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Ccna prep ip subnetting from networkers

Jerome Luison, profile picture
Jerome Luison

The document discusses subnetting IP addresses and provides an agenda for a training session on mastering IP subnetting. It covers key concepts like IP address classes, network and host portions, default and custom subnet masks, and determining requirements before designing an IP addressing scheme. The goal is to help students understand how to begin with the "answer" found in an IP address and use that to execute the subnetting procedure and apply it in real world scenarios.

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© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Mastering IP Subnetting Forever BRKCRT-1102
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Agenda Setting the stage Why the mastery of IP Subnetting skills is so important in the real world What we know…or think we know, can be a factor in our mastery Key elements in successful execution of the subnetting procedure No math required, start with the ‘Answer’ Use the answer to execute the subnetting procedure Implementing the classful subnetting procedure using the Reverse Engineering any IP Addressing scheme The magic of application in the real world Extending our IP Subnetting knowledge into Classless schemes—VLSM and CIDR Variable Length Subnet Masking Classless Inter-Domain Routing (Address Summarization, Supernetting, IP Address Aggregation) 1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What You Will Need to Be Successful Pen or pencil and multiple sheets of paper An open mind…. If you have failed to master IP subnetting before, it’s ok…. If you are already a ‘Master Subnetter Guy’, this session may not be for you…or you just may learn a shortcut you haven’t used before Seek to understand the ‘Keys’ and you will be rewarded with a skill that will serve you everyday Be willing to practice on your own…if you don’t use it, you WILL lose it Fill out your session evaluation
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 3 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 The Question of the Day… Why are IP Subnetting skills so important in the real world? It is what makes it relevant to you and your situation that makes it important… © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Responses—In the Form of Questions How many of you attending today, use IP as the primary protocol in your production network? So it is Relevant? How many of you have ever had to troubleshoot an IP-related issue in a network? More Relevance? How many of you currently work in an environment where someone else designed the IP addressing scheme? Still Relevant How many of you have had a previous opportunity to learn IP Subnetting….and it just didn’t quite stick? Big Aha Relevance! How many of you are already quite successful at mental IP Subnetting? You may want to leave now… I wouldn’t want to ruin it for you. The key to mastering IP Subnetting forever is to BEGIN with “The Answer”…
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Finding the Answer… The answer has always been directly in front of your face…every time you look at an IP address it is there… You simply may not have recognized it Everyone already has the answer if they deal with IP The RFCs use mathematics to explain it—RFC 950 and 1123 IP networks rely on it to route packets—implemented correctly, of course You are here to be able to recognize it, understand it, use it, apply it, reverse it, tweak it and master it…f o r e v e r ! …And you cant get ‘it’ on The answer is based on the IP Address itself You have all seen an IP address…so where am I trying to take you with all of this? © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What We Know Already…or Maybe Not
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 5 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What We Know Already…or Maybe Not © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What We Know Already…or Should An IP address is 32 bits long—4 separate bytes An IP Address is represented in dotted-decimal notation Each byte represents a decimal number separated by a period Example: 10.100.30.4 or (010.100.030.004) Each byte has a total of 256 values—0-255 The first byte may be the most important to you right now…
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 6 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What We Know…or Should (Cont.) There are three (3) usable IP address classes—A, B and C The first byte identifies the class—“Classification” Correct Classification is the first critical KEY element of mastering IP subnetting (and finding the Answer) Multicast224.0.0.10D – 224-239 DOD ReservedE – 240-255 2542,097,152198.23.210. 0C – 192-223 65,53416,384150.18. 0 .0B – 128-191 16,777,21412724. 0 .0 .0A – 1-127 HostsNetworksExampleClass 1 1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Practice: Classification—What Class?1
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 7 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Practice: Classification—What Class?1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What We Know…or Should (Cont.) Each IP Address has two parts: Network Number Host Number The “Class” identifies the ‘default’ point of separation Referred to as the “Class Boundary” (note the line position) 2542,097,152198.23.210. 0C – 192-223 65,53416,384150.18. 0 .0B – 128-191 16,777,21412724. 0 .0 .0A – 1-127 HostsNetworksExampleClass 1 2 Where you draw the line will ultimately lead you to the… ‘Answer’ 2 1
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 8 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Practice: Class Boundary—Draw the Line2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Practice: Class Boundary—Draw the Line2
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 9 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 How The Line Will Lead Us to the Answer In a Class address, every number to the ‘left’ of the line is static Class Addresses, left in their classful state, yield exactly ‘1’ subnet Every number right of the line is ours to use…for what? To make more subnets, implement services, expand, etc. All bits in the address to the ‘Left” of the line are set to a binary 1 This identifies the Network portion of the address and you are left with Host portion of the address (set to ‘0s’ by default) The network portion of the address is ‘MASKED’ with ‘1s’ 1 2 2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnet Mask—Where We Draw the Line Identifies the division of the Network and the Host portion of an IP Address Subnet masks are used to make routing decisions All hosts in a given IP addressing scheme will use the same mask to provide accurate routing—RFC 950 The default mask is the number of bits that are reserved by the address class—Default Line position Using the default mask will accommodate only one network subnet in the relative class A custom Subnet Mask can be defined by an Administrator to accommodate many network subnets Hmmm…Maybe by moving the Line? You guessed it! 2
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 10 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Using the Default ‘Class’ Mask 2 1 2 1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Using a Custom Subnet Mask 2 1
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 11 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 21 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Understanding the Custom Subnet Mask Classful Subnetting, Classless (VLSM), CIDR, Supernetting, Summarization, Address Aggregation—you name it The Customization of the mask is KEY It Is the key to Mastering the IP Subnetting Process © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Before Starting the IP Subnetting Process Determine the ‘type’ of IP addressing to use Become familiar with reserved addresses (RFC 1918, 2026) Determine your network requirements Number of subnets and hosts your implementation requires Identify your base address (Class A, B, or C) Get to know the 33 44
