Causes of aggression copy
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The document discusses various social, cultural, personality, and situational factors that can influence human aggression. Social determinants like frustration from not achieving goals or direct provocation can increase aggression. Cultural factors play a role, like cultures that value honor being more prone to aggression following insults. Certain personality traits like Type A behavior or narcissism can increase aggression. Situational factors like heat, alcohol consumption, and witnessing violence can also influence aggression levels. The document outlines techniques to prevent and control aggression, such as punishment that is prompt, certain, strong, and justified, as well as catharsis and cognitive interventions.
Causes of aggression copy
- 2. Causes of Human Aggression Social Determinants Cultural Factors Personality Factors Situational Determinants
- 4. Frustration: Frustration – Aggression Hypothesis Hypothesis made two Assertions- 1. Frustrations always lead to Aggressions 2. Aggression always stems from frustration Many different reactions Sadness,Despair,Depression People Aggress for many different reason As the part of there Duty and patriotism/Instrumental reason Illegitimate or unjustified
- 5. Direct Provocation: Annoyed or irritated Physical or Verbal Provocation Condescension – Expression of arrogance or disdain on the part of other powerful harsh and criticism Teasing- provoking statement that call attention to the target’s flaws and imperfections, can range from mild, humorous remarks Heightened Arousal: Emotions Cognition Aggression
- 6. Whatever its source – can enhance aggression in response to provocation ,frustration or other factors Arousal stemming from varied sources as participation in Competitive games, some type of music, Exposure to Media violence: Effect of violence in films on television & in video games 1.Research on exposure to violent television ,movies, video games& music indicates that such materials significantly increase the likelihood of aggressive behaviour by people exposed to them
- 7. 2. Such effects are both short term and long term in nature 3. The magnitude of these effects is large – various medical effects.
- 8. Cultures of honor Aggression stems from Belifs,norms & expectation is appropriate or required under certain circumstances. Cultures of honor Culture in which there are strong norms indicating that aggression is an appropriate response to insults to one’s honor.
- 9. Sexual Jealousy Aggression which springs from infidelity(Unfaithful) real or imagined. Under this situation of aggression are condoned at least to a degree. Instances: Crime of passion, in which husbands murder their wives or their wives lover. This Suggest that in cultures of honor , jealousy will be a powerful determinant of aggression.
- 10. Personality & Aggression Aggression causes from social behaviour often derives from a complex interaction between situational factors and personal traits or other characteristics. TASS Model Theory: The trait as situational sensitivities model. This model suggest that factors are strong enough to trigger them ,do they influence behaviour only when situation evoke them
- 11. TASS model makes the following predictions The tendency to behave aggressively will only influence overt behaviour when situational factors are strong enough to activate it. For people high in this trait, even weak provocation will stimulate an aggressive reaction; for people low in this trait , in contrast much stronger levels of provocation are required to trigger aggression.
- 12. Types of Behaviour Type A Behaviour Type B Behaviour Extremely competitive, Always in hurry, irritable & aggressive Not highly competitive, more relaxed, remain clam even in the face of strong provocation Engage in Hostile Aggression Engage in instrumental Aggression Engage in action such as child abuse, spouse abuse Not engage in such actions
- 13. Personality & Aggression – Narcissism (over-inflated view of oneself) • Narcissists react with high levels of aggression when feedback from others threatens their inflated self-image. – Sensation seeking • People high in sensation seeking (seek new, risky experiences) show higher levels of both physical and verbal aggression compared to others.
- 14. • Personal Causes of Aggression – Gender differences • Overall males report engaging in more aggressive behavior than do females. • The extent of gender differences depends on the situation and the type of aggression. – Males are significantly more likely than females to aggress against others when they have not been provoked in any manner . – Males are more likely than females are to use direct forms of aggression (physical assaults, shouting). – Females are more likely than males are to use indirect forms of aggression (gossiping, spreading rumors).
- 15. Situational Determinants of Aggression High temperatures and aggression High temperature tend to increase aggression but only up to a point. Beyond some level aggression declines as temperature rise. Alcohol consumption and Aggression • consuming alcohol (enough to be legally drunk) can increase more aggressively and respond to provocations more strongly than do participants who do not drink alcohol. • The effects of alcohol on aggressive behavior may be due to reduced cognitive functioning . – Alcohol makes it harder for people to evaluate the intentions of others and to consider the consequences of acting aggressively. – And, it may release the inhibitions of people who typically are not very aggressive.
- 16. Prevention and Control of Aggression Some Useful Techniques – Punishment • Delivery of aversive consequences • Two beliefs regarding its implementation – Aggressive behavior deserves to be punished. – Punishment of aggressive behavior deters future aggression. • However, to be effective it must be prompt, certain, strong, and justified or deserved
- 17. Prevention& Control of Aggression Some Useful Techniques Punishment: Delivery Aversive Consequences is a major technique for reducing aggression.(Large Fines, Put in Prison, Physical Punishment) • Two beliefs regarding its implementation – Aggressive behavior deserves to be punished. – Punishment of aggressive behavior deters(Discourage) future aggression Punishment can reduce aggression ,but only if it meets four basic requirements
- 18. Prompt: It must follow aggressive actions as quickly as possible. Certain to Occur : The probability that it will follow aggression must be high. Must be Strong: Strong enough to be highly unpleasant to potential recipients. Justified or Deserved: It must be perceived by recipients as justified or deserved
- 19. Catharsis Hypothesis — opportunity to express aggressive impulses in “safe” ways will reduce tendencies to engage in more harmful forms of aggression Catharsis - (The release of pent-up emotions) Hypothesis (Guess, speculation) Catharsis hypothesis – The view that providing angry people with an opportunity to express their aggressive impulses in relatively safe ways will reduce their tendencies to engage in more harmful forms of aggression.
- 20. Cognitive Interventions - • Apologies and good excuses can reduce anger and aggression. • Perform acts that overcome cognitive deficits associated with anger • Engage in activities that distract attention away from causes of anger and allow anger to lessen Forgiveness —Giving up desire to punish someone who has caused harm, and seeking, instead, to act in kind, helpful ways toward them. Surrendering the desire for revenge – is effective in reducing aggression. • Involves empathy, external attributions, avoiding rumination
- 21. Non- Violence: An Indian Perspective The Concept may not be specific to Indian society, but its practise has been wide spread in India – from Buddha to Gandhi. The 20th century saw the end of domination of foreign rule over the Indian subcontinent , which was to a large part attributed to Gandhi's practise of non – violent cooperation. The British may have termed it as aggression but the Indians saw it as assertiveness of a powerful command of a peacemaker. This practise has been followed in many protest movement in India, Two of the most notable being the Chipko Movement and the Narmada Bachao Andolan.