Cbse class-10-social-science-history-notes

CBSE Class 10
Social Notes History

NCERT Solutions CBSE Sample Papers RD Sharma Solutions
1 CBSE Class 10 Social Notes History
Table of Contents
1. The rise of nationalism in Europe............................................................................................... 2
Technical terms........................................................................................................................... 5
2. The nationalist movement in indo-china ................................................................................... 6
Technical terms..........................................................................................................................10
3. Nationalism in India.................................................................................................................. 11
Technical terms..........................................................................................................................13
4. The making of a global world.....................................................................................................14
Technical terms..........................................................................................................................18
5. The age of industrialization .......................................................................................................19
Technical terms......................................................................................................................... 22
6. Work, life and leisure: Cities in the contemporary world......................................................... 23
Technical terms......................................................................................................................... 27
7. Print culture and the modern world ......................................................................................... 28
Technical terms......................................................................................................................... 32
8. Novels, society and history ....................................................................................................... 33
Technical terms......................................................................................................................... 38

1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
SI.No. PRELUDE Headings
1823-92 French philosopher Ernst Renan.
1848
The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics-The pact
between Nations, a print prepared by Frederic Sorrieu.
1882
“What is a Nation” a lecture delivered at the university of Sorbonne
by Ernst Renan.
1. The French revolution and the idea of the Nation
1789 French Revolution
1790s
Setting up Jacobin Clubs, French armies moved into Holland,
Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy.
1797 Napoleon invaded Italy; Napoleonic wars begem.
1804 The Civil Code, usually known as the Napoleonic Code, introduced.
1813 Napoleon lost the battle of Leipzig.
1814-1815 Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
2. The Making of Nationalism in Europe
1815 Treaty of Vienna; Autocratic Conservative regimes set up.
1831
A young man, Giuseppe Mazzini, was sent into exile after a failed
revolution in Liguria.
1833
A merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg: Different
custom barriers, different weights and currencies.
1833 Giuseppe Mazzini, founding of young Europe in Berne.
1834
A customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Purssia
and joined by most of the German states.
3. The Age of Revolutions
1821 Sparked off a Struggle of Independence among the Greeks.

1824
English poet Lord Byron organized funds who later went to fight in
the war died of fever in 1824.
1830
The first upheaval took place in France. The Bourbon kings
overthrown by liberals and installed Louis Philippe as head.
1830s Great economic hardship in Europe.
1830-1848 The age of revolutions.
1831 An armed rebellion against Russian rule in Poland.
1832
The Treaty of Constantinople recognized Greece as an independent
nation.
1845 Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors.
1848 Peasants’ uprising. Revolution in Europe.
1848 Food shortages and wide spread unemployment in Paris.
1848 The revolution of the liberals in France. Louise Philippe forced to flee.
1848
The autocratic monarchies of central and eastern Europe began to
introduce the changes.
21 April 1849 Feminist political Association carried first issue of her newspaper.
1867 The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians.
4. The Making of Germany
1744-1803 German philosopher Johan Gottfried Herder.
1785 and 1786 The brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were bom in the German.
1798
The cover of a German almanac designed by the journalist Andreas
Rebmann.
1812 The Grimm brothers published their first collection of tales.
1848
The German middle class tried to unite the different regions of the
German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected
parliament.
18 May 1848
831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession.
Frankfort parliament was convened.
1866-71 Unification of Germany.

18 January
1871
The Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a
cerernony held at Versailles.
...... Italy Unified
1830s
Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme
for a unitary Italian Republic.
1859 Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian Forces.
1859-1871 Unification of Italy.
1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.
1864-1871
Three was over seven years. With Austria, Denmark and France
ended in Prussian victory.
……
Strange Case of
Britain
1688 The English parliament seized power from the Monarchy.
1707
The Act of Union between England and Scotland that resulted
formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
1798 A failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his united Irishmen.
1801 Ireland was forcible in corporated into the United Kingdom.
……
Giuseppe
Garibaldi
1807-82 Giuseppe Garibaldi.
1833 He met Mazzini, Joined the Young Italy movement.
1834 Participated in a republican uprising in Piedmont.
1848
Garibaldi had to flee to South America, where he lived in exile till
1848.
1854
He supported victor Emmanuel II in his efforts to unify the Italian
states.
1860 Garibaldi led the famous Expedition to the ‘Thousand to South Italy.
1867
Garibaldi led an army of volunteers to Rome to fight the last obstacle
to the unification of Italy.
1870 During the war with Prussia, France withdrew its troops from Rome.
5. Visualizing the Nation

1848 Artist Philip veit prepared painting of Germania.
1850
Postage stamps, with the figure of Marianne representing the
Republic of France.
6.
Nationalism and
Imperialism
1871
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe was the area
called the Balkans.
1905
Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsrburg and Ottoman
Empire.
1914 First World War.
Technical terms
Absolutist: A government or system of rule that has no restraint on power exercised. In history,
the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralized, militarized and
repressive.
Utopian: A vision of society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.
Plebiscite: A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a
proposal.
Suffrage: The right to vote.
Conservatism: A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established
institutions and customs. Preferred gradual development to quick change.
Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.
Ethnic: Relates to a common racial, tribal or cultural origin or background that a community
identifies with or claims.
Inviolability: Not violated/profane.
Dissemination: Spread widely.
Das Volk: German word meaning common people.
Junkers: Large landowners of Prussia.
Allegory: Symbol representing an abstract idea; an idea represented through a person or thing.
Feminist: Awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief of social, economic and
political equality of the genders (male and female).