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 12 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Determine the ‘Type’ of Addressing Scheme to Use Public Addressing Scheme: Sufficient number of public addresses have been obtained or currently exist Private Addressing Scheme: Most common (RFC 1918) Sufficient number of public addresses cannot obtained Public IP Numbers can be obtained only for the Internet-facing hosts (edge router, firewall, etc.) from the ISP NAT is used to access public networks You (or Someone Else) Has Determined the ‘Type’ of IP Addressing Scheme—Public or Private (RFC 1918) © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Reserved Private Addresses RFC 1918 addresses Not routed by Internet routers (filtered by PE Routers) RFC 2026—Link Local Addresses 169.254.0.1–169.254.255.255 Auto-assigned IP address to local host if DHCP server cannot be contacted Not routed by any router 192.168.255.255192.168.0.0Class C 172.31.255.255172.16.0.0Class B 10.255.255.25510.0.0.0Class A End AddressStart AddressClass
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 13 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Other Reserved Addresses 127.0.0.1–127.255.255.255 Reserved for testing and loopback routines for IP Applications ping 127.0.0.1—verifies the local host has properly loaded the IP protocol 224.0.0.1–224.0.0.255—Class D Multicast (IANA) Reserved for well known services and network topology mechanisms © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Identify Subnetting Requirements Identify the maximum number of hosts per subnet : Network saturation and converged service requirements determine maximum hosts in many cases Router Performance and Growth Potential Identify the total number of subnets requiring a unique address: Unique address required for each LAN subnet Uniques address required for each WAN subnet Identify and Create a Subnet Mask that accommodates the design This is where the movement of the Line will come in 2 2 33
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 14 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 27 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Getting to Know the ‘Magic Box’ This is the primary tool that makes the process so easy No Math The box has already done it You’ll find the ‘Answer’ here every time This box represents every possible number in a single IP Address Byte (Octet) anywhere in the 32-bit IP number 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 28 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 How the Magic Box Is Built— Most Important Begin with eight (8) placeholders. (Use a block…this will make sense later) 4
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 15 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 29 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 How the Magic Box Is Built (Cont.) Add the Binary value of each placeholder, right to left 1248163264128 Then Create the Box around it, leaving room for a top and bottom row 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 30 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 How the Magic Box Is Built (Cont.) You will now quickly add the numbers across the top, Left to right Called adding ‘High-Order Bits’ in the RFC 1248163264128 The Top row will represent Subnet Mask Values during the Subnetting process 0 + = 128 + = 192 + = 224 + = 240 + = 248 + = 252 + = 254 + = 255 4
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 16 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 31 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 How the Magic Box Is Built (Cont.) You will now quickly add the numbers across the bottom, right to left Called adding ‘Low-Order’ bits in the RFC 1248163264128 The Numbers in the Bottom row are used to determine the number of Subnets the IP Scheme allows Always add 1 to this number to account for the zero subnet to get an accurate total of networks 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 + 255 0= 1 + = 3 + = 7 + = 15 + = 31 + = 63 + = 127 + = 255 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 The Completed Magic Box! 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 4
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 17 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 33 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 The Completed Magic Box!4 1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Keys Review Classification A, B or C + Class boundary (default Mask) Line Position defines the Subnet Mask Moved further to the right, more subnets, fewer hosts on each Network Subnetting requirements Number of subnets required and Largest subnet of hosts The Magic Box Provides all of “The Answers” needed to accomplish the subnetting tasks What then is “The Answer” we have been searching for? “The Magic Number” Defined by the position of the line, (the Mask) the magic number is our Network Block Size and the answer to everything. It is inside of the Magic Box. 4 2 3 1 5
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 18 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 35 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Applying the Keys to the Classful Subnetting Process (RFC 950) Classify the address!!! Identify the class A-B-C Draw the initial Line Fill in the default mask information Obtain information about your network How many total subnet are to be included? On a single subnet, what is the maximum number of hosts allowed? Create a custom subnet mask for the entire network Accomplished by moving the Line to the right New Subnet Mask number is left of the Line Position The Line Position provides “the Answer” Look in the Magic Box—Find the number directly below the chosen mask value—This is the Magic Number …will give you everything you need to complete the process Subnet addresses | Range of host IDs | Broadcast addresses 4 2 5 3 1 2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 36 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 1: IP Network Design Central Office—San Diego 23 Ethernet segments—2200 hosts Branch Office—Phoenix 12 Ethernet segments— 1150 hosts Branch Office—Dallas 11 Ethernet segments— 950 hosts Branch Office—Denver 8 Ethernet segments— 850 hosts 23 + 8 + 12 + 11 + 3 = 57 Maximum number of hosts on any one subnet will be 200
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 19 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 37 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 1 Base Address: Sample design indicates accommodation of 57 subnets (Including WAN) with no more than 200 hosts per subnet (Including router interfaces) 57 is the key factor here. We need to support at least 57 subnets 3 1 2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 38 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Consult Magic Box! Bottom Row4 Octet 3 Octet 1 Octet 2
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 20 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 39 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Consult Magic Box! Look at the Bottom Row4 Octet 3 Octet 1 Octet 2 6 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 40 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Magic Calculation:4 6 Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 21 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 41 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 64 What does the New Line Position Tell Us?4 Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 64 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 42 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What We Are Left With for Host IPs Remember the original network design requirements: 57 Subnets total—We ended up with Maximum 200 Hosts per Subnet—There are 254 address available in Octet 4 alone (8 bits) and we have 10 bits to use Always use your host requirement to check your work when following the classful subnetting procedure Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 64
