Elements of Sustainable Construction and Design Parameters
- 1. ACCEI Institute & ACCE (I) Bangalore Center Sustainable Engineering Series (SES) Elements of Sustainable Construction And Design Parameters 3rd October, 2020 Talk 2:
- 2. 2 This presentation contains general and academic data compiled from several sources including internet media, scholarly articles from research field and reference books from reputed authors. Presenter profoundly acknowledges their contribution and assures that this presentation is meant only for knowledge distribution and not for any commercial gain. Acknowledgement
- 3. 3 “To prevent or Mitigate the Damage to the Environment due to the Project by Adopting Best Environmental Management Practices Specified in the Contract and Legislations Gazetted by the Government of India” Objective of Environmental Management Plan - EMP EMP is a tool to implement environmental safeguard measures EMP is derived from the outcome of Environmental Impact Assessment Section 202 of the EPA states that the purpose of EMP is to propose environmental protection commitments to assist the administering authority to prepare the final policy. Incorporating and Integrating the EMP in EPC Becomes critical.
- 4. Natural resources are currently being consumed at twice the rate they are produced. By 2050, this could be three times. Growth in the world’s middle class population that is estimated to expand from two to five billion by 2030, adding to existing demand for homes and services and shall exert unprecedented pressure on natural resources. Sector wise Energy Consumption Scenario in India. Why more focus on Buildings ?
- 5. What is Embodied Energy?Embodied Energy is the total non-renewable energy that goes into the manufacture of a material from its extraction till consumed. It plays a large role in the choice of building materials. Initial Embodied Energy - Initial embodied energy is the energy consumed in the process from the acquisition of raw materials to the construction of the building. Recurring Embodied Energy- is the energy consumed to maintain, repair, restore, refurbish or replace materials, components or systems during the building’s life span. End-of-Life Energy: is related to the disposal or recycling of a building. Initial EE Recurring EE End of Life Energy 1 3 2 1 32+ + = Total Energy Footprint
- 6. Embodied carbon is the carbon footprint of a material. It considers how many greenhouse gases (GHGs) are released throughout the supply chain. What is Embodied Carbon? Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a significant greenhouse gas and often simply referred to as carbon emissions. It is expressed as: Kg CO2 e / Kg It is estimated that 0.098 tonnes of CO2 is produced / GJ of EE
- 7. What is LCA ?? Life Cycle Analysis - LCA Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) in Buildings; is a method of assessing the sustainability levels of buildings or Infrastructure projects from Pre- Construction phase to Demolition phase satisfying C - Grave Principle. Process Analysis: Involves data related to each of the processes starting from raw material extraction. Non – availability of reliable data is its limitation. Input-output Analysis : Captures and derives data from several sources including data from economic sectors. Hence, also has limitations. Hybrid Analysis: Takes the best of above and more reliable. LCA – 3 methods
- 8. Antillia , Mumbai : The world’s most expensive Home
- 9. Antillia , Mumbai : The world’s most expensive Home (source: Internet) Plot Size : 4550.00 m2 (49000 sft) Total Height : 173.00 m No. of Floors : 27 Average Flr. Ht. : 6.50 m (> double ht) Area of Construction : 37390.00 m2 (4.0L sft) Each Floor Plate : 15000 sft = 1400.00 m2 Cost of Land @1.25L / sft : 612.00 cr. Tot. Cost of Construction : 2.0 billion USD : 13000 cr. Type of Construction : RCC framed Structure with 3 mts. deep raft foundation. 6 flr Parking for 168 cars, 50 seater Theater, Swimming & Spa, Artificial Snowfall room, Helipads, ATC floor etc.
- 10. Antillia , Mumbai : The world’s most expensive Home (Data source: Internet) Cost of Construction : 11488.00 cr. Cost of Constn. / sqm : 11488.00 / 37390 : INR 30.75 L / sqm : INR 2.86 L / sft Tot EE for the entire bldg. = 9.0 GJ / Sqm x 37,390 Sqm = 3,36,510 GJ = 33,65,10,000 MJ @ 3.64 MJ / 1 kWh, Number of Units Consumed= 9,24,47,802.00 @ Rs.10 / unit rate, Energy consumed is = Rs. 92,44,78,020.00 Total Embodied Carbon = 0.098 x 336510 = 32978 tonne ( Each tonne of CO2 occupies 557 m3 of space). (0.098 tonnes of CO2 is produced / GJ of Energy ; 1 kg of Coal when burnt, produces heat equivalent to 8 kWh); For Multistory building, average Water Consumption is in the range of 20 to 27 lit / sqm (80% of this is potable) The Building has emitted 33000 tonne of CO2 occupying 1,83,81,000 cum (265m x 265m x 265m) of space. Equivalent to burning 11556 tons of coal – Consumed about 10L lit. of H2o
- 11. ESTABLISHING BASELINES This comparison facilitates improvements in the overall energy performance of a building under assessment. Real time energy performance values, as compared to baseline values, provide an indication of sustainability level of a building in relative terms - UNEP Benchmarking of buildings provide a set of measurable baseline values that can be compared with real time energy performance values of a building to be assessed.
