1. CCS345 - Ethics & AI
Prepared by
Er. P. Karthikeyan., M.E, M.A ( Yoga )
Assistant Professor
Computer Science and Engineering
Sri Rangapoopathi College of Engineering
2. Unit – I INTRODUCTION
Syllabus :
Definition of Morality and Ethics in AI - Ethical
Dilemmas and Moral Questions associated with the
Deployment of AI - Impact on Society - Impact on Human
Psychology - Impact on the Legal System - Impact on the
Environment and the Planet - Impact on Trust
3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to systems that display intelligent
behaviour by analysing their environment and taking actions – with
some degree of autonomy – to achieve specific goals.
4. AI BASED SYSTEM
• PURELY SOFTWARE BASED
voice assistants,
Image Analysis Software,
Search Engines,
Speech and Face Recognition Systems
• AI EMBEDDED IN HARDWARE
Advanced Robots
Autonomous Cars
Drones
Internet of Things Applications.
5. AI TYPES
• NARROW AI
Refers to the intelligence in current AI systems and robots that are capable of
undertaking one or few specialised task.
• AGI: ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
A long-term goal of AI and robotics research
Which would be comparable to human intelligence
6. Machine learning
Machine learning is the term used for AIs which are capable of learning
or, in the case of robots, adapting to their environment.
•Two types of Learning
• Supervised learning systems
Supervised learning systems generally make use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs),
Trained by presenting the ANN with inputs (for instance, images of animals) each of
which is tagged (by humans) with an output (i.e. giraffe, lion, gorilla).
This set of inputs and matched outputs is called a training data set.
• UnSupervised learning systems
Unsupervised learning has no training data;
The AI (or robot) must figure out on its own how to solve a particular task
Generally by trial and error.
7. DEEP LEARNING
The term deep learning refers to supervised machine learning systems
with large (i.e.many-layered) ANNs and large training data sets
8. MORALITY AND ETHICS
• Ethics are moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or the
conduct of an activity.
• Example Ethical Principle: to treat everyone with respect.
9. AI ETHICS
• AI ethics is concerned with the question of how human developers,
manufacturers and operators should behave in order to minimise the
ethical harms that can arise from AI in society, either arising from
poor (unethical) design, inappropriate application or misuse.
10. Definition of Morality and Ethics in AI
• Definition on Ethics in AI
A set of values, principles, and techniques that employ widely accepted
standards of right and wrong to guide moral conduct in the development,
deployment, use, and sale of AI technologies.
• Morality on Ethics in AI
A set of values, principles, and techniques that employ widely accepted
standards of right and wrong to guide moral conduct in the development,
deployment, use, and sale of AI technologies.
12. LABOUR MARKET
• Impact on economic growth and productivity
Productivity is key for economic development, and is driven by four interrelated
components: innovation; education; efficiency in allocation and use of resources; and
physical and institutional infrastructure.
• Impact on the workforce
It's incremental progress toward a goal, and small wins that lead to big outcomes
• Labour -market discrimination: effects on different demographics
Discrimination happens when an employer treats one employee less favourably
than others.
The makeup of any population can influence the supply of labor and
productivity, known as the demographic dividend.
13. Inequality
• Inequality: exploitation of workers
people's experiences of and vulnerabilities to labour exploitation will be different
depending on characteristics such as age, gender, ability, race, and immigration status,
which often intersect with each other to compound their effects.
• Sharing the benefits
Justice in exchange demands that those who use resources give back due reward to the providers
or custodians of the resources
• Concentration of power among elites
Economic concentration refers to the increased power and influence of wealthy individuals
and corporations, which leads to their ability to demand obedience and conformity.
• Political instability
Political instability is often the result of climate-induced disruptions to agricultural systems, but
responses to disasters are crucial determinants of when and where conflict may occur.
14. Privacy
• Privacy and data rights
They get a right to know about their data, its collection, storage and transfer, and
also get a right of redressal in case of any violation.