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 22 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 43 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Where We Are in the Process… Classify the address!!! Identify the class A-B-C Draw the initial Line Fill in the default mask information Obtain information about your network How many total subnet are to be included? 57 On a single subnet, what is the maximum number of hosts allowed? 200 Create a custom subnet mask for the entire network Accomplished by moving the Line to the right New Subnet Mask number is left of the Line Position The Line Position provides “the Answer” Look in the Magic Box – Find the number directly below the chosen mask value—This is the Magic Number …will give you everything you need to complete the process Subnet addresses | Range of host IDs | Broadcast addresses 4 2 5 3 1 2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 44 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Completing the Last Step in the Process The “Answer” we have been seeking is ‘4’, defined by the mask or line position, it is the Block Size Increment Value for all subnets, host ranges and broadcast addresses. It will increment times (64 x 4 = 256) in our example 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 64 5 4 64 Octet 3
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 23 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 45 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Allocating the Subnet, Host and Broadcast Addresses Using , the ‘Magic Number’4 Broadcast AddressHost IP RangeSubnet Address © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 46 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Number of Valid Host IPs Per Subnet To determine how many hosts can exist per subnet, continue incrementing the binary number from right to left until you reach 10 bits (1024) and subtract 2 Remember that binary continues exponentially, so where we have 256 values in octet 4 (8 bits) then 512 (9th bit) then 1024 (10th bit) Subtract 2—One for the Subnet address and one for the Broadcast Address of each network Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 24 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 47 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 1: Applying the Subnets to the Network Locations Central Office—San Diego 23 Ethernet segments—2200 hosts Branch Office—Dallas 11 Ethernet segments—950 hosts Branch Office—Denver 8 Ethernet segments—850 hosts Branch Office—Phoenix 12 Ethernet segments—1150 hosts 172.16.0.0- 88.0 172.16.92.0- 136.0 172.16.140.0- 180.0 172.16.184.0- 212.0 172.16.216.0 172.16.220.0 172.16.224.0 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 48 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 CIDR Notation—Shortcut to the Answer /nn Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 25 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 49 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Magic Box for CIDR Notation and Other Advanced IP Subnetting Concepts /32/31/30/29/28/27/26/25 /24/23/22/21/20/19/18/17 /16/15/14/13/12/11/10/9 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 CIDR Notation in the second octet: CIDR Notation in the third octet: CIDR Notation in the fourth octet: This row is still your Subnet Mask Value: © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 50 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Reverse Engineering Any IP Scheme Given an IP address and mask, what is the subnet address? Given an IP address and mask, what is the subnet broadcast address? Given an IP address and mask, what are the assignable IP addresses in that network/subnet? Given a network number and a static subnet mask, what are the valid subnet numbers? Here is all of the information you may be have: One of the Most Powerful Troubleshooting Skills You Can Keep in Your Arsenal
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 26 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 51 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 The ‘Answer’ has already been given to you: Second octet will not change since the mask is in the third at /21 To Reverse Engineer, simply start incrementing by 8 until you come to the range the specified host lives in: 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40. (done) Reverse Engineering by Using the ‘Answer’ Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 52 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Reverse Engineering Results 1. Given an IP address and mask, what is the subnet number? 2. Given an IP address and mask, what is the subnet broadcast address? 3. Given an IP address and mask, what are the assignable IP addresses in that network/subnet? 4. Given a network number and a static subnet mask, what are the valid subnet numbers?
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 27 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 53 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Great Job! You Have Passed Level 1! You have just learned the entire classful subnetting process using no math Everything else from here on out, uses these exact techniques, tools and processes Level 2—Classless Subnetting (VLSM) Level 3 —Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Supernetting, Address Aggregation, Summary Addressing © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 54 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Variable Length Subnet Masking—VLSM (RFC 1818)
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 28 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 55 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting (Classless) VLSM Allows for more efficient use of IP space Less waste on smaller subnets where fewer addresses are necessary Used frequently if public address are used internally or unplanned growth needs to be accommodated inside of a site Defined first in RFP 1009 then ratified as the latest RFC 1878 Variable Length Subnet Masking © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 56 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Understanding VLSM Instead of creating a single subnet mask to accommodate your total IP Subnet number (working from the left) Identify a subnet mask for each subnet individually (work from the right side) Move the line as far to the right as you can, while leaving just enough room for the Hosts on that subnet Use the bottom row of the Magic Box to complete this task Use the Magic Box separately for each physical subnet
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 29 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 57 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 VLSM Problem 1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Using network 172.16.0.0 Create a Mask for a subnet containing 90 hosts 127 is bigger than 90 63 is not 128 will be the Mask in the 4th octet Subnet Mask for this Problem is (solution) 255.255.255.128 /25 mask Octet 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 58 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 VLSM Problem 2 Octet 4 Using network 10.0.0.0 Create a Mask for a subnet containing 2 hosts 3 is bigger than 2 1 is not 252 will be the Mask in the 4th octet Subnet Mask for this Problem is (solution) 255.255.255.252 /30 mask
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 30 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 59 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 VLSM Problem 3 Octet 4 Using network 10.0.0.0 Create a Mask for a subnet containing 20 hosts 31 is bigger than 20 15 is not 224 will be the Mask in the 4th octet Subnet Mask for this Problem is (solution) 255.255.255.224 /27 mask © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 60 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Octet 3 VLSM Problem 4 Octet 4 5111023 256512 255254 Using network 10.0.0.0 Create a Mask for a subnet containing 300 hosts 511 is bigger than 300 255 is not Subnet Mask for this Problem is (solution) 255.255.254.0 /23 mask 254 will be the Mask in the 3rd octet Start by extending the Magic Box