- 12. LEED Certification Credits IGBC Green Homes Certification Criteria BMP DMP OverallEmbodiedEnergy(GJ/sqm) 3.5 4.93 Embodiedcarbon(kgCO2e)/sqm 316 417.96 MeanInteractionValue(I1+I2+I3) 13414 26171.34 ASP-SDI % 100 49 BMP:BenchmarkProject; DMP:Demonstrationproject Energy Performance Comparison ESTABLISHING BASELINES
- 13. Green Building Ratings Criteria Based Performance – As Guidelines
- 14. Sustainable Sites 9 Local building regulations Required Soil erosion control Required Basic household amenities 1 Natural topography and vegetation 2 Heat island effect , roof insulation 4 Basic facilities for construction workforce 1 Design for differently abled 1 Water Efficiency 11 Rain water harvesting roof and non roof Required Water efficient plumbing fixtures Required Landscape Design 20%, 40% 2 Management of irrigation system 1 Rain water harvesting roof and non roof 50% 75% 4 Water efficient plumbing fixtures 4 14 IGBC RATING CRITERIA FOR HOMES (1)
- 15. 15 Energy efficiency 22 Minimum Energy Performance Required CFC- free equipments Required enhanced energy performance 10 energy saving measures in other appliances & equipments 2 onsite renewable energy 6 solar water heating system 4 Materials and Resources 13 Separation of house holdwaste Required Organic waste managament 2 Handling of construction waste 1 materials with recycled content 2 rapidly renewable building material & certified wood 4 local materials 2 reuse of salvaged materials 2 IGBC RATING CRITERIA FOR HOMES (2)
- 16. 16 Materials and Resources 13 Separation of house holdwaste Required Organic waste managament 2 Handling of construction waste 1 materials with recycled content 2 rapidly renewable building material & certified wood 4 local materials 2 reuse of salvaged materials 2 Indoor Environmental Quality 15 Tobacco smoke control Required Minimum day lighting Required Fresh air ventilation Required Enhanced daylighting: 75%, 95% 4 Enhanced fresh air ventilation 2 Exhaust system 2 Low voc materials ,paints & adhesives 2 Cross ventilation :50% , 75% 4 Building flush out 1 IGBC RATING CRITERIA FOR HOMES (3)
- 17. Site planning & design & approvals are done without suppliers or building contractor. Contractor selection is done on a tender or selective bid basis. Contractor selects the suppliers based on the list of approved suppliers and if such a list is not available, supplier’s selection is directly by the vendor. End Results Suppliers and Constructors are normally not included in the overall design process and also, they not communicate with each other on systems integration. Improved quality & lower failure rates add value Transparency in products supply, systems integration & pricing End Results Suppliers compete on the basis of highest quality for a known price Transparency between all the stakeholders maintained. Planning & designs including consultation with potential suppliers & users STARTHERE In the LINEAR MODEL there is no feedback by suppliers into early designs. In the CIRCULAR MODEL, planning & design include potential suppliers & contractors STARTHERE Mindset Shift From Linear To Circular Ref. credit: Douglas Mulhall, Michael Braungart & Katja Hansen First Step!
- 18. Cradle to Cradle Regenerate Share Optimize Loop Virtualize Exchange ‘ReSOLVE’ framework used here to illustrate how the circular economy can be applied in sustainable design. Business park, Park 20/20, Amsterdam Shift to renewable energy and materials Reclaim, retain, and restore health of ecosystems Share - Reuse - Design for durability Increase performance / efficiency of product Remove waste in production and supply chain Leverage big data, automation, remote sensing Remanufacture and Recycle and Reuse Dematerialize & Go Virtual Replace old with efficient materials Apply new technologies Choose sustainable new product Source: Ellen Research Foundation
- 19. Community Dining Hall Approx. EE = 3600 MJ / Sqm EC = 370 KgCO2/Kg RCC Frame Concrete Louvers Natural Stone Floor Mud Mortar Plastering on columns Conventional Water Proofing Low VOC Paint Water Treatment Low Energy Buildings
- 20. Energy Water Materials WasteLandscape IEQ Construction Practices Economic Performance Peg the Preliminary Environmental Performance Targets As a first step, “Preliminary Performance Targets” to be set by all the concerned stakeholders in respect of following areas Green building guidelines, checklists of rating systems can be used to set targets. Source Salvaged and admissible Materials Avoid selecting sites that are: Designated as forest land, flood land, ecologically sensitive land, habitat for endangered species, wildlife corridor, wetlands etc.
- 21. 21 STEP 2Protect or enhance site’s Ecological Integrity and Biodiversity Minimize the development footprint. Locate building to preserve the site’s natural areas. Re-establish damaged native ecosystems Preserve, native plant and animal species Make connections between the natural ecology of the site and natural systems both within and beyond the site.
- 22. 22 Reduce or eliminate disturbance to water system Minimize storm water runoff. Increase site infiltration. Use pervious surfaces Celebrate these natural water management techniques by making them into attractive landscape elements. Install oil / water separators to treat run-off from parking lots. Capture rainwater for site or building use. Design roads and parking lots without curbs or with curb cuts or openings that drain to storm water treatment & infiltration measures.