Romanticism: A cultural movement which aimed at developing a particular form of national
sentiment and promote a feeling of collective heritage as the basis of nation.
Estates General: It was the National Assembly of pre-revolutionary France. Its representatives
were elected by the active citizens.
2. The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

Year Events
039-043 CE The Trung sisters fought against Chinese to save Vietnam
Third
Century C.E.
Trieu Au, organized a large army and resisted Chinese rule
1802
Nguyen Anh becomes emperor symbolizing the unification
of the country under the Nguyen dynasty
1867 Cochinchina (the South) becomes a French colony
1868 Scholars revolt Movement against spread of Christianites
Control of France
over Indo-China
1858 French troops landed in Vietnam
1880
French troops had established a firm grip over northern
region
1887 French took control of Tonkin and Anaam
1887
Creation of the Indo-China Union, including Cochinchina,
Anaam, Tonkin, Cambodia and later Laos
1902 Rat hunt was started in 1902.
1903 The modem part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague.
1903
Phan Boi Chau formed the revolutionary society (Duy Tan
Hoi) with Prince Cuong De
1905
The book ‘The History of the Loss of Vietnam’ was written by
Phan Boi Chau
1905
Meeting of Phan Boi Chau with Chinese reformer Liang
Qichao in Yokohama (Japan)
1907
Tonkin Free School was started to provide a Western style
education
1907 Japan got victory over Russia
1903

1905
The book ‘The History of the Loss of Vietnam’ was written by
Phan Boi Chau
1905
Meeting of Phan Boi Chau with Chinese reformer Liang
Qichao in Yokohama (Japan)
1907
Tonkin Free School was started to provide a Western style
education
1907 Japan got victory over Russia
1903
Larger Exporter
of Rice
1873 The area under rice cultivation 2,74,000 hectares
1931 Became third largest exporter of rice in the world
1930
A famous novel by Nhat Link caused a scandal, it showed
courage by a nationalist woman
1939
HoaHao movement gained great popularity in Mekong delta
area
1940 Japan occupied Vietnam (during 2nd World War)
1941
Huynh Phu so, founder of Hoa Hao declared Mad Bonze and
exiled him to Laos
HOCHIMINH
1890-1969 Ho Chi Minh
1910 Learnt baking
1911 Took job on a French liner
1930
Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalists
groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist Party, later
renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party.
1941 After 30 years abroad, returned to Vietnam
1943 He took the name Ho Chi Minh (He who Enlightens)
1945 Became the chairman of the Vietnam Democratic Republic

1945
23-Sep, Vietminh start a general popular insurrection. Bao
Dai abdicates. Ho Chi Minh declares independence in Honoi
(September 23)
1945
September, Vietminh recaptured Honoi »
The Democrating Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho
Chi Minh became Chairman
1954 The French army is defeated at Dien Bien Phu
1954
7 May, French tried to regain control on Vietnam; Vietminh
were forced to retreat to the hills.
After 8 years of fighting, the French were defeated in Dien
Bien Phu finally on 7 May 1954.
Vietnam War
1961
Kennedy decides to increase US military aid to South
Vietnam.
1965 US Entered the War
1965 to 1975
17000 youth, majority of those were women, worked on Ho
Chin Minh trail
1968 Hollywood made films in support of the war
1970 Peace talks began
1974 Paris Peace Treaty
1974 January, A peace settlement was signed in Paris
1975 April 30, NLF troops enter Saigon
1975
30 April, The NLF occupied the presidential palace in Saigon
and unified Vietnam
1976 The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is proclaimed
1979 Hollywood made films which was against the war
Duration of some
Leaders
1822-1888 Famous blind poet Ngyuyen Dinha Chien
1867-1940 Phan Boi Chau
1871-1926 Phan Chau Trinh

Technical terms
Obscurantist: Person or ideas that mislead.
Syncretic: Aims to bring together different beliefs and practices, seeing their essential unity
rather than their difference.
Concentration Camps: A prison where people are detained without due process of law. Generally
place of torture and brutal treatment.
Indentured Labour: A form of labour widely used in the plantations (e.g., Sugar) from the mid-
19th century.
Republic : A government based on popular consent and popular representation.
Ordinance 10: It was a French law that permitted Christianity hut outlawed Buddhism

3. Nationalism in India
S.No. Year Date/Month Events
1 1870
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Vande Mataram
and created the image of Bharat Mata
2 1905
Painting of Bharat Mata was developed by
Abanindranath Tagore
3 1909 Gandhi wrote a book - Hind Swaraj
4 1914—1918 First World War
5 1915 January Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa
6 1916 Gandhi travelled to Champaran
7 1917
Gandhi organized a Satyagrah to support the peasants of
Kheda-Gujarat
8 1918
Gandhi organized a satyagrah in Ahmedabad for cotton
mill workers
9 1918-19 Crops failed in many parts of India
10 1919 Rowlatt Act passed by Imperial Legislative council
11 1919 March Khilafat Committee was formed
12 1919 6-Apr Civil Disobedience Movement started
13 1919 10-Apr Police fired upon a peaceful procession in Amritsar
14 1919 13-Apr Jallianwalla Bagh massacre
15 1920-21
Crops failed in many parts of India + Influenza,
epidemic. Both caused 12 to 13 million deaths.
16 1920
A militant guerrilla movement spread in Gudem Hills of
Andhra Pradesh
17 1920 Summer
Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively
mobilizing support for Non-cooperation movement.
18 1920 June
Jawaharlal Nehru toured villages of Awadh (Now in
Uttar Pradesh)
19 1920 September
Calcutta session, Gandhi convinced other leaders to start
a Non-Cooperation Movement

20 1920 October
Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawahar Lai
Nehru, Baba Ram Chandra and a few others
21 1920 November Council elections
22 1920 December
At Nagpur Congress adopted Non-Cooperation
programme .
23 1921—1922 The import of foreign cloth halved
24 1921 Gandhiji designed a tricolour Swaraj flag
25 1921 The houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked.
26 1921 6-Jan Police fired at peasants near Raebareli
27 1921 January Non-cooperation - Khilafat Movement began
28 1922 Chauri Chaura incident
29 1922 February
Mahatma Gandhi withdraws the Non-Cooperation
Movement
30 1924
Alluri Sitaram Raju was captured and executed and
overtime became a folklore
31 1926—1930 Agricultural prices began to fall and collapsed after 1930
32 1927
The Congress and the Muslim League made efforts to
renegotiats an alliance
33 1928
Simon Commission arrived, protest by people - Go back
Simon
34 1928
Lala Lajpat Rai led people to protest Simon commission
in Lahore. He was Lathicharged; due to that he died after
a week
35 1928
M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed
efforts at compromise
36 1928
Hindustan Socialist Republican Party (HSRA) was
founded by Bhagat Singh, Jatin, Ajoy Ghosh and others
37 1929 April
Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutta threw a bomb in
the Legislative Assembly
38 1929 October A vague offer by Lord Irwin of ‘dominion status’
39 1929 December At Lahore, Congress demanded Puma Swaraj
40 1930
Sir Muhammad Iqbal reiterated the importance of
separate electorates for the Muslims