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 31 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 61 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Applying VLSM to a Network Design Identify all of the subnets within your operational area and determine their approximate size (Host Population) VLSM must be implemented on a standard Binary Block Size: 2, 4, 8,16, 32, and so on All Routers and Multi-Layer Switches must be running a routing protocol capable of exchanging Subnet Mask information within their route update packets Classless Routing protocols, like EIGRP, OSPF and RIP2 When Implementing VLSM, allocate Subnet IDs to the largest networks first, then work your way down to the smallest networks Rules: © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 62 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 2: VLSM Design Branch Office—Dallas 11 Ethernet segments— 950 hosts 172.16.0.0- 88.0 172.16.92.0- 136.0 172.16.140.0- 180.0 172.16.184.0- 212.0 172.16.216.0 172.16.220.0 172.16.224.0 Central Office—San Diego 23 Ethernet segments—2200 hosts Branch Office—Phoenix 12 Ethernet segments— 1150 hosts Branch Office—Denver 8 Ethernet segments—850 hosts
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 32 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 63 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 2: VLSM Design Branch Office—Dallas 28 Ethernet segments— 1950 hosts 172.16.0.0- 88.0 172.16.92.0- 136.0 172.16.140.0- 180.0 172.16.184.0- 212.0 172.16.216.0 172.16.220.0 172.16.224.0 Central Office—San Diego 23 Ethernet segments—2200 hosts Branch Office—Phoenix 12 Ethernet segments— 1150 hosts Branch Office—Denver 8 Ethernet segments—850 hosts © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 64 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 2: VLSM Design 172.16.140.0- 180.0 /22 Branch Office—Dallas 28 Ethernet segments— 1950 hosts
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 33 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 65 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 2: VLSM Design (Cont.) 172.16.140.0- 180.0 /22 Branch Office—Dallas 28 Ethernet segments— 1950 hosts © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 66 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 So How Do We Do It? EASY… Octet 4
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 34 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 67 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Computing the Mask for the Large Subnets ~114 network device IP addresses required Octet 4 127 is bigger than 114, 63 is not 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 68 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Computing the Mask for the Small Subnets 60 network device IP addresses required Octet 4 63 is bigger than 60, 31 is not
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 35 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 69 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Address Allocation for Dallas Start with the Large Subnets (128 block) Beginning with 172.16.140.0 as base address 172.16.141.255172.16.141.129 - .141.254172.16.141.128 172.16.141.127172.16.141.1 – .140.126172.16.141.0 172.16.140.255172.16.140.129 – .140.254172.16.140.128 172.16.140.127172.16.140.1 – .140.126172.16.140.0 Broadcast AddressHost RangeSubnet ID 2 1 3 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 70 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Address Allocation for Dallas (Cont.) Now create the ranges for the small subnets (64 block) Beginning with 172.16.142.0 as base address (where we left off) 172.16.147.255172.16.147.193 – .147.254172.16.147.192 …and you end up with……12 more subnets are built……and so on… 172.16.143.255172.16.143.193 – .143.254172.16.143.192 172.16.143.191172.16.143.129 – .143.190172.16.143.128 172.16.143.127172.16.143.65 – .143.126172.16.143.64 172.16.143.63172.16.143.1 – .143.62172.16.143.0 172.16.142.255172.16.142.193 – .142.254172.16.142.192 172.16.142.191172.16.142.129 – .142.190172.16.142.128 172.16.142.127172.16.142.65 – .142.126172.16.142.64 172.16.142.63172.16.142.1 – .142.62172.16.142.0 Broadcast AddressHost RangeSubnet ID 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 … 24
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 36 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 71 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Level 3—RFCs 1338 and 1519 Same Game…Many Names CIDR—Classless Inter-Domain Routing Supernetting IPv4 Address Aggregation IP Address Summarization All of these follow the same basic process Advertise a single IP Subnet Address/Mask on a router which implies multiple IP Subnets 10.0.0.0/8 implies all ’10’ networks Must have a contiguous ‘block’ to implement ( 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc) © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 72 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Classless Interdomain Routing One method to help control IP addresses depletion Reduce Internet routing table size (BGP Table) Blocks of Contiguous Addresses (4, 8,16, etc) are assigned to ISPs ISPs assign IP addresses to Customers in contiguous blocks Blocks are summarized to reduce router advertisements and route table size Check out www.traceroute.org/#USA Scroll down to Route Servers where you can telnet to a live Cisco BGP router and view the complete BGP Table
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 37 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 73 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What Is CIDR? Customer Edge Network Requires 4 Class C Addresses 210.40.8.0/24 210.40.9.0/24 210.40.10.0/24 210.40.11.0/24 Internet Service Provider 210.40.8.0/22 Global Internet PE CE © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 74 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Supernetting, Summarization, Aggregation Example 192.168.103.0/24 192.168.102.0/24 192.168.101.0/24 192.168.100.0/24 192.168.99.0/24 192.168.98.0/24 192.168.97.0/24 192.168.96.0/24 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 . . . . . . . . 0.01100111.192= 0.01100110.192= 0.01100101.192= 0.01100100.192= 0.01100011.192= 0.01100010.192= 0.01100001.192= 0.01100000.192= CommonCommon BitsBits There are 21 bits which all of the networks have in commonThere are 21 bits which all of the networks have in common Therefore, the best summary address would be:Therefore, the best summary address would be: Actual Network Addresses
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 38 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 75 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Supernetting, Summarization, Aggregation Example (Cont.) Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 76 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Q and A
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 39 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 77 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Recommended Reading Continue your Networkers at Cisco Live learning experience with further reading from Cisco Press Check the Recommended Reading flyer for suggested books Available Onsite at the Cisco Company Store © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 78 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Complete Your Online Session Evaluation Give us your feedback and you could win fabulous prizes. Winners announced daily. Receive 20 Passport points for each session evaluation you complete. Complete your session evaluation online now (open a browser through our wireless network to access our portal) or visit one of the Internet stations throughout the Convention Center. Don’t forget to activate your Cisco Live virtual account for access to all session material on-demand and return for our live virtual event in October 2008. Go to the Collaboration Zone in World of Solutions or visit www.cisco-live.com.