• Human rights
Human rights are universally recognized moral principles or norms that establish
standards of human behavior and are often protected by both national and international
laws
• Surveillance
Surveillance is the monitoring of behavior, many activities, or information for the
purpose of information gathering, influencing, managing, or directing.
• Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a
community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation,
censorship, or legal sanction
15. Bias
• AI bias
AI bias, also called machine learning bias or algorithm bias, refers to the
occurrence of biased results due to human biases that skew the original training
data or AI algorithm—leading to distorted outputs and potentially harmful
outcomes
• Implications
Ethical Implications can include, but are not limited to: Risk of distress, loss,
adverse impact, injury or psychological or other harm to any individual
(participant/researcher/bystander) or participant group. Benefit to the individual
(eg. Financial, reputational) Privacy concerns or issues
16. Democracy
• Fake news and social media
Fake news refers to websites that share mis or disinformation
• News bubbles and echo chambers
It has been suggested that two forces help spread false information on social
networking sites – echo chambers and filter bubbles
• The end of democracies
Around the world, established democracies are said to face “deconsolidation” or
“erosion.” In other words, democracies seem a lot less stable and even less
democratic.
17. IMPACT ON HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY
• Relationships
Human-robot relationships
• Human Robot Interaction refers to the interdisciplinary field focusing on the interaction
between humans and robots, emphasizing context-awareness, learning human behavior,
and decision-making capabilities in robotics. AI generated definition based on: Robotics
and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 2022.
Human-human relationships
• the social and interpersonal relations between human beings. a course, study, or
program designed to develop better interpersonal and intergroup adjustments
• Personhood
Personhood is the status of being a person. Defining personhood is a
controversial topic in philosophy and law and is closely tied with legal and
political concepts of citizenship, equality, and liberty.
18. Impact on The Legal System
The legal system of a country is a set of rules or laws, procedures by which these
rules or laws are enforced, and legal institutions where these rules or laws are
interpreted.
Criminal law
• Liability
• Psychology
• Commerce, financial markets and insolvency
• Harmful or Dangerous Drugs
• Offences Against the Person
• Theft and fraud, and forgery and impersonation
Tort law
Tort law is the branch of the law that deals with civil suits, with the exception of disputes
involving contracts.
19. Impact on the Environment and the Planet
Environmental impacts are changes in the natural or built environment, resulting directly from an
activity, that can have adverse effects on the air, land, water, fish, and wildlife or the inhabitants of
the ecosystem
• Use of natural resources
Natural resources are naturally occurring materials that are useful to man or could be useful under
conceivable technological, economic or social circumstances or supplies drawn from the earth, supplies
such as food, building and clothing materials, fertilizers, metals, water and geothermal power
• Pollution and waste
•Waste: substances which are the by-products of a process. Essentially, any unwanted products made in the process of making a
wanted, intentional product
•Pollution: substances that are deemed harmful to animals and/or the environment
• Energy concerns
The rapid growth of energy demand brought about by economic expansion, population growth, new energy
uses, and income growth makes energy security a pressing concern.
• Ways AI could help the planet
AI is transforming material sciences in work that's helping to lower renewable energy costs, enhance carbon
removal and reduce embodied carbon in concrete and steel. Embodied carbon is the greenhouse gas
emissions generated when materials are made, installed, maintained and discarded.
20. Impact on Trust
Trust exerts an impact on essentially all forms of social relationships. It affects individuals
in deciding whether and how they will or will not interact with other people.
•Why trust is important
• Trust is essential for effective collaboration and teamwork. When team members trust one
another, they are more likely to share information, delegate tasks, and rely on each other's expertise.
•Fairness
• the quality of treating people equally or in a way that is right or reasonable. He had a real sense of
fairness and hated injustice.
•Transparency
• the quality of being done in an open way without secrets
•Accountability
• Accountability is an assurance that an individual or organization is evaluated on its
performance or behavior related to something for which it is responsible.
•Control
to order, limit, or rule something, or someone's actions or behaviour