41 1930 26-Jan Celebrated as Independence Day
42 1930 31-Jan
Mahatma Gandhi wrote a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating
11 demands
43 1930 11-Mar Started Dandi Yatra for salt making
44 1930 6-Apr
Reached Dandi and manufactured salt and started Civil
Disobedience Movement
45 1930 April Abdul Gaffar Khan was arrested in Peshawar
46 1931 5-Mar
The Civil Disobedience Movement called off pact with
Irwin (Gandhi-Irwin Pact)
47 1931 23-Mar
Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged to
death by the Government
48 1931 December Gandhiji went to London for Round Table Conference-II
49 1932
Gaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were arrested.
Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement
Technical terms
Forced Recruitment: A process by which the British colonial state forced people to join the
army.
Boycott: The refusal to deal and associate with people or participate in activities or buy or use
things. It is a form of protest.
Picket: A form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory
or office.
Begar: Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.
Satyagraha: Following the path of truth and non-violence.
Khadi: Indian handmade cotton cloth.
Swaraj: The word ‘swa’ means self and ‘raj’ means rule i.e., self-rule.
Purna swaraj: Complete independence.
Harijan: means men of God. This name was given by Mahatma Gandhi to the ‘untouchables’ or
‘dalits’.

4. The Making of a Global World
SI.No Headings
1 THE PRE-MODERN WORLD
3000 BCE
Active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilization with present day
West Asia.
15th
century
Till 15th century, several silk routes thrived linking Asia with Europe and
North Africa.
1500s
The world shrank in 1500s with discovery of sea route to Asia and
successful crossing of the western ocean to America.
16th
century
After the discovery of America its vast lands and abundant.
Crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.
The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonization of America.
17th
century
Legends spread about South America’s fabled wealth. Many expeditions
set off in search of EL Dorado the fabled city of gold.
1634
John Winthrop wrote that smallpox signaled God’s blessing for the
colonists.
1845 to
1849
Until 19th century poverty and hunger was common in Europe. The Great
Irish Potato Famine; around 1,000,000 people died of starvation in
Ireland, and double the number emigrated in search of work, (e.g., USA)
18th
century
Slaves captured from Africa, were growing cotton and sugar in America.
1813 Napoleon lost the battle of Leipzig.
1814-1815 Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
2 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (1815-1914)
18th
century
Population growth expansion of urban centers and industry increased the
demand for food grains and goods in Britain
19th
century
Nearly 50 million people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia.
1890 Global economy takes shape.
1820-1914
World trade multiplied 25 to 40 times.
Nearly 60% of the trade comprised primary produce.

Role of Technology
19th
century
Technology (railways, steamships, and the telegraph) and new inventions
helped in fast growing trade.
Till 1870s Live animals were shipped from America to Europe for meat.
1878 Refrigerated ships enabled export of frozen meat to European countries.
Late 19th Century Colonialism
1885 — Carving up of Africa by big European powers in Berlin.
1890s
— The US became a colonial power by taking over some colonies earlier
held by Spain.
Plague/Rinderpest
1880s
Cattle plague or rinderpest arrived in Africa. It had a terrifying impact on
people’s livelihoods and the local economy.
1890s Fast spread of cattle plague or rinderpest in Africa.
1892 Rinderpest moved west like forest fire’ and reached Africa’s Atlantic coast.
1897 Rinderpest reached the Cape (Africa’s southernmost tip).
1890s
- European’s rush to Transvaal region. Transvaal gold mines contribute
over 20 percent of world gold production.
Labour Migration from India
19th
century
Hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on
plantations, in mines etc.
1900s India’s nationalist leaders opposed the migration of indentured labour.
1921 Abolition of migration of indentured labour.
Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad
1860s
Indian traders and money lenders established flourishing emporia at busy
ports worldwide.
19th
century
British manufacturers began to seek overseas markets for their cloth.
By 19th century, British manufactures flooded the Indian market.
1815 India’s cotton textile exports declined to 15% (from 30% in 1800).
1870s Cotton textile exports from India dropped to 3%.
1812-1871 Raw cotton exports from India rose from 5% to 35%.
1820s
Opium shipments to China from India became India’s single largest
export.

18 January
1871
The Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a
cerernony held at Versailles.
3 THE INTER-WAR ECONOMY
1914
(August).
The First World War began.
1914-18 Period of the First World War and war boom.
1921
End of war boom. Huge job losses. One in every five British worker was
out of work. This helped boost US economy.
1920s
(Early)
The US economy resumed its strong growth.
1920s Important feature of the US economy was mass production.
Mass Production & U.SA
1914 Henry Ford doubled the daily wage of workers to $ 5.
1920s
Mass production became a characteristic feature of US economy.
US economy resumed its strong growth.
1920s
Fordist system of assembly line spread in the US and were widely copied in
Europe.
US prosperity based on housing and consumer boom.
1923
The US resumed exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the
largest overseas lender. Many countries financed then- investments
through loans from the US.
1928 US overseas loans amounted to over $ 1 billion.
1929
Car production in the US rose from 2 million in 1919 to more than 5
million.
The world was plunged into a depression.
The Great Depression
1929 The Great Depression began.
1929-1932
Period of the Great Depression 110,000 companies collapsed in the US
during the Great Depression.
1928
In first half of 1928, US overseas loans amounted to over $ 1 million. A
year later it was one quarter of that amount.
The consumerist prosperity disappeared in a puff of dust.
1920s — Many countries got their investments from the US.
1933 — Over 4000 banks closed down.
1935 — Modest economic recovery under way in most industrial countries.

India and Great Depression
1928-1934
India’s exports and imports nearly halved.
As international prices crashed, wheat prices in India fell by 50%.
1931
Mahatma Gandhi launched the civil disobedience movement at the height
of the depression.
4 REBUILDING A WORLD ECONOMY: THE POST-WAR ERA
1939-1944 Second World War
1941 July 1941, German forces attacked Russia.
1944 (July)
United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held at Bretton
Woods, New Hampshire, USA.
1947 The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations.
1950-1970 World Trade grew annually at over 8%.
1950s
Bretton Woods institutions began to shift their attention more towards
developing countries.
1950s-
1960s
Most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth
experienced by the western economies.
1950-1960
The worldwide spread of MNCs. (First MNCs established in 1920) US
businesses expanded worldwide.
1960s
US’s overseas involvements weakened its finances and competitive
strength.
1970s International financial system changed.
1970s The industrial world also hit by unemployment.
1970s-
1990s
Unemployment that hit the industrial world remained high.
1970s MNCs began to shift production operations to low-wage Asian countries.
China
1949 Revolution in China.
1949 China cut off from the post-war world economy since the revolution.
1990s
Many new countries (for e.g., China) brought into the fold of the world
economy.