© 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 40 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 79 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1

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Ccna prep ip subnetting from networkers

  • 1. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Mastering IP Subnetting Forever BRKCRT-1102
  • 2. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Agenda Setting the stage Why the mastery of IP Subnetting skills is so important in the real world What we know…or think we know, can be a factor in our mastery Key elements in successful execution of the subnetting procedure No math required, start with the ‘Answer’ Use the answer to execute the subnetting procedure Implementing the classful subnetting procedure using the Reverse Engineering any IP Addressing scheme The magic of application in the real world Extending our IP Subnetting knowledge into Classless schemes—VLSM and CIDR Variable Length Subnet Masking Classless Inter-Domain Routing (Address Summarization, Supernetting, IP Address Aggregation) 1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What You Will Need to Be Successful Pen or pencil and multiple sheets of paper An open mind…. If you have failed to master IP subnetting before, it’s ok…. If you are already a ‘Master Subnetter Guy’, this session may not be for you…or you just may learn a shortcut you haven’t used before Seek to understand the ‘Keys’ and you will be rewarded with a skill that will serve you everyday Be willing to practice on your own…if you don’t use it, you WILL lose it Fill out your session evaluation
  • 3. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 3 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 The Question of the Day… Why are IP Subnetting skills so important in the real world? It is what makes it relevant to you and your situation that makes it important… © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Responses—In the Form of Questions How many of you attending today, use IP as the primary protocol in your production network? So it is Relevant? How many of you have ever had to troubleshoot an IP-related issue in a network? More Relevance? How many of you currently work in an environment where someone else designed the IP addressing scheme? Still Relevant How many of you have had a previous opportunity to learn IP Subnetting….and it just didn’t quite stick? Big Aha Relevance! How many of you are already quite successful at mental IP Subnetting? You may want to leave now… I wouldn’t want to ruin it for you. The key to mastering IP Subnetting forever is to BEGIN with “The Answer”…
  • 4. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Finding the Answer… The answer has always been directly in front of your face…every time you look at an IP address it is there… You simply may not have recognized it Everyone already has the answer if they deal with IP The RFCs use mathematics to explain it—RFC 950 and 1123 IP networks rely on it to route packets—implemented correctly, of course You are here to be able to recognize it, understand it, use it, apply it, reverse it, tweak it and master it…f o r e v e r ! …And you cant get ‘it’ on The answer is based on the IP Address itself You have all seen an IP address…so where am I trying to take you with all of this? © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What We Know Already…or Maybe Not
  • 5. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 5 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What We Know Already…or Maybe Not © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What We Know Already…or Should An IP address is 32 bits long—4 separate bytes An IP Address is represented in dotted-decimal notation Each byte represents a decimal number separated by a period Example: 10.100.30.4 or (010.100.030.004) Each byte has a total of 256 values—0-255 The first byte may be the most important to you right now…
  • 6. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 6 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What We Know…or Should (Cont.) There are three (3) usable IP address classes—A, B and C The first byte identifies the class—“Classification” Correct Classification is the first critical KEY element of mastering IP subnetting (and finding the Answer) Multicast224.0.0.10D – 224-239 DOD ReservedE – 240-255 2542,097,152198.23.210. 0C – 192-223 65,53416,384150.18. 0 .0B – 128-191 16,777,21412724. 0 .0 .0A – 1-127 HostsNetworksExampleClass 1 1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Practice: Classification—What Class?1
  • 7. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 7 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Practice: Classification—What Class?1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What We Know…or Should (Cont.) Each IP Address has two parts: Network Number Host Number The “Class” identifies the ‘default’ point of separation Referred to as the “Class Boundary” (note the line position) 2542,097,152198.23.210. 0C – 192-223 65,53416,384150.18. 0 .0B – 128-191 16,777,21412724. 0 .0 .0A – 1-127 HostsNetworksExampleClass 1 2 Where you draw the line will ultimately lead you to the… ‘Answer’ 2 1
  • 8. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 8 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Practice: Class Boundary—Draw the Line2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Practice: Class Boundary—Draw the Line2
  • 9. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 9 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 How The Line Will Lead Us to the Answer In a Class address, every number to the ‘left’ of the line is static Class Addresses, left in their classful state, yield exactly ‘1’ subnet Every number right of the line is ours to use…for what? To make more subnets, implement services, expand, etc. All bits in the address to the ‘Left” of the line are set to a binary 1 This identifies the Network portion of the address and you are left with Host portion of the address (set to ‘0s’ by default) The network portion of the address is ‘MASKED’ with ‘1s’ 1 2 2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnet Mask—Where We Draw the Line Identifies the division of the Network and the Host portion of an IP Address Subnet masks are used to make routing decisions All hosts in a given IP addressing scheme will use the same mask to provide accurate routing—RFC 950 The default mask is the number of bits that are reserved by the address class—Default Line position Using the default mask will accommodate only one network subnet in the relative class A custom Subnet Mask can be defined by an Administrator to accommodate many network subnets Hmmm…Maybe by moving the Line? You guessed it! 2
  • 10. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 10 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Using the Default ‘Class’ Mask 2 1 2 1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Using a Custom Subnet Mask 2 1
  • 11. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 11 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 21 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Understanding the Custom Subnet Mask Classful Subnetting, Classless (VLSM), CIDR, Supernetting, Summarization, Address Aggregation—you name it The Customization of the mask is KEY It Is the key to Mastering the IP Subnetting Process © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Before Starting the IP Subnetting Process Determine the ‘type’ of IP addressing to use Become familiar with reserved addresses (RFC 1918, 2026) Determine your network requirements Number of subnets and hosts your implementation requires Identify your base address (Class A, B, or C) Get to know the 33 44
