Capital Structure Theory
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The document discusses capital structure and leverage. It defines capital structure and discusses questions to consider when making financing decisions, such as determining the optimal financing mix. Appropriate capital structures should have features like profitability, solvency, flexibility, capacity, and control. Capital structure is determined by factors like taxes, flexibility, industry norms, and investor requirements. Firms can use different forms of capital structure involving various proportions of equity, debt, and preference shares. Financial leverage refers to using debt financing to magnify returns, and it can be measured using ratios like debt ratio and interest coverage. Capital structure theories address whether firm value depends on capital structure.
Capital Structure Theory
- 1. Chapter CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND LEVERAGE
- 2. Capital Structure Defined The term capital structure is used to represent the proportionate relationship between debt and equity. The various means of financing represent the financial structure of an enterprise. The left-hand side of the balance sheet (liabilities plus equity) represents the financial structure of a company. Traditionally, short-term borrowings are excluded from the list of methods of financing the firm’s capital expenditure.
- 3. Questions while Making the Financing Decision How should the investment project be financed? Does the way in which the investment projects are financed matter? How does financing affect the shareholders’ risk, return and value? Does there exist an optimum financing mix in terms of the maximum value to the firm’s shareholders? Can the optimum financing mix be determined in practice for a company? What factors in practice should a company consider in designing its financing policy?
- 4. Features of An Appropriate Capital Structure capital structure is that capital structure at that level of debt – equity proportion where the market value per share is maximum and the cost of capital is minimum. Appropriate capital structure should have the following features Profitability / Return Solvency / Risk Flexibility Conservation / Capacity Control
- 5. Determinants of Capital Structure Seasonal Variations Tax benefit of Debt Flexibility Control Industry Leverage Ratios Agency Costs Industry Life Cycle Degree of Competition Company Characteristics Requirements of Investors Timing of Public Issue Legal Requirements
- 6. Patterns / Forms of Capital Structure Following are the forms of capital structure: Complete equity share capital; Different proportions of equity and preference share capital; Different proportions of equity and debenture (debt) capital and Different proportions of equity, preference and debenture (debt) capital.
- 7. Problems on Capital structure Fitwell company is now capitalized with Rs. 50,00,000 consisting of 10,000 ordinary shares of Rs. 500 each. Additional finance of Rs. 50,00,000 is required for a major expansion programme launched by the company. Four possible financing plane are under consideration. These are: Entirely through additional share capital, issuing 10,000 shares of Rs. 500 each. Rs. 25 lakhs through ordinary shares and Rs. 25lakhs through 12% debt. Entirely through 13% debt. Rs. 25 lakhs through equity and Rs. 25lakhs through 10% preference shares of Rs. 500 each. The company’s EBIT presently is Rs. 6lakhs. By virtue of the increase in capitalization, the EBIT is expected to double the present level. Examine the impact of financial leverage of these four plans and calculate the EPS for the shareholders, assuming the tax rate to be 50%.
- 8. A company needs Rs. 12,00,000 for the installation of a new factory, which would yield an annual EBIT of Rs. 200,000. the company has the objective of maximizing the EPS. It is considering the possibility of issuing equity shares plus raising a debt of Rs. 200,000, Rs. 600,000 or Rs. 10,00,000. The current market price per share is Rs. 40 which is expected to drop to Rs. 25 per share if the market borrowings were to exceed t 750,000. Cost of borrowings are indicated as under: Up to Rs. 250,000 10%p.a Between Rs. 250,001 and Rs. 625000 14%p.a Between Rs. 625,001 and Rs. 10,00,000 16%p.a Assuming tax rate to be 50% work out EPS in each case and suggest the best option. Problems on Capital structure
- 9. Meaning of Financial Leverage The use of the fixed-charges sources of funds, such as debt and preference capital along with the owners’ equity in the capital structure, is described as financial leverage or gearing or trading on equity. The financial leverage employed by a company is intended to earn more return on the fixed-charge funds than their costs. The surplus (or deficit) will increase (or decrease) the return on the owners’ equity. The rate of return on the owners’ equity is levered above or below the rate of return on total assets.
- 10. Measures of Financial Leverage Debt ratio Debt–equity ratio Interest coverage The first two measures of financial leverage can be expressed either in terms of book values or market values. These two measures are also known as measures of capital gearing. The third measure of financial leverage, commonly known as coverage ratio. The reciprocal of interest coverage is a measure of the firm’s income gearing .