Technical terms
Dissenter: One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices.
Indentured Labour: A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific
amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home.
Exchange rates: They link national currencies for purposes of international trade. There are
broadly two kinds of exchange rates: fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate.
Fixed Exchange Rates: When exchange rates are fixed and governments intervene to prevent
movements in them.
Flexible or Floating Exchange Rates: These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of
currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.
Rastafaria: A Jamaican sect, the members of which regarded blocks as the chosen people.
Coolie: Unskilled ‘native’ labourers. Indentured Indian labourers were often referred to as
‘coolies’ in Trinidad.
Silk routes: Were routes through which trade and cultural mingling of far lands of the world
took place. These routes knitted together vast regions of Asia, especially China and linked Asia
with Europe and Northern Africa. These routes are known to have existed before the Christian
era and thrived almost till the 15th century.
Trade Surplus: It is a situation under which value of exports is more than imports.
Globalization: Movement of people, goods and services across the nations has been termed as
globalization.
Tariff: Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs are levied at the
point of entry, i.e., at the border or the airport Utopian: A vision of society that is so ideal that it
is unlikely to actually exist.

5. The Age of Industrialization
SI.No Headings
INTRODUCTION
1900
A popular music publisher E.T. Pauli produced a music book that had a
picture on the cover page announcing the “Dawn of the Century”.
1730s The earliest factories in England were set up.
1760
Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton
industry.
1787 Import of raw cotton soared to 22 million pounds.
1781
James Watt improved and patented the steam engine produced by
Newcomen. This engine enhanced the productivity of labour manifold.
They came to be used widely only later in the century.
1840s
Cotton and Metals were the most dynamic industries in Britain. Cotton was
the leading sector in the first phase of industrialization.
1840s Expansion of railways in England.
1860s Expansion of railways, in the colonies.
1873
Britain exported iron and steel worth about £ 77 million, (double the value
of its cotton export).
2. HAND LABOUR AND STEAM POWER
1830s
Period of economic slump. The proportion of unemployed went up to
between 35% to 75% in different regions.
1764
Spinning Jenny was devised by James Hargreaves which speeded up the
spinning process and reduced labour demand.
1840s
Intensification of building activity provided greater opportunities of
employment.
1840s The number of workers employed in the transport industry doubled.
1850s Railway stations began coming up all over London.
3. INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE COLONIES
3.1 The Age of Indian Textiles
1840s The number of workers employed in the transport industry doubled.
Before
1740s
Vibrant sea trade operated through pre-colonial ports—Surat on Gujarat
coast, Masulipatnam on the Coromondel coast and Hoogly in Bengal.

1740s
Decline of old ports Surat and Hoogly. The gross value of trade that passed
through Surat slumped from ? 16 million in the last years of the 17th
century to ? 3 million in 1740s.
1750s Breakdown of network of export trade, controlled by Indian Merchants.
1780s Bombay and Calcutta grew as alternate trading ports to Surat and Hoogly. ,
3.2 What Happened to Weavers?
1760s and
1770s
East India Company consolidated power in Bengal and Carnatic.
Before that East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular
supply of goods for export.
3.3 Manchester comes to India
1772
Henry Patullo says that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce,
since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. But by
beginning of the 19th century there was a long decline of Textile exports
from India.
1811-12 Piece-goods accounted for 33% of India’s exports.
1850-51 Indian piece-goods exports account for no more than 3% of India’s exports.
1850s Most weaving regions of India narrated stories of decline and desolation.
1850 Cotton piece-goods constituted over 31% of the value of Indian imports.
1870s Cotton piece-goods constituted over 50% of Indian imports.
1861
Break out of the American Civil War. Britain turns to India for its raw
cotton supplies.
1860s
Cotton weavers faced a new problem. They could not get sufficient raw
cotton of good quality.
4 FACTORIES COME UP
4.1 Factories Come up
18 century
The British in India began exporting opium to China and in exchange took
tea from China to England.
1830s-1840s
Dwarkanath Tagore set up six joint-stock companies in Bengal. The
enterprises sank in 1840s business crisis but by late 19th century he
became successful industrialists.
1850s
Jeejeebhoy was involved in the China trade and shipping. He owned a large
fleet of ships, but competition from English and American shippers forced
him to sell his ships.
1854 Establishment of the first cotton mill in Bombay.
1862 Four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms.

1855-1862 First jute mill established in Bengal.
Another jute mills came up in Bengal.
1860s Elgin mill (woollen) was started in Kanpur.
1874 First spinning and weaving mill of Madras began its production.
1917 Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta.
4.2 Where did the workers come from
1901 There were 584,000 workers in Indian factories.
1946 Over 2,436,000 workers in Indian factories.
1911
1. Over 50% workers in the Bombay cotton industries came from the
neighbouring district of Ratnagiri.
2. Mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from villages within the
district of Kanpur.
1912 J.N. Tata set up the first iron and steel works in India at Jamshedpur.
5 THE PECULIARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
Late 19th
century
Indian businessman begem setting up industries but they avoided
competition with Manchester goods in the Indian market.
1905 Swadeshi and Boycott Movement
1906
Decline in export of Indian yam to China. Indian industries shift from yam
to cloth production.
1900-1912 Cotton piece-goods production doubled in India.
1914-1918
First World War created a dramatic situation for industrial growth in India
as British mills were engaged in meeting Britains war needs. Manchester
imports into India declined. Indian mills had a vast Indian market plus
they were called upon to meet Britains war needs.
5.1 Small Scale Industries Predominate
1911
About 67 % of large industries were located in Bengal and Bombay. In the
rest of India small-scale production continued to predominate.
1911
1931
Only 5% of the total industrial labour force worked in registered factories.
10% of the total industrial labour force worked in registered factories. Rest
worked in small workshops and household units.
1900-1940
Expansion of handicrafts and handloom production. Handloom cloth
production steadily trebled dining this period.
1910-1920 Weavers began using looms with a fly shuttle.
1941
Over 35% of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions
like Travancore, Madras, Mysore and Cochin. In Bengal the proportion was
70 to 80 percent.

