practice
- 34. Thermal modeling-Non AC areas Uwall = 0.35 Uroof = 0.39 Uwin = 1.2/ SHGC = 0.82 LPD = 2 W/ft2 Uwall = 0.0.62 Uroof = 0.072 Uwin = 0.56/ SHGC = 0.29 LPD = 0.9 W/ft2 Base case: 730 hours/ 2080 hours Proposed case: 183 hours/ 2080 hours Weekly distribution of discomfort hours in a year, with ceiling fans on 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 Week Hours week Weekly distribution of discomfort hours in a year with ceiling fans on 0 10 20 30 40 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 Week hours week
- 35. Energy Performance Index (kWh/m2-yr) 103 47 150 62 23 95 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Base- bldg Base- NonAC Base-AC Green- bldg Green- NonAC Green- AC
- 36. Building cost (Rs) 25% more (40 lakhs) Saving achieved is 6 times the incremental initial cost (2.7 crores) 0 Base-Initial Green-Initial Base-Total Green-Total
- 37. Life cycle cost analysis Life Cycle Cost 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Year Base Building Green Building
- 38. Conclusions ßEfficient lighting reduces lighting load by 55% in green building ßEfficient envelope & efficient lighting reduce building cooling load by 17.5% in air conditioned areas in green building ßEfficient envelope & efficient lighting reduce discomfort hours by 74% in non air conditioned areas in green building ßA green building consumes 51% less energy in non air conditioned areas ßA green building consumes 37% less energy in air conditioned areas ßA green building which is party air conditioned (54%) and partly non air conditioned (46%) consumes 40% less energy ßInitial civil, lighting and HVAC cost of a green building which is partly air conditioned and partly non air conditioned increases by 25% ßThe pay back period of is generally 7~8 years ßThe total cost saved in a life span of 15 years is approximately 6 times the incremental initial cost.
- 39. TERI-GRIHA : Some registered projects Env and Earth Science Building , IIT Kanpur Ar Tanuja and Sanjay Kanvinde ITC residential building Thomas and Associates Hitkarini college, Jabalpur Ar Prasoon Srivastava Doon School Ar Ram Sharma