  • 12. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 12 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Determine the ‘Type’ of Addressing Scheme to Use Public Addressing Scheme: Sufficient number of public addresses have been obtained or currently exist Private Addressing Scheme: Most common (RFC 1918) Sufficient number of public addresses cannot obtained Public IP Numbers can be obtained only for the Internet-facing hosts (edge router, firewall, etc.) from the ISP NAT is used to access public networks You (or Someone Else) Has Determined the ‘Type’ of IP Addressing Scheme—Public or Private (RFC 1918) © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Reserved Private Addresses RFC 1918 addresses Not routed by Internet routers (filtered by PE Routers) RFC 2026—Link Local Addresses 169.254.0.1–169.254.255.255 Auto-assigned IP address to local host if DHCP server cannot be contacted Not routed by any router 192.168.255.255192.168.0.0Class C 172.31.255.255172.16.0.0Class B 10.255.255.25510.0.0.0Class A End AddressStart AddressClass
  • 13. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 13 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Other Reserved Addresses 127.0.0.1–127.255.255.255 Reserved for testing and loopback routines for IP Applications ping 127.0.0.1—verifies the local host has properly loaded the IP protocol 224.0.0.1–224.0.0.255—Class D Multicast (IANA) Reserved for well known services and network topology mechanisms © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Identify Subnetting Requirements Identify the maximum number of hosts per subnet : Network saturation and converged service requirements determine maximum hosts in many cases Router Performance and Growth Potential Identify the total number of subnets requiring a unique address: Unique address required for each LAN subnet Uniques address required for each WAN subnet Identify and Create a Subnet Mask that accommodates the design This is where the movement of the Line will come in 2 2 33
  • 14. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 14 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 27 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Getting to Know the ‘Magic Box’ This is the primary tool that makes the process so easy No Math The box has already done it You’ll find the ‘Answer’ here every time This box represents every possible number in a single IP Address Byte (Octet) anywhere in the 32-bit IP number 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 28 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 How the Magic Box Is Built— Most Important Begin with eight (8) placeholders. (Use a block…this will make sense later) 4
  • 15. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 15 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 29 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 How the Magic Box Is Built (Cont.) Add the Binary value of each placeholder, right to left 1248163264128 Then Create the Box around it, leaving room for a top and bottom row 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 30 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 How the Magic Box Is Built (Cont.) You will now quickly add the numbers across the top, Left to right Called adding ‘High-Order Bits’ in the RFC 1248163264128 The Top row will represent Subnet Mask Values during the Subnetting process 0 + = 128 + = 192 + = 224 + = 240 + = 248 + = 252 + = 254 + = 255 4
  • 16. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 16 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 31 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 How the Magic Box Is Built (Cont.) You will now quickly add the numbers across the bottom, right to left Called adding ‘Low-Order’ bits in the RFC 1248163264128 The Numbers in the Bottom row are used to determine the number of Subnets the IP Scheme allows Always add 1 to this number to account for the zero subnet to get an accurate total of networks 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 + 255 0= 1 + = 3 + = 7 + = 15 + = 31 + = 63 + = 127 + = 255 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 The Completed Magic Box! 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 4
  • 17. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 17 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 33 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 The Completed Magic Box!4 1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Keys Review Classification A, B or C + Class boundary (default Mask) Line Position defines the Subnet Mask Moved further to the right, more subnets, fewer hosts on each Network Subnetting requirements Number of subnets required and Largest subnet of hosts The Magic Box Provides all of “The Answers” needed to accomplish the subnetting tasks What then is “The Answer” we have been searching for? “The Magic Number” Defined by the position of the line, (the Mask) the magic number is our Network Block Size and the answer to everything. It is inside of the Magic Box. 4 2 3 1 5
  • 18. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 18 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 35 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Applying the Keys to the Classful Subnetting Process (RFC 950) Classify the address!!! Identify the class A-B-C Draw the initial Line Fill in the default mask information Obtain information about your network How many total subnet are to be included? On a single subnet, what is the maximum number of hosts allowed? Create a custom subnet mask for the entire network Accomplished by moving the Line to the right New Subnet Mask number is left of the Line Position The Line Position provides “the Answer” Look in the Magic Box—Find the number directly below the chosen mask value—This is the Magic Number …will give you everything you need to complete the process Subnet addresses | Range of host IDs | Broadcast addresses 4 2 5 3 1 2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 36 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 1: IP Network Design Central Office—San Diego 23 Ethernet segments—2200 hosts Branch Office—Phoenix 12 Ethernet segments— 1150 hosts Branch Office—Dallas 11 Ethernet segments— 950 hosts Branch Office—Denver 8 Ethernet segments— 850 hosts 23 + 8 + 12 + 11 + 3 = 57 Maximum number of hosts on any one subnet will be 200
  • 19. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 19 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 37 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 1 Base Address: Sample design indicates accommodation of 57 subnets (Including WAN) with no more than 200 hosts per subnet (Including router interfaces) 57 is the key factor here. We need to support at least 57 subnets 3 1 2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 38 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Consult Magic Box! Bottom Row4 Octet 3 Octet 1 Octet 2
  • 20. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 20 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 39 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Consult Magic Box! Look at the Bottom Row4 Octet 3 Octet 1 Octet 2 6 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 40 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Magic Calculation:4 6 Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3
  • 21. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 21 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 41 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 64 What does the New Line Position Tell Us?4 Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 64 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 42 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What We Are Left With for Host IPs Remember the original network design requirements: 57 Subnets total—We ended up with Maximum 200 Hosts per Subnet—There are 254 address available in Octet 4 alone (8 bits) and we have 10 bits to use Always use your host requirement to check your work when following the classful subnetting procedure Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 64