- 23. 23 Harvest rainwater or use recycled storm water, or site treated grey or waste water for irrigation Use water-efficient plants. These are often native species, or species that have adapted Use water-efficient irrigation including: micro irrigation moisture sensors weather Controllers. Prevent or reduce the use of potable water for irrigation Reduce urban heat islands Maximize green space: through use of native gardens, vertical & roof gardens, etc. Maximize pervious surfaces for parking areas, paths, courtyards, etc. Use light coloured, materials for all non-pervious surfaces.
- 24. 24 Building Orientation & Configuration Use site resources to reduce building loads and enhance indoor environmental quality Use existing and proposed trees & plantings Orient the building to optimize prevailing winds and solar opportunities Assess the feasibility of using on-site renewable or alternate energy. Use existing and proposed topography to create thermal mass around the building. Design for flexibility. Design a structure that allows for changes in use over time. This may include modular building materials, flexible floor plans, with column spacing and floor- to-floor heights that can be easily adapted to many Uses. Design for disassembly. Select building systems that can be constructed at the end of the building’s useful life.
- 25. 25 Configure internal layout to reduce loads and enhance IEQ & Energy Simulation Reduce heating, cooling, lighting and ventilation loads through careful placing of internal uses. Locate internal spaces to optimize natural ventilation, day-lighting, and site resources Uses that do not need windows can be located on the north side. Use circulation areas as buffers Be as space efficient as possible. Conduct an energy simulation. to make the “best” choice of building systems. Choose environmentally responsive structural materials Design with salvaged, recycled and efficient materials Use locally manufactured materials with low impact on environment over their life Use low-VOC materials. Use structures that do not require finishes that emit VOCs.
- 26. Approx. EE = 2800 MJ / Sqm Embodied Carbon = 360 KgCO2/Kg Row Guest Houses Optimize IEQ / Envelope Design Design the envelope to bring in daylight and views to as much of the inhabited floor area as possible. Design the envelope to provide adequate fresh air.
- 27. Good Indoor Air Quality Good Indoor air quality encompasses factors as maintenance of acceptable temperature, relative humidity, control of airborne contaminants, and adequate ventilation. Minimum requirement of window-to-floor area ratio
- 28. 28 STEP 11 Install water-efficient toilet fixtures. This could include: Water closets with a max. of 6 liters / flush Waste-water piping with a generous pitch to account for smaller water flows Waterless urinals or urinals with a maximum of 3.6 liters per flush (use individual-flush urinals). Install alternative wastewater technologies. Grey water and black water systems can treat water to be reused for toilet flushing and irrigation. Once treated, the water can recharge groundwater if conditions are appropriate. Reduce ozone depletion: Use HVAC systems, refrigerants and fire- suppressant equipment that do not contain CFCs, HCFCs. Eventually If HVAC systems contain CFCs or HCFCs, a phase out conversion to be planned. All major building system designs should be documented for Commissioning.
- 29. 29 Envelope Components: Walls , Roof, Fenestration, Floor and Surface finishes. Building Envelope Building envelope configuration determine the amount of heat gain or loss and wind that enters inside the building and extent of natural ventilation in the building. The primary components of building envelope which affect the performance of a building are: Walls, Roofs, Floors, Fenestrations, Surface Finishes. The overall thermal transmittance from the exposed roof should be kept as minimum as possible and under normal conditions, the desirable value should not exceed 0.58 W/(m2oC).
- 30. Low Energy Buildings Community Center Approx. EE = 2460 MJ / Sqm Embodied Carbon = 302 KgCO2/Kg
- 31. 31 An ideal sustainable building material is not only environment friendly, causes no adverse impact on health of occupants, is readily available, can be reclaimed, can be recycled and is made from renewable raw material, but also uses predominantly renewable energy in its extraction, production, transportation, fixing and ultimate disposal. STEP 12 Alternative Building Materials Low Embodied Energy Materials to be considered. (Table in the next slide) Maximize use of Recycled and Reusable Content Preference to locally available materials and skills Rapidly renewable materials to be used. Materials compliant with clean air, clean water, those which emit few or no carcinogens, toxicants, VOCs, etc. should be selected.
- 32. 32 Classification of Materials Based on Energy Intensity Very high energy > 50 Aluminium, stainless, steel, plastic, copper, zinc, Brass High energy 5 – 50 Medium energy 1-5 Lime, gypsum plaster board, burnt clay brick, aerated block, concrete blocks, timber, wood products, particle board, medium density fiber board, cellulose insulation, in-situ concrete Cement, steel, glass, bitumen, solvents, cardboard, paper and lead Sand, aggregate, fly ash and fly ash based products, cement stabilized soil block, straw bale, bamboo, stone etc. Low energy < 1
- 33. A RENAISSANCE OF NATURAL MATERIALS This low-carbon technique uses forms in which soil and binder is placed in layers and then pressure is applied to create a hard and durable surface. Earth construction is one of the oldest and durable techniques for building structures.