6 MARKET FOR GOODS
(a) Use of Advertisements
To make products appear desirable and necessary.
To shape minds of people and create new needs.
A vehicle of nationalists message of Swadeshi.
Example: Manchester labels carrying image of gods and goddesses and of historic figures.
(b) Use of Calendars
— To popularize products.
Example: — Gripe water calendar of 1928.
— Sunlight soap calendar of 1934.
Technical terms
Orient: The countries to the east of the Mediterranean, usually referring to Asia.
Proto: Indicating the first or early form of something
Stapler: A person who ‘staples’ or sorts wool according to its fibre.
Fuller: A person who fulls—that is, gathers—cloth by pleating.
Carding: The process in which fibres, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.
Spinning Jenny: Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, this machine speeded up the spinning
process and reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a
number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.
Sepoy: An Indian soldier in the service of the British.
Fly Shuttle: It is a mechanical device invented for weaving, moved by means of ropes and
pullies. The invention of the fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and
weave wide pieces of cloth.
Vagrant: A person without a settled home or work.
Bourgeoisie: A term used to describe the upper middle class.
Gomasthas: Paid servant of the company to establish direct control over the weavers.
Proto-industrialization: The early phase of industrialization in which large scale production was
carried out for the international markets not in factories but in decentralized units.
Trade Guilds: Association of producers that trained craftsmen, maintained control over
production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people within the
trade.

6. Work, Life and Leisure: Cities in the Contemporary
World
SI.No Headings
INTRODUCTION
1880
Durgacharan Ray wrote a novel, Debganer Martye Aagaman. (The
Gods Visit Earth).
1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CITY
1750 One out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London.
1850s Most western countries were largely rural.
1851
More than three-quarters of the adults in Manchester were migrants
from rural areas.
1861 Census recorded a quarter of a million domestic servants in London.
1870s
Crime flourished in London. About 20,000 criminals were living in
London.
1870 The Compulsory Elementary Education Act was passed.
1880
London’s population multiplied fourfold. It increased from 1 million
to about 4 million during 1810 to 1880
1880
Andrew Meams, a clergyman wrote The Bitter Cry of Outcast London
which showed why crime was more profitable than labouring in
small underpaid factories.
1887
The first social survey of low-skilled London workers in the East End
of London was conducted by Charles Booth, a Liverpool ship-owner.
1902
Beginning of factory acts. These acts kept children out of industrial
work.
1917
Outbreak of the Russian Revolution. After the revolution there was
widespread fear of outbreak of social disorder among London city
dwellers.
1914—18
Period of the First World War. London began manufacturing motor
cars and electric goods.
1919—39
Between the two World Wars, British state accepted the
responsibility for housing the working classes.
TRANSPORT IN CITY
1848
Charles Dickens wrote in ‘Dombey and Son,’ about the massive
destruction in the process of construction.

10th January
1863
The first section of the Underground railway in the world opened
between Paddington and Farrington Street in London.
1880
The expanded train service was carrying 40 million passengers a
year.
2 SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE CITY
1810 Entry was made free to the British Museum in London.
1824—25
Hence, the numbers visiting the museum jumped from mere 15,000
to 1,27,643 in 1824-25 and to 8,25,900 in 1846.
1833
Over 1 million British people holidayed by seaside at Blackpool. By
1939 their numbers had gone up to 7 million.
1870s
Women began to participate in political movements for suffrage that
demanded right to vote for women, or for married women’s rights to
property.
3 POLITICS IN THE CITY
1852
1852-1870
Louis Napoleon III (the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) undertook
the work of rebuilding of Paris.
Baron Haussmann rebuilt Paris.
1860s
1860s
1870
One in five working persons in Paris was in the building trade.
The Goncourt brothers lamented that rebuilding of Paris led to
passing of an earlier way of life, and the development of an upper-
class culture.
One-fifth of the streets of Paris were Haussmann’s creation.
1886
The winter was severe and outdoor work had come to a standstill.
London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible
conditions of poverty.
1887
In 1887, similar riot occurred again. The marchers had to be brutally
suppressed by the police. It came to be known as the Bloody Sunday.
1889 Thousands of London’s dockworkers went on strike.
4 THE CITY IN COLONIAL INDIA
1872—1941
Bombay’s population expanded from 6,44,405 in 1872 to 1,500,000
in 1941.
1862
Kali Prasaima Singh wrote a satire in Bengali describing an evening
scene in the Indian part of Calcutta.
20th century
In early 20th century, no more than 11% of Indians were living in
cities.

4.1 Bombay: The Prime City of India?
4.2 Work in the city
1661
Control of Bombay (group of seven islands) passed into British hands
after marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princess.
1819
Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency after the
Maratha defeat in the Anglo Maratha War.
1854
1921
The first cotton textile mill was set up in Bombay. .
Bombay was home to 85 cotton mills with about 146,000 workers.
1881—1931
Bombay had high migrant population. Only one-fourth of Bombay’s
inhabitants were bom in Bombay. The rest came from outside.
1888—89
Famine in the dry region of Kutch drove large numbers of people into
Bombay.
1898
1901
Tlague epidemic in Bombay.
Around 30,000 migrant people sent back to their places of origin by
district authorities during years of plague epidemic.
1919-1926
1930s
Women formed 23% of the mill workforce.
By the late 1930s, women constituted only less than 10% of the total
workforce.
4.3 Housing and Neighborhoods
1800s
The Bombay Fort area formed the heart of the city. It was divided
between ‘native’ town where most Indians lived, and a European or
‘white’ section.
1840s
1872
While every Londoner enjoyed an average space of 155 square yards,
Bombayite had a mere 9.5 square yards.
London had an average of 8 persons per house. The density in
Bombay was as high as 20.
1850s Mid 1850s, housing and water supply crisis became acute.
1860s
Multi-storeyed structures called ‘Chawls’ were built in the ‘native’
parts of the town.
1865
Arthur Crawford was appointed Bombay’s first Municipal
Commissioner. He tried to keep several dangerous trades out of
south Bombay.
1898
1918
The City of Bombay Improvement Trust was established. It focused
on clearing poorer homes out of the city Centre.
The Trust schemes deprived 64,000 people of their homes. Out of
these only 14,000 were rehoused.