  • 22. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 22 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 43 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Where We Are in the Process… Classify the address!!! Identify the class A-B-C Draw the initial Line Fill in the default mask information Obtain information about your network How many total subnet are to be included? 57 On a single subnet, what is the maximum number of hosts allowed? 200 Create a custom subnet mask for the entire network Accomplished by moving the Line to the right New Subnet Mask number is left of the Line Position The Line Position provides “the Answer” Look in the Magic Box – Find the number directly below the chosen mask value—This is the Magic Number …will give you everything you need to complete the process Subnet addresses | Range of host IDs | Broadcast addresses 4 2 5 3 1 2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 44 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Completing the Last Step in the Process The “Answer” we have been seeking is ‘4’, defined by the mask or line position, it is the Block Size Increment Value for all subnets, host ranges and broadcast addresses. It will increment times (64 x 4 = 256) in our example 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 64 5 4 64 Octet 3
  • 23. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 23 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 45 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Allocating the Subnet, Host and Broadcast Addresses Using , the ‘Magic Number’4 Broadcast AddressHost IP RangeSubnet Address © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 46 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Number of Valid Host IPs Per Subnet To determine how many hosts can exist per subnet, continue incrementing the binary number from right to left until you reach 10 bits (1024) and subtract 2 Remember that binary continues exponentially, so where we have 256 values in octet 4 (8 bits) then 512 (9th bit) then 1024 (10th bit) Subtract 2—One for the Subnet address and one for the Broadcast Address of each network Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4
  • 24. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 24 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 47 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 1: Applying the Subnets to the Network Locations Central Office—San Diego 23 Ethernet segments—2200 hosts Branch Office—Dallas 11 Ethernet segments—950 hosts Branch Office—Denver 8 Ethernet segments—850 hosts Branch Office—Phoenix 12 Ethernet segments—1150 hosts 172.16.0.0- 88.0 172.16.92.0- 136.0 172.16.140.0- 180.0 172.16.184.0- 212.0 172.16.216.0 172.16.220.0 172.16.224.0 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 48 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 CIDR Notation—Shortcut to the Answer /nn Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4
  • 25. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 25 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 49 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Magic Box for CIDR Notation and Other Advanced IP Subnetting Concepts /32/31/30/29/28/27/26/25 /24/23/22/21/20/19/18/17 /16/15/14/13/12/11/10/9 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 CIDR Notation in the second octet: CIDR Notation in the third octet: CIDR Notation in the fourth octet: This row is still your Subnet Mask Value: © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 50 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Reverse Engineering Any IP Scheme Given an IP address and mask, what is the subnet address? Given an IP address and mask, what is the subnet broadcast address? Given an IP address and mask, what are the assignable IP addresses in that network/subnet? Given a network number and a static subnet mask, what are the valid subnet numbers? Here is all of the information you may be have: One of the Most Powerful Troubleshooting Skills You Can Keep in Your Arsenal
  • 26. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 26 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 51 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 The ‘Answer’ has already been given to you: Second octet will not change since the mask is in the third at /21 To Reverse Engineer, simply start incrementing by 8 until you come to the range the specified host lives in: 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40. (done) Reverse Engineering by Using the ‘Answer’ Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 52 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Reverse Engineering Results 1. Given an IP address and mask, what is the subnet number? 2. Given an IP address and mask, what is the subnet broadcast address? 3. Given an IP address and mask, what are the assignable IP addresses in that network/subnet? 4. Given a network number and a static subnet mask, what are the valid subnet numbers?
  • 27. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 27 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 53 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Great Job! You Have Passed Level 1! You have just learned the entire classful subnetting process using no math Everything else from here on out, uses these exact techniques, tools and processes Level 2—Classless Subnetting (VLSM) Level 3 —Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Supernetting, Address Aggregation, Summary Addressing © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 54 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Variable Length Subnet Masking—VLSM (RFC 1818)
  • 28. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 28 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 55 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting (Classless) VLSM Allows for more efficient use of IP space Less waste on smaller subnets where fewer addresses are necessary Used frequently if public address are used internally or unplanned growth needs to be accommodated inside of a site Defined first in RFP 1009 then ratified as the latest RFC 1878 Variable Length Subnet Masking © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 56 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Understanding VLSM Instead of creating a single subnet mask to accommodate your total IP Subnet number (working from the left) Identify a subnet mask for each subnet individually (work from the right side) Move the line as far to the right as you can, while leaving just enough room for the Hosts on that subnet Use the bottom row of the Magic Box to complete this task Use the Magic Box separately for each physical subnet
  • 29. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 29 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 57 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 VLSM Problem 1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Using network 172.16.0.0 Create a Mask for a subnet containing 90 hosts 127 is bigger than 90 63 is not 128 will be the Mask in the 4th octet Subnet Mask for this Problem is (solution) 255.255.255.128 /25 mask Octet 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 58 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 VLSM Problem 2 Octet 4 Using network 10.0.0.0 Create a Mask for a subnet containing 2 hosts 3 is bigger than 2 1 is not 252 will be the Mask in the 4th octet Subnet Mask for this Problem is (solution) 255.255.255.252 /30 mask
  • 30. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 30 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 59 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 VLSM Problem 3 Octet 4 Using network 10.0.0.0 Create a Mask for a subnet containing 20 hosts 31 is bigger than 20 15 is not 224 will be the Mask in the 4th octet Subnet Mask for this Problem is (solution) 255.255.255.224 /27 mask © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 60 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Octet 3 VLSM Problem 4 Octet 4 5111023 256512 255254 Using network 10.0.0.0 Create a Mask for a subnet containing 300 hosts 511 is bigger than 300 255 is not Subnet Mask for this Problem is (solution) 255.255.254.0 /23 mask 254 will be the Mask in the 3rd octet Start by extending the Magic Box