- 11. Financial Leverage of Ten Largest Indian Companies, 2006 Company Capital Gearing Income Gearing Debt ratio Debt–equity ratio Interest coverage Interest to EBIT ratio 1. Indian Oil 0.556 1.25:1 4.00 0.250 2. HPCL 0.350 0.54:1 5.15 0.194 3. BPCL 0.490 0.96:1 5.38 0.186 4. SAIL 0.858 6.00:1 - ve - ve 5. ONGC 0.106 0.12:1 53.49 0.019 6. TELCO 0.484 0.94:1 0.99 1.007 7. TISCO 0.577 1.37:1 1.62 0.616 8. BHEL 0.132 0.15:1 8.36 0.120 9. Reliance 0.430 0.75:1 3.46 0.289 10. L&T 0.522 1.09:1 2.31 0.433 11. HLL 0.027 0.03:1 264.92 0.004 12. Infosys 0.000 0.00:1 NA* NA* 13. Voltas 0.430 0.72:1 2.64 0.378
- 12. Financial Leverage financial leverage is the ability of the firm to use fixed financial charges to magnify the effects of changes in EBIT on the firm’s earnings per share. In other words, financial leverage may be defined as the payment of fixed rate of interest for the use of fixed interest bearing securities to magnify the rate of return as equity shares
- 13. Financial Leverage and the Shareholders’ Return The primary motive of a company in using financial leverage is to magnify the shareholders’ return under favourable economic conditions. The role of financial leverage in magnifying the return of the shareholders’ is based on the assumptions that the fixed-charges funds (such as the loan from financial institutions and banks or debentures) can be obtained at a cost lower than the firm’s rate of return on net assets (RONA or ROI). EPS, ROE and ROI are the important figures for analysing the impact of financial leveraged
- 14. Effect of Leverage on ROE and EPS Favourable ROI > I Unfavourable ROI < I Neutral ROI = i
- 15. Debt-equity Mix and the Value of the Firm Capital structure theories: Net operating income (NOI) approach. Traditional approach and Net income (NI) approach. MM hypothesis with and without corporate tax. Miller’s hypothesis with corporate and personal taxes. Trade-off theory: costs and benefits of leverage.
- 16. Assumption of Capital Structure Theories There are only two sources of funds i.e.: debt and equity. The total assets of the company are given and do no change. The total financing remains constant. The firm can change the degree of leverage either by selling the shares and retiring debt or by issuing debt and redeeming equity. Operating profits (EBIT) are not expected to grow. All the investors are assumed to have the same expectation about the future profits. Business risk is constant over time and assumed to be independent of its capital structure and financial risk. Corporate tax does not exit. The company has infinite life. Dividend payout ratio = 100%.
- 17. Net Income (NI) Approach According to NI approach both the cost of debt and the cost of equity are independent of the capital structure; they remain constant regardless of how much debt the firm uses. As a result, the overall cost of capital declines and the firm value increases with debt. This approach has no basis in reality; the optimum capital structure would be 100 per cent debt financing under NI approach.
- 18. Net Operating Income (NOI) Approach According to NOI approach the value of the firm and the weighted average cost of capital are independent of the firm’s capital structure. In the absence of taxes, an individual holding all the debt and equity securities will receive the same cash flows regardless of the capital structure and therefore, value of the company is the same.
- 19. MM Approach Without Tax: Proposition I MM’s Proposition I states that the firm’s value is independent of its capital structure. With personal leverage, shareholders can receive exactly the same return, with the same risk, from a levered firm and an unlevered firm. Thus, they will sell shares of the over-priced firm and buy shares of the under-priced firm until the two values equate . This is called arbitrage.
- 20. MM’s Proposition II The cost of equity for a levered firm equals the constant overall cost of capital plus a risk premium that equals the spread between the overall cost of capital and the cost of debt multiplied by the firm’s debt-equity ratio. For financial leverage to be irrelevant, the overall cost of capital must remain constant, regardless of the amount of debt employed. This implies that the cost of equity must rise as financial risk increases.
- 21. MM Hypothesis With Corporate Tax Under current laws in most countries, debt has an important advantage over equity: interest payments on debt are tax deductible, whereas dividend payments and retained earnings are not. Investors in a levered firm receive in the aggregate the unlevered cash flow plus an amount equal to the tax deduction on interest. Capitalising the first component of cash flow at the all-equity rate and the second at the cost of debt shows that the value of the levered firm is equal to the value of the unlevered firm plus the interest tax shield which is tax rate times the debt (if the shield is fully usable). It is assumed that the firm will borrow the same amount of debt in perpetuity and will always be able to use the tax shield. Also, it ignores bankruptcy and agency costs.
- 22. Features of an Appropriate Capital Structure Profitability Solvency Return Risk Flexibility Capacity Control Conservatism