1901
The census reported 80% of Bombay’s population lived in one room
tenements.
1918 Rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable.
4.4 Land Reclamation in Bombay
1784
William Hornby, the governor of Bombay, approved the building of
the great sea wall. This prevented flooding of the low-lying areas of
Bombay. The earliest reclamation project in Bombay began by
joining the Seven Islands of Bombay into one landmass.
1864
The Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the
western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba.
1870s
Most of the private companies engaged in reclamation closed down
due to the mounting cost. Still the city had expanded to about 32 sq.
miles.
1914—1918
The Bombay Port Trust, built a dry dock and used the excavated
earth to create a 22 acre Ballard Estate.
Bombay as the City of Dreams : The World of Cinema and Culture
1896
Harish Chandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot a scene of a wrestling
match in Bombay’s Hanging Gardens. This was India’s first movie.
1913 Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra
1925
1947
1987
Bombay became India’s first film capital (a city of dreams).
Around 756 million was invested in about 50 Indian films.
The film industry employed 520,000 people.
1965
Singapore became an independent nation under the leadership of
Lee Kuan Yew. Lee launched a massive housing and development
programme.
5 CITIES AND THE CHALLENGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
1840s
Towns such as Derby, Leeds and Manchester in England had laws to
control smoke in the city.
1847—53 The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 were passed.
1855
Railway line was introduced in Calcutta which brought a dangerous
new pollutant-coal from Raniganj
1863
Calcutta became the first Indian city to get smoke nuisance
legislation.
1920
The rice mills of Tollygunge began to bum rice husk instead of coal.
This was an additional cause of pollution in the city of Calcutta.

Technical terms
Metropolis: A large, densely populated city of a country or state, often the capital of the region.
Urbanization: The process of development of a city or town.
Philanthropists: Someone who works for social upliftment i.e., welfare of mankind.
Tenement: Run down and often overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of a
large city.
Temperance Movement: A largely middle-class-led social reform movement which emerged in
Britain and America from the nineteenth century onwards. It identified alcoholism as the caftse
of the ruin of families and society, and aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic drinks,
particularly amongst the working classes.
Asphyxiation: Suffocation due to lack of oxygen supply in the blood. .
Individualism: A social theory which favours and promotes the liberty, rights or independent
action of the individual, rather than of the community.
Presidency Cities: The capitals of the Bombay, Bengal, Madras Presidencies in British India.
Akharas: Traditional wrestling schools, where young people were trained to ensure both
physical and moral fitness.
Depressed Classes: Term used for ‘lower castes’ and ‘untouchables’ (dalits).
Reclamation: Reclaiming of marshy or submerged areas or other wasteland for settlements,
cultivation or other use.
Green Belt: Area of open land with plants and trees for maintaining natural habitation and
environment in and around the city.

7. Print Culture and the Modern World
SI.No Headings
1. THE FIRST PRINTED BOOKS
AD 594 onwards Books in China were printed by rubbing paper.
AD 768-770
Hand-printing technology was introduced into Japan from China
by the Buddhist missionaries.
AD 868 The oldest Japanese book. The Diamond Sutra was printed.
17th century Urban culture bloomed in China, the use of print diversified.
2. PRINT COMES TO EUROPE
1295
Marco Polo, a great explorer, on his return to Italy, brought the
knowledge of producing books with woodblocks to Europe.
1430s Johann Gutenberg developed the first-known printing press.
1448
Gutenberg perfected the system of casting the metal types for the
letters of the alphabet.
15th century Woodblocks were widely used in Europe.
1450 and 1550 Printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe.
3. THE PRINT REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT
1508
Erasmus’ a Latin scholar and Catholic reformer, criticized the
excesses of Catholicism but kept his distance from Martin Luther.
He wrote ‘Adages’.
1517
The religious reformer Martin Luther wrote ‘Ninety Five Theses’
criticizing many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic
Church.
16th century
Menocchio, a miller in Italy reinterpreted the message of the
Bible.
1558
An ‘Index of Prohibited Books’ was formulated by the Roman
Church to control publishers and booksellers.
4. THE READING MANIA
1791
James Lackington, a London publisher, wrote in his diary about
the tremendous increase in the sale of books.
17th and 18th
century
Literacy rates went up in most parts of the Europe.

18th century
The periodical press developed from the early 18th Century.
By the end of the century, in some parts of Europe the rates were
as high as 60 to 80%.
1780s
There was an outpouring of literature, in France that mocked the
royalty and criticised their morality.
5. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
18th century By late 18th century, press came to be made out of metal.
19th century Primary education became compulsory.
1812
Grimm Brothers (Germany) stories based on traditional folk tales
gathered from peasants were published in a collection.
1832 and 1835
Penny Magazine that aimed primarily at the working class was
published in England by the “Society for the Diffusion of useful
knowledge.”
1857
In France, a children’s press, devoted to literature for children
alone, was set up.
19th century Series of innovations. .
19th century Lending libraries in England grew.
20th century
In the beginning of the 20th century, electrically operated presses
accelerated printing operations.
19th century Working days shortened.
19th century
Series of innovations in printing technology.
By the mid-19th century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had
perfected the power driven cylindrical press. In the late 19th
century the offset press was developed. It could print up to 6
colours at a time.
1920s
In England, popular works were sold in cheap series, called the
‘Shilling Series.’
1930s Cheap paperback editions.
6. INDIA AND THE WORLD OF PRINT
1579 Catholic priests printed the first Tamil Book in Cochin.
1674
About 50 books had been printed by Jesuit priests in Konkani and
in Kanara languages.
1710
Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts. Many
of them were translations of older works.
1713 The first Malayalam book was printed.

1780
James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a
weekly magazine.
18th century
By the end of 18th century, a number of newspapers and journals
appeared in print.
7. RELIGIOUS REFORM AND PUBLIC DEBATES
19th century Intense debates around religious issues in early 19th century.
19th century A number of Muslim sects and seminaries appeared.
1810
The first printed edition of ‘Ramcharitmanas’ of Tulsidas, a
sixteenth-century text, came out from Calcutta.
1821 itammohun Roy published the ‘Sambad Kaumudi’.
1822
Two Persian newspapers were published, ‘Jam-i-Jahan Nama’ and
‘Shamsul Akhbar’.
Gujarati newspaper, Bombay Samachar was published.
1849 Publish a Newspaper in the Marathi Language.
1867
The Deoband Seminary was founded. It published thousands of
‘fatwas’ telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their
everyday lives.
1880s
The Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar
Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in
vernaculars.
8. NEW FORMS OF PUBLICATION
1860s
Many Bengali women writers like Kailashbashini Debi wrote
books highlighting the experiences of women.
1870s
Caricatures and cartoons were published in journals and
newspapers.
Hindi printing began seriously.
8.1 1876
Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban in
Bengali.
1880’s
Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about the miserable
lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially widows.
Late 19th century
Issues of Caste discrimination began to be written in printed tracts
and essays.
A new visual culture was taking place.
Mid 19th century women’s schools were set up.
In Calcutta—the Battala was famous centre for printing of books.
A lot of these books were illustrated with colour photographs.
1926
Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein, an educationists and literary
figure strongly condemned men for withholding education from
women.

Early 20th century
Public libraries were set up.
Folk literature was widely printed.
Ram Chadda published the fast selling Istri Dhararn Vichar
to teach woman how to be obedient wives.
20th century
In early 20th century journals written for and sometimes edited by
women, became popular.
8.2 PRINT AND THE POOR PEOPLE
19th century Very cheap small books were brought to markets in Madras town.
1871
Jyotiba Phule, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in
Gulamgiri.
1930s
Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate
themselves.
1938
Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote and published ‘Chhote
Aur Bade Ka Sawal’.The work showed the link
between caste and class exploitation.
1935 to 1955
The poems of Kanpur millworker who wrote under the name
Sudarshan Chakr were brought together and published in a
collection called ‘Sacchi Kavitayan’.
20th century
B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in
Madras (Periyar), wrote powerfully on caste and untouchability.
9. PRINT AND CENSORSHIP
1798 (Before)
The colonial state under the East India Company was not too
concerned with censorship.
1820s
The Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control
press freedom.
1835
Governor-General Bentinck revised press laws because of
petitions by editors of English and vernacular newspapers.
1857
After the revolt of 1857, the attitude of the English to freedom of
the press changed.
1877 The Statesman was founded.
1878
The Vernacular Press Act was passed. It was modeled on the Irish
Press Laws.
1907
Punjab revolutionaries were deported, Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote
with great sympathy about them in his Kesarj.
1908
Bal Gangadhar Tilak imprisoned. This provoked widespread
protests all over India.

1919
The Sedition Committee Report under Rowlatt strengthened
controls and imposed penalties on various newspapers published
in India.
1922
Gandhi also spoke about liberty of speech, liberty of the press and
the freedom of association.
1942
About 90 newspapers were suppressed consequent to the launch
of the Quit India Movement.
Technical terms
Calligraphy: The art of beautiful and stylised writing.
Vellum: A parchment made from the skin of animals.
Platen: In letterpress printing, platen is a board which is pressed onto the back of the paper to
get the impression from the type. At one time it used to be a wooden board; later it was made of
steel.
Compositor: The person who composes the text for printing.
Galley: Metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed.
Ballad: A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited.
Taverns: Places where people gathered to drink alcohol, to be served food and to meet friends
and exchange news.
Protestant Reformation: A sixteenth-century movement to reform the Catholic Church
dominated by Rome. Martin Luther was one of the main Protestant reformers. Several traditions
of anti-Catholic Christianity developed out of the movement.
Satiety: The state of being fulfilled much beyond the point of satisfaction.
Seditious: Action, speech or writing that is seen as opposing the government.
Denominations: Sub-groups within a religion.
Almanac: An annual publication giving astronomical data, information about movements of the
sun, moon, eclipses etc.
Chapbook: A term used to describe pocket-size books that were sold by travelling peddlers called
chapmen.
Bibliotheque Bleue: Low priced small books printed in France. These were printed on poor
quality paper and bound in cheap blue cover.

8. Novels, Society and History
SI.No Headings
1. THE RISE OF THE NOVEL
1.1 The Publishing Market
17th
Century
Novels began to be written from the 17th Century in England and France.
1740
With the introduction of circulating libraries, it became easier for people
to get books.
1749
Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones was issued in six volumes. It was priced at
three shillings each.
1828-1910
Leo Tolstoy a famous Russian novelist wrote extensively on rural life and
peasantry.
1836 Charles Dickens’s Pickwick Papers was serialized.
1.2 The World of the Novel
1812-1870 Charles Dickens
1838 Charles Dickens’s Oliver Twist was published.
1854
Hard Times by Charles Dickens was published. It describes Coke Town, a
fictitious industrial town and the terrible effects of industrialization on
people’s lives and characters.
1885
Emile Zola’s ‘Germinal’ was published. It was on the life of a young miner
in France and the harsh conditions of miners lives.
1.3 Community and Society
1840-1928 Thomas Hardy

1886
Thomas Hardy’s novel Mayor of Caster bridge was published. He wrote
about fading traditional rural communities of England.
1.4 The New Woman
18th
Century
Involvement of women
1775-1817 Jane Austen; ‘Pride and Prejudice’
1816-1855
Charlotte Bronte
Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre was published in 1847.
1819-1880
George Eliot (pen-name of Marry Ann Evans)
George Eliot, published ‘Silly Novels by Lady Novelists’ in 1856.
1.5 Novels for the Young
1832-1902 G.A. Henty wrote historical adventure novels.
1883
G.A. Hent/s Under Drake’s Flag.
In Under Drake’s Flag two young Elizabethan adventurers face their
approaching death.
1872 What Katy Did a series written by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey.
1883 R.L. Stevenson’s Treasure Island was published.
1884 Ramona (a romantic novel) was written by Helen Hunt Jackson.
1894 Rudyard Kipling’s ‘Jungle Book’ became a great hit among youngsters.
1.6 Colonialism and After
1719
Daniel Defoe’s ‘Robinson Crusoe’ was published. The hero was an
adventurer and slave trader.
1857-1924
Joseph Conrad wrote novels that showed the darker side of colonial
occupation.
2. THE NOVEL COMES TO INDIA

7th Century
(and
before)
Banabhatta’s KadambaH’ written in Sanskrit
Panchatantra
These are examples of stories in prose.
‘Dastan’ prose tales of adventure and heroism in Persian and
Urdu.
1857
Yamuna Paryatan, by Baba Padmanji, was the earliest novel in Marathi.
It spoke about plight of widows.
1861 Muktamala by Lakshman Moreshwar Halbe.
1868
Naro Sadashiv Risbud wrote the Marathi novel Manjughosha.
He used a highly ornamental style.
2.1 The Novel in South India
1847-1899
O’ Chandu Menon midway gave up his attempt to translate English novel
‘Henrietta Temple’ by Benjamin Disrachi into Malayalam.
1889
The first modern novel Indulekha by Chandu Menon in Malayalam was
published.
1848-1919
Kandukuri Viresalingam began translating Oliver Goldsmith’s Vicar of
Wakefield into Telugu. He later cancelled his plan.
1878
Later Kandukuri Viresalingam wrote a Telugu novel called ‘Rajasekhara
Caritamu’.
2.2 The Novel in Hindi
1882
Srinivas Das’s novel Pariksha-Guru (The Master Examiner) was the first
modem novel in Hindi. It reflects on the inner and outer world of the
newly emerging middle classes.
1888 Devaki Nandan Khatri wrote his best seller ‘Chandrakanta’.
1916 Premchand’s novel Sevasadan (The Abode of Service) was published.
1899
‘IndirabaV by Gulavadi Venkata Rao, written by upper caste members
about upper caste characters.
2.3 Novels in Bengal
1838-1894 Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay would host ‘Jatra’ in the courtyard.

1865
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay published his first novel
‘Durgeshnandini’ (^TsfHpvtl).
1876-1938
Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay was the most popular novelist in Bengal.
He was known for short stories in simple language.
Novels in
Assam
First novels were written by missionaries.
Translations of Bengali novels ‘PhulmonV and ‘Karuna’.
1888
Assamese students in Kolkata formed the ‘Asamya Bhasar
Unnatisadhan’. They brought out a journal called ‘Jonaki’.
1900
Rajanikanta Bardoloi wrote the first historical novel in Assam called
Manomati.
Novels in
Oriya
‘Saudamini’ first Oriya novel.
1877-78
Ramashankar Ray, a dramatist, began serialising the first Oriya novel
‘Saudamini’.
1843-1918 Fakir Mohan Senapati was a major novelist of Orissa.
1902
Fakir Mohan Senapati (from Orissa) published his novel Chaa Maria Atta
Guntha. It dealt with the possession of land.
3. NOVELS IN THE COLONIAL WORLD
3.1 Uses of the Novel
1899
Kannada novel Indirabai was written by Gulavadi Venkata Rao. It carried
a clear message of social reform.
1951
Tamil novel Ponniyin Selvan, written by R. Krishnamurthy, most popular
novelist, under pen name Kalki. It was serialised in the magazine Kalki.
Tamil magazines Anandavikatan and Kalki.
3.3 Pleasures of Reading
1929
Kannada magazine Kathanjali started publication. It regularly published
short stories.
4. WOMEN AND THE NOVEL

1852
Hannah Mullens, a christain missionary authored ‘Karuna o Phulmonir
Bibaran’. It was reputedly the first novel in Bengali.
1880-1932
Rokeya Hossein, a reformer, after she was widowed, started a girl’s school
in Calcutta.
1905
Rokeya Hossein wrote a satiric fantasy in English called Sultana’s Dream.
It showed a topsy-turvy world in which women take the place of men. Her
other novel ‘Padmarag’ showed need for women to reform their condition
by their own actions.
1927 A Tamil essay ‘Why women should not read novels, was published.
4.1 Caste Practices, Lower-Castes and Minorities
1889
‘Indulekha’ by O’ Chandu Menon.
— Apart from being a love story, the novel was about how younger
generation of English-educated Nayar men began arguing against
Nambuthiri alliances with Nayar woman.
1892
Potheri Kunjambu, a ‘lower-caste’ writer from north Kerala, wrote a novel
called Saraswativijayam attacking caste oppression.
1908-94
Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer, an early Muslim writer, gained wide
reknown as a novelist in Malayalam. His novels made space for
experiences of communities who were ignored in literary scenes.
1848-1906 Raja Ravi Verma was one of the foremost oil painters of his time.
1920s
Novels that depicted the lives of peasants and low castes emerged in
Bengal.
1956
Advaita Malla Burman’s (1914-1951) Titash Ekti Nadir Noam was an epic
on Mallas, a community of fisherfolk, who liveoff fishing in river Titash.
5. THE NATION AND ITS HISTORY
1857
Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay’s (1827-94) Anguriya Binimoy, the first historical
novel written in Bengal.
1882
‘Anandmath’ written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. The novel was
about a secret Hindu militia that fights Muslims to establish a Hindu
kingdom.
1956
The novel Chemmeen (Shrimp), about fishing community, was written by
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai (1912-1999). It was made into a film
Chemmen, directed by Ramu Kariat in 1965.
5.1 The Novel and Nation Making

1861-1941
Rabindranath Tagore developed Bengali novels after Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay’s death.
1916 Ghare Baire written by Rabindranath Tagore.
1919 The novel Ghare Baire was translated as The Home and the World.
1930 ‘Chomana DudV a Kannada novel written by Sivarama Karanth.
1880-1936 Premchand
1936
Godan (The Gift of Cow) became Premchand’s best known work. Others
were ‘Ranghbhoomi’ (The Arena) and ‘Sevasadan’ (The Abode of Service)
Technical terms
Gentlemanly Classes: People who claimed noble birth and high social position. The standard
setters for proper behaviour.
Epistolary: Written in the form of a series of letters.
Serialised: A format in which the story is published in installments, each part in a new issue of a
journal.
Vernacular: The normal, spoken form of a language rather than the formal, literary form.
Satire: A form of representation through writing, drawing, painting etc. that provides a criticism
of society in a manner that is witty and clever.
“Kissa-goi”: Art of storytelling.
Dastan: The long tradition of prose tales of adventure and heroism in Persian and Urdu was
known as distant.

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