  • 31. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 31 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 61 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Applying VLSM to a Network Design Identify all of the subnets within your operational area and determine their approximate size (Host Population) VLSM must be implemented on a standard Binary Block Size: 2, 4, 8,16, 32, and so on All Routers and Multi-Layer Switches must be running a routing protocol capable of exchanging Subnet Mask information within their route update packets Classless Routing protocols, like EIGRP, OSPF and RIP2 When Implementing VLSM, allocate Subnet IDs to the largest networks first, then work your way down to the smallest networks Rules: © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 62 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 2: VLSM Design Branch Office—Dallas 11 Ethernet segments— 950 hosts 172.16.0.0- 88.0 172.16.92.0- 136.0 172.16.140.0- 180.0 172.16.184.0- 212.0 172.16.216.0 172.16.220.0 172.16.224.0 Central Office—San Diego 23 Ethernet segments—2200 hosts Branch Office—Phoenix 12 Ethernet segments— 1150 hosts Branch Office—Denver 8 Ethernet segments—850 hosts
  • 32. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 32 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 63 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 2: VLSM Design Branch Office—Dallas 28 Ethernet segments— 1950 hosts 172.16.0.0- 88.0 172.16.92.0- 136.0 172.16.140.0- 180.0 172.16.184.0- 212.0 172.16.216.0 172.16.220.0 172.16.224.0 Central Office—San Diego 23 Ethernet segments—2200 hosts Branch Office—Phoenix 12 Ethernet segments— 1150 hosts Branch Office—Denver 8 Ethernet segments—850 hosts © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 64 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 2: VLSM Design 172.16.140.0- 180.0 /22 Branch Office—Dallas 28 Ethernet segments— 1950 hosts
  • 33. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 33 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 65 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Subnetting Example 2: VLSM Design (Cont.) 172.16.140.0- 180.0 /22 Branch Office—Dallas 28 Ethernet segments— 1950 hosts © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 66 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 So How Do We Do It? EASY… Octet 4
  • 34. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 34 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 67 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Computing the Mask for the Large Subnets ~114 network device IP addresses required Octet 4 127 is bigger than 114, 63 is not 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 68 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 137153163127255 1248163264128 255254252248240224192128 Computing the Mask for the Small Subnets 60 network device IP addresses required Octet 4 63 is bigger than 60, 31 is not
  • 35. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 35 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 69 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Address Allocation for Dallas Start with the Large Subnets (128 block) Beginning with 172.16.140.0 as base address 172.16.141.255172.16.141.129 - .141.254172.16.141.128 172.16.141.127172.16.141.1 – .140.126172.16.141.0 172.16.140.255172.16.140.129 – .140.254172.16.140.128 172.16.140.127172.16.140.1 – .140.126172.16.140.0 Broadcast AddressHost RangeSubnet ID 2 1 3 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 70 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Address Allocation for Dallas (Cont.) Now create the ranges for the small subnets (64 block) Beginning with 172.16.142.0 as base address (where we left off) 172.16.147.255172.16.147.193 – .147.254172.16.147.192 …and you end up with……12 more subnets are built……and so on… 172.16.143.255172.16.143.193 – .143.254172.16.143.192 172.16.143.191172.16.143.129 – .143.190172.16.143.128 172.16.143.127172.16.143.65 – .143.126172.16.143.64 172.16.143.63172.16.143.1 – .143.62172.16.143.0 172.16.142.255172.16.142.193 – .142.254172.16.142.192 172.16.142.191172.16.142.129 – .142.190172.16.142.128 172.16.142.127172.16.142.65 – .142.126172.16.142.64 172.16.142.63172.16.142.1 – .142.62172.16.142.0 Broadcast AddressHost RangeSubnet ID 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 … 24
  • 36. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 36 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 71 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Level 3—RFCs 1338 and 1519 Same Game…Many Names CIDR—Classless Inter-Domain Routing Supernetting IPv4 Address Aggregation IP Address Summarization All of these follow the same basic process Advertise a single IP Subnet Address/Mask on a router which implies multiple IP Subnets 10.0.0.0/8 implies all ’10’ networks Must have a contiguous ‘block’ to implement ( 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc) © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 72 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Classless Interdomain Routing One method to help control IP addresses depletion Reduce Internet routing table size (BGP Table) Blocks of Contiguous Addresses (4, 8,16, etc) are assigned to ISPs ISPs assign IP addresses to Customers in contiguous blocks Blocks are summarized to reduce router advertisements and route table size Check out www.traceroute.org/#USA Scroll down to Route Servers where you can telnet to a live Cisco BGP router and view the complete BGP Table
  • 37. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 37 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 73 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 What Is CIDR? Customer Edge Network Requires 4 Class C Addresses 210.40.8.0/24 210.40.9.0/24 210.40.10.0/24 210.40.11.0/24 Internet Service Provider 210.40.8.0/22 Global Internet PE CE © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 74 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Supernetting, Summarization, Aggregation Example 192.168.103.0/24 192.168.102.0/24 192.168.101.0/24 192.168.100.0/24 192.168.99.0/24 192.168.98.0/24 192.168.97.0/24 192.168.96.0/24 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 . . . . . . . . 0.01100111.192= 0.01100110.192= 0.01100101.192= 0.01100100.192= 0.01100011.192= 0.01100010.192= 0.01100001.192= 0.01100000.192= CommonCommon BitsBits There are 21 bits which all of the networks have in commonThere are 21 bits which all of the networks have in common Therefore, the best summary address would be:Therefore, the best summary address would be: Actual Network Addresses
  • 38. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 38 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 75 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Supernetting, Summarization, Aggregation Example (Cont.) Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 76 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Q and A
  • 39. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 39 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 77 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Recommended Reading Continue your Networkers at Cisco Live learning experience with further reading from Cisco Press Check the Recommended Reading flyer for suggested books Available Onsite at the Cisco Company Store © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 78 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1 Complete Your Online Session Evaluation Give us your feedback and you could win fabulous prizes. Winners announced daily. Receive 20 Passport points for each session evaluation you complete. Complete your session evaluation online now (open a browser through our wireless network to access our portal) or visit one of the Internet stations throughout the Convention Center. Don’t forget to activate your Cisco Live virtual account for access to all session material on-demand and return for our live virtual event in October 2008. Go to the Collaboration Zone in World of Solutions or visit www.cisco-live.com.
  • 40. © 2006, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation_ID.scr 40 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 79 BRKCRT-1102 14364_04_2